People with liver(肝)failure may in future recover by being attached to dialysis(透析)equipment to clean their blood of poisonous substances. The idea is similar to kidney dialysis, when people with kidney failure regularly go to a clinic or hospital to have their blood cleaned. Now, a new technique has shown promise in a small clinical trial, where it boosted the recovery process for people with liver failure.
Liver failure can be triggered by infections, drug overdoses, or drinking too much alcohol. One of the liver's main functions is to remove harmful elements from the blood. In severe liver failure, there is a huge build-up of poisons, which can cause damage to other organs and death.
Many poisonous substances from food and drink are transported in the blood. Initial attempts to replace the liver's function have involved simple forms of dialysis, where the blood is passed through a filter containing clean albumin(白蛋白).
This treatment is on offer in certain hospitals globally, but some trials have failed to show it provides benefit. The problem is that people with liver failure make too little albumin and what they do make doesn't function properly, says Agarwal, a doctor from the Royal Free Hospital in London. "Whatever albumin is being produced is of low quality." So Agarwal and his colleagues developed a different approach, removing the poisonous albumin from the individual's blood and replacing it with an adding of fresh albumin.
The technique was tested in 30 people in intensive care with severe liver failure caused by an outburst of alcoholic cirrhosis. Half the group had three to five dialysis sessions, while the rest received conventional care. Ten out of the 15 people who got dialysis recovered after 10 days, compared with five out of the 15 who got the conventional care. The results were presented at the International Liver Congress, which was held virtually at the end of June.
The work is at an early stage, but the results are promising. "We are really desperate to find something to bridge to transplantation." says Tobias Bottler at the University of Freiburg, Germany, who wasn't involved in the trial.
1. What does the underlined word "it" in Paragraph 1 refer to?A.The small trial | B.The new technique. |
C.The dialysis equipment. | D.The poisonous substance |
A.Traditional care is more effective than dialysis in treating liver failure. |
B.Dialysis treatment is available in hospitals with its all trials successful. |
C.It's hard for people with liver failure to make much high-quality albumin |
D.Many poisonous substances from food and air are transported in the blood. |
A.Indifferent. | B.Negative. |
C.Positive | D.Suspicious. |
A.Liver Dialysis Is One Step Closer |
B.Approaches to Curing Liver Cancer |
C.Attempts to Restore the Liver's Function |
D.Liver Dialysis Replaces Transplantation |
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【推荐1】In the future, chances are we don’t need to depend on human donations for life-saving skin grafts (移植).
That’s the goal of Xeno Therapeutics, a biotech non-profit organization. The US Food and Drug Administration approved the group’s initial application for temporary skin grafts removed from genetically modified (基因改良) pigs. This means that they can start testing pig skin grafts on people who have experienced severe burns.
Skin, the body’s largest organ, plays an important role in blocking pathogens (病原体) from reaching our organs inside. It also helps the body keep a constant temperature. People with severe skin damage are at a high risk of developing deadly infections as a result of changes in temperature.
At the moment, the only skin grafts available in the US come from the dead people who have agreed to be organ donors, or patients who have gone through surgery to remove skin after large weight loss. These human skins used for grafts are not easy to find.
Xeno Therapeutics, which gets its name from animal-to-human transplants, has raised pigs that have skin remarkably similar to our own. Grafts from these pigs are therefore more likely to hide without being detected by the host's immune system — at least temporarily. The idea is that they could be used for immediate burn treatment, followed human skin graft treatment later.
“I’d say that just like comparing a Coke with Pepsi, it would be hard to tell which was the human skin and which was the pig graft,” said Xeno Therapeutics CEO Paul Holzer.
The non-profit organization has been working to conduct the clinical trials, which will only be testing the grafts’ safety and tolerability in six patients with severe burns. Assuming the results are positive after a month, the grafts will need to pass through two more stages of testing before they can be approved for widespread clinical use.
Several other groups around the world are working to make animal organs suitable for clinical medicine. In Brazil, researchers are exploring using tilapia skin as temporary bandages for burn victims whose skin is regrowing.
1. What’s the aim of Xeno Therapeutics?A.To make profit from the grafts. | B.To modify pigs genetically. |
C.To apply pig skin on human patients. | D.To test people with severe burns. |
A.It keeps one’s temperature changing. | B.It helps us recover from deadly diseases. |
C.It prevents itself from being damaged. | D.It acts as a protective layer for our body. |
A.Doubtful. | B.Worried. | C.Confident. | D.Ambiguous. |
A.They won’t be put to use until they pass tests. |
B.Brazilian doctors have also applied pig skin for grafts. |
C.Animal skin has been used on six patients safely. |
D.Only skin removed from pigs can be used for grafts. |
【推荐2】People who have lost the ability to understand or use words due to brain damage are called aphasics (失语症患者). Such patients can be extremely good at something else. From the changing expressions on speakers’ faces and the tones of their voices, they can tell lies from truths.
Doctors studying the human brain have given a number of examples of this amazing power of aphasics. Some have even compared this power to that of a dog with an ability to find out the drugs hidden in the baggage.
