1 . Very few people enjoy going to the dentist, especially for a filling. Often fillings need to be replaced during the patient’s lifetime. But is filling the cavity (蛀牙洞) with a foreign material really the best treatment? Is it possible that the tooth could repair itself with its own material — dentine (牙质)? Researchers at King’s College London have found a process that may replace the traditional method.

Paul Sharpe of King’s College London says the new treatment for cavities is simpler. It uses a drug that causes the tooth to fill in the hole naturally with dentine. “It involves putting a drug in the hole. It excites a natural process, which starts to occur anyway following the damage, so you can actually get the big hole repaired and the repair is the production of the natural material, the dentine.”

Usually a new drug requires repeated testing before it is approved for treatment. However, this drug that produces the regrowth material in teeth has already been approved. It is a drug used to treat Alzheimer’s disease and other disorders of the nervous system. Researchers explain that they use only a small amount and they use it locally. Usually that means the medicine is put directly on the affected area. It does not travel through the patient’s blood.

Nigel Carter heads Britain’s Oral Health Foundation. He describes the new treatment as an exciting possibility for dental care. But Carter also has a warning, “Actually regrowing the tooth that has been lost with a cavity would be really a huge step forward. But it's also important that we remember that filling the cavity is not the first place. It’s a preventable disease.”

1. When it comes to the dental treatment, researchers at King’s College London focus on        .

A．why the cavity must be filled	B．what skills dentists should learn
C．when people have to see a dentist	D．how the tooth can repair itself

2. The advantage of the new treatment for cavities mostly lies in        .

A．the full use of a new drug	B．the natural process of tooth repair
C．the good quality of filling materials	D．the practical way of finding the damage early

3. What do we know about the drug used for the new dental treatment?

A．It has little effect on Alzheimer’s disease.

B．It is being tested before it gets final approval.

C．It has been put to use for treating other diseases.

D．It travels through the patients' blood and has side effects.

4. Which of the following would Nigel Carter most probably agree with?

A．We should take good care of our teeth in daily life.

B．When you find the cavity, it is unnecessary to get it filled.

C．Taking exercise is the best way to prevent dental disease.

D．When you find a damaged tooth, you'd better repair it.

2 . 文中共有十处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处仅涉及一个单词的增加，删除或修改。
增加：在缺词加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线( \ )划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1. 每处错误及修改均仅限一词。
2. 只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。

One day, I felt terrible pain in different part of my body. When I touched my hand, I felt pain in the hand. When I touched my cheek, my cheek hurts. Wherever I touched, I felt the pain. I found this condition very frightened, so I saw a doctor but explained my strange condition. A doctor examined me and found nothing abnormal. She asked me to get a completely health check-up. All reports were quite normal, what made the doctor rather surprised. Suddenly the doctor realized something and asked myself to touch her hand. I touched her hand and still felt the pain. The doctor finally worked out to what my problem was — my finger injured.

3 . About 600,000 people die of heart attacks at home each year. And the survival rate (存活率) of out-of-hospital heart attacks is much lower than those that happen at the in-hospital setting.

Pumpstart, a program created by students at Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM) which is meant to teach hands-only CPR (心脏复苏术) to the general public, is effective in both teaching high school students a life-saving skill and providing medical students with a chance to take part in public health and medical education after several surveys.

High school students in the Boston area who joined in the Pumpstart program completed pre-/post surveys. The pre-surveys were carried out before they watched a 60-minute training session (培训课程) on hands-only CPR. And the post surveys were done after the training session. Medical students also completed surveys judging their comfort in learning CPR both before and after they took part in the program. The high school students reported huge improvements in CPR skills following their training from Pumpstart. And it was reported that the medical students had higher confidence levels regarding their abilities to answer questions about CPR and helping new medical students to better understand the training sessions after they joined in Pumpstart.

“Getting the general public to feel comfortable performing CPR is important to overall improved survival from heart attacks,” explained Anita Knopov, a fourth-year medical student at BUSM. “Using educational resources provided by the city medical center and offering training to inner-city high school students allow medical students to serve as both educators and experienced people in CPR within the community, while making high school students interested in the healthcare field (医疗领域). That’s what Pumpstart does.”

Knopov believes Pumpstart can serve as a model for other organizations and can have a long-term (长期的) public health influence as the bystander CPR continues to be one of the most useful factors in out-of-hospital (医院之外) heart attack survival. “Although Pumpstart is offered only in Boston, we hope that our work may stimulate the development of similar programs in other areas. And in that case we can use lots of new ‘Pumpstarts’ in other regions.”

1. What is the main purpose of Pumpstart?

A．To change people’s lifestyle.

B．To train students to be healthy

C．To improve CPR skills of the public.

D．To provide medical care for communities.

2. What does Paragraph 4 imply?

A．Pumpstart improves students self-confidence

B．Pumpstart performs CPR for people independently.

C．Pumpstart obviously reduces the risk of heart attacks

D．Pumpstart encourages students to work in the healthcare field

3. What does Anita Knopov think of the program?

A．Pretty useful.	B．Widely popular
C．Partly confusing.	D．Fairly interesting

4. What does the underlined word “stimulate” in the last paragraph mean?

A．Check	B．Prevent
C．Encourage	D．Slow

5 . People with liver(肝)failure may in future recover by being attached to dialysis(透析)equipment to clean their blood of poisonous substances. The idea is similar to kidney dialysis, when people with kidney failure regularly go to a clinic or hospital to have their blood cleaned. Now, a new technique has shown promise in a small clinical trial, where it boosted the recovery process for people with liver failure.

Liver failure can be triggered by infections, drug overdoses, or drinking too much alcohol. One of the liver's main functions is to remove harmful elements from the blood. In severe liver failure, there is a huge build-up of poisons, which can cause damage to other organs and death.

Many poisonous substances from food and drink are transported in the blood. Initial attempts to replace the liver's function have involved simple forms of dialysis, where the blood is passed through a filter containing clean albumin(白蛋白).

This treatment is on offer in certain hospitals globally, but some trials have failed to show it provides benefit. The problem is that people with liver failure make too little albumin and what they do make doesn't function properly, says Agarwal, a doctor from the Royal Free Hospital in London. "Whatever albumin is being produced is of low quality." So Agarwal and his colleagues developed a different approach, removing the poisonous albumin from the individual's blood and replacing it with an adding of fresh albumin.

The technique was tested in 30 people in intensive care with severe liver failure caused by an outburst of alcoholic cirrhosis. Half the group had three to five dialysis sessions, while the rest received conventional care. Ten out of the 15 people who got dialysis recovered after 10 days, compared with five out of the 15 who got the conventional care. The results were presented at the International Liver Congress, which was held virtually at the end of June.

The work is at an early stage, but the results are promising. "We are really desperate to find something to bridge to transplantation." says Tobias Bottler at the University of Freiburg, Germany, who wasn't involved in the trial.

1. What does the underlined word "it" in Paragraph 1 refer to?

A．The small trial	B．The new technique.
C．The dialysis equipment.	D．The poisonous substance

2. What can we learn from the passage?

A．Traditional care is more effective than dialysis in treating liver failure.

B．Dialysis treatment is available in hospitals with its all trials successful.

C．It's hard for people with liver failure to make much high-quality albumin

D．Many poisonous substances from food and air are transported in the blood.

3. What's the attitude of the author towards liver dialysis?

A．Indifferent.	B．Negative.
C．Positive	D．Suspicious.

4. What can be the best title for the text?

A．Liver Dialysis Is One Step Closer

B．Approaches to Curing Liver Cancer

C．Attempts to Restore the Liver's Function

D．Liver Dialysis Replaces Transplantation