Recently, scientists carried out tests to see if all that was said about aphasics was true. THEY STUDIED A MIXED GROUP OF PEOPLE. Some were normal; others were aphasics. It was proved that the aphasics were far ahead of the normal people in recognizing false speeches—in most cases, the normal people were fooled by words, but the aphasics were not.
Some years ago, Dr. Oliver Sacks wrote in his book about his experiences with aphasics. He mentioned a particular case in a hospital. Some aphasics were watching the president giving a speech on TV. Since the president had been an actor earlier, making a good speech was no problem for him. He was trying to put his feelings into every word of his speech.
But his way of speaking had the opposite effect on the patients. They didn’t seem to believe him. Instead, they burst into laughter. The aphasics knew that the president did not mean a word of what he was saying. He was lying!
Many doctors see aphasics as people who are not completely normal because they lack the ability to understand words. However, according to Dr. Sacks, they are more gifted than normal people. Normal people may get carried away by words. Aphasics seem to understand human expressions better, though they cannot understand words.
1. What is so surprising about aphasics?A.They can fool other people. |
B.They can tell whether people are lying. |
C.They can understand language better. |
D.They can find out the hidden drugs. |
A.By asking them to watch TV together. |
B.By organizing them into acting groups. |
C.By comparing them with normal people. |
D.By giving them chances to speak on TV. |
A.What one says reflects how one feels. |
B.Aphasics have richer feelings than others. |
C.Normal people often tell lies in their speeches. |
D.People poor at one thing can be good at another. |
【推荐3】Nightmare disorder is characterized by frequent nightmares that cause unhappiness and greatly impact our life. But a new approach is added to existing therapy (疗法) by introducing certain sounds which can help a person to turn their nightmare into a sweet dream.
The existing therapy, called Imagery Rehearsal Therapy (IRT), is already used as a way to reduce the frequency and intensity of nightmares. “You write down the bad dream in a very detailed way and then create new endings that are nonfrightening for nightmares,” said Dr. Kilkenny, the director of the Institute of Sleep Medicine at Staten Island University Hospital.
In this newly published study, the 36 participants were divided into 2 equal-sized groups. Both groups practiced IRT, but the second group additionally used Targeted Memory Reactivation (TMR). TMR works by associating the stimulation (刺激) of a specific sound with a specific thought while you’re awake. The daily practice saw them completing IRT with added TMR. The 36 participants were then recorded for 2 weeks as they slept.
Fortunately for the dreamers, both groups saw an improvement in their sleep and a drop in nightmare frequency. However, the group who had received the combination of IRT and TMR saw a drop in nightmare frequency that lasted for three months beyond the study — and even began to experience more joyful dreams instead of nightmares. “The study shows again that IRT alone works to improve nightmare disorder, but the new change is that the addition of TMR to IRT not only improves nightmare disorder but also increases the amount of positive dream experiences,” said Kilkenny.
While the results of this study are encouraging, it might be difficult to carry out them on your own. “If you’re experiencing frequent or serious nightmares, it may be helpful to first address your sleeping habits and make sure your are getting enough sleep with regular sleep and wake times,” said Dr. Dimitriu, the founder of Menlo Sleep Medicine in California.
1. What are patients required to do in IRT?A.Listen to calming music during sleep. |
B.Record their frequency of nightmares. |
C.Recreate a pleasant ending for the nightmare. |
D.Tell the doctor about details of their nightmares. |
A.By taking sleeping medicine. |
B.By practicing IRT more times. |
C.By introducing sound stimulation. |
D.By recording sounds in nightmares. |
A.Participants tend to sleep longer than before. |
B.TMR could enhance the effectiveness of IRT. |
C.The sound treatment can help improve sleeplessness. |
D.The nightmares can be avoided by both TMR and IRT. |
A.Taking regular exercises. | B.Doing a medical checkup. |
C.Seeking accurate examination. | D.Adjusting the sleeping habits. |
【推荐1】“The cure for anything is salt,” says a character in Karen Blixen’s short story The Deluge at Norderney. Everyday life has got a lot saltier since Blixen’s era — and salt is no longer the cure-all it once was. So what should we be doing about it?
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends capping your salt intake at 5g a day, and keeping it even lower if possible. That’s because, according to a large body of evidence, eating a lot of it is linked to high blood pressure, which in turn is a risk factor for heart disease. More recently, extra salt has also been associated with stomach cancer.
So is the answer to put down the shaker? It’s a bit more complicated than that: as the British Heart Foundation notes, 75% of the salt that we eat is added before our food even hits our plates. The UK was a world leader in salt reduction, with the Food Standards Agency enforcing (施行) strict limits on how much could be included in most products.
In 2010, however, as the government introduced “responsibility deals”, the food industry itself took the lead in the process, with limits becoming much more voluntary. Now, even brands that would like to reduce the salt content of their foods are hamstrung by what everyone else is doing: apart from being one of the cheapest forms of flavouring available, salt can also be used to bulk up (增重) foods by increasing their water content.
“As a work partner of mine said, leaving it up to the manufacturers (制造商) is like putting a mosquito in charge of a blood bank,” says Graham MacGregor, a professor of medicine. “Some supermarkets want better enforcement, but it has to come from above.”
The answer, then, is that this is one health concern that we should probably be collectively worrying about. You can take steps like cooking most of your meals and avoiding takeaways and ready meals. But it’s not an option for everyone. “If you really want to lower your salt intake, the best first step might be to write to your MP (国会议员),” says MacGregor.
1. What does paragraph 2 mainly focus on concerning salt?A.Its potential danger to health. | B.Its daily recommended intake. |
C.Its significance to everyday life. | D.Its curing ability for certain diseases. |
A.Copied. | B.Restricted. | C.Doubted. | D.Criticized. |
A.A win-win strategy. | B.An ill-intentioned policy. |
C.A business-restricting practice. | D.A poorly thought-out initiative. |
A.The food industry’s voluntary efforts. | B.The UK government enforcing strict laws. |
C.The general public’s return to home cooking. | D.The WHO introducing minimum standards. |
【推荐2】We know that our pet dogs and cats can recognize our faces, but our pet fish? A team of scientists from the UK and Australia have discovered that archerfish (喷水鱼) can distinguish human faces!
This marks the first time that a species of fish has shown such an ability. Such abilities have been previously shown in birds, but unlike fish, they have been proven to possess structures similar to the neocortex (大脑新皮层), the researchers added.
“Being able to distinguish between a large number of human faces is a surprisingly difficult task,” Dr. Newport said, “mainly due to the fact that all human faces share the same basic features.”
During their experiments, Dr. Newport and her colleagues presented archerfish with two images of human faces, and trained them to choose one by spitting jets (喷射流) of water at that picture. Next, the fish were presented with the familiar face and several that were unfamiliar, and were able to correctly pick the one that they had been trained to recognize, even when features such as head shape and color were removed from the selected pictures.
In the first experiment, the archerfish were tasked with picking the previously learned face from a group of 44 new ones, which they did with 81 percent accuracy. In the second, the researchers decided to make things a little harder. They took the pictures and made them black and white and evened out (使平均) the head shapes. You would think that would throw the fish for a loop. But no, they were able to pick the familiar face even then-and with more accuracy: 86%!
“Fish have a simpler brain than humans and entirely lack the section of the brain that humans use for recognizing faces. Despite this, fish may still be capable of finding the face they are trained to recognize,” Dr. Newport said, “The fact that archerfish can learn this task suggests that complicated brains are not necessarily needed to recognize human faces.”
1. What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 2 refer to?A.Species. | B.Birds. | C.Fish. | D.Abilities. |
A.archerfish are cleverer than other fishes |
B.all fishes can be trained to recognize human faces |
C.complex brains are not necessary for facial recognition |
D.it is very difficult for animals to recognize human faces |
A.archerfish have a good memory |
B.the neocortex is linked with visual ability |
C.archerfish can only recognize human faces |
D.People’s similar physical appearance limits archerfish’s facial recognition |
A.a biology textbook | B.a medical report |
C.a science fiction | D.a science magazine |
【推荐3】Giant stars may be the ultimate example of “Live fast; die young”. Unlike our own sun, which will shine for billions of years, more huge stars can burn through their fuel in only a few million years before dropping off their outer parts and exploding.
This week NASA published a rare image from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) of one such giant—a Wolf-Rayet star in the final stages of its life. Named WR 124, it’s found in Sagitta and lies about 15, 000 light-years away from Earth. The dying star is at least 30times the mass of our sun but is contracting itself quickly as it sends off hot gas into the cold space.
“We’ve caught it early, ” explains Anthony Moffat, a retired astrophysicist, who previously observed WR 124 using the Hubble Space Telescope and was not involved in the recent JWST measurements. Moffat has studied Wolf-Rayet stars for decades. “This is the youngest one I know of, ” he says. The colorful cloud in the image is only a few thousand years old. “Now the nebula is hugging the star, ” he says. But as time flies by, it will bloom outward in expanding shells or rings of gas and dust.
Astrophysicists created the grand image by combining data from two of JWST’s instruments, the Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) and the Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI). The Hubble Space Telescope, which mostly gathers light at optical (视觉的) wavelengths, had captured images of WR 124 before, but JWST’s observations show the star’s disappearance in detail.
“Personally, the most exciting part of this image is that we are capturing a rare event—that is, a Wolf-Rayet star—with a level of detail that can only be achieved with JWST. ” says Macarena Garcia Marin, an astrophysicist at the European Space Agency, who works with MIRL
1. What is the purpose of the first paragraph?A.To lead in the topic of the text. | B.To present a common problem. |
C.To make the article interesting. | D.To introduce a theory. |
A.It is 10, 000 light-years away from Earth. | B.It takes in cold gas from the space. |
C.It is 30 times the size of the Earth. | D.It is in the last period of its life. |
A.Doubtful. | B.Negative. | C.Satisfied. | D.Critical. |
A.Stars actually will explode rapidly. | B.Giant stars will shine for billions of years. |
C.NASA has a great effect on studying stars. | D.Rare dying star was revealed in new JWST image. |