1 . A quick increase of dopamine (多巴胺) shifts mice into a dreamy stage of sleep. In the mice’s brains, the chemical messenger triggers rapid-eye-movement sleep, or REM, researchers report in the March 4 Science.
These new results are some of the first to show a trigger for the shifts. Understanding these transitions in more detail could ultimately point to ways to treat sleep disorders in people.
Certain nerve cells in the ventral tegmental area of the mouse brain can pump out dopamine, a molecule that has been linked to pleasure, movement and learning, which is then delivered dopamine to the amygdalae, two almond-shaped structures deep in the brain that are closely tied to emotions.
Using a molecular sensor that can tell exactly when and where dopamine is released, the researchers saw that dopamine levels rose in the amygdalae just before mice shifted from non-REM sleep to REM sleep.
Next, the researchers forced the mice into the REM phase by controlling those dopamine-producing nerve cells using lasers and genetic techniques. Compelled with light, the nerve cells released dopamine in the amygdalae while mice were in non-REM sleep. The mice then shifted into REM sleep sooner than they typically did, after an average of about two minutes compared with about eight minutes for mice that weren’t prompted to release dopamine. Stimulating these cells every half hour increased the mice’s total amount of REM sleep.
Additional experiments suggest that these dopamine-making nerve cells may also be involved in aspects of narcolepsy (嗜睡症). A sudden loss of muscle tone, called cataplexy, shares features with REM sleep and can accompany narcolepsy. Stimulating these dopamine-making nerve cells while mice were awake caused the mice to stop moving and fall directly into REM sleep.
The results help clarify a trigger for REM in mice; whether a similar thing happens in people isn’t known. Earlier studies have found that nerve cells in people’s amygdalae are active during REM sleep.
Many questions remain. Drugs that change dopamine levels in people don’t seem to have big effects on REM sleep and cataplexy. But these drugs affect the whole brain, and it’s possible that they are just not selective enough.
1. What can we learn from this passage?A.People with sleep disorders could benefit from the research. |
B.Dopamine is generated in two almond-shaped structures. |
C.Dopamine levels rose after mice shifted to REM sleep. |
D.An increase of dopamine can trigger REM in people. |
A.the entire brain |
B.REM sleep and cataplexy |
C.drugs affecting dopamine levels |
D.people suffering from sleep disorders |
A.To introduce two stages of sleep of all animals. |
B.To explain dopamine as a trigger for REM in mice. |
C.To present a new way to cure sleep disorders in people. |
D.To propose a pioneer research interest in brain structure. |
B: I don’t feel very well and I’ve a headache.
A:
B: Ever since this morning.
A: Maybe you’ve caught a cold.
B: No, I haven’t.
A: Can I take your temperature?
B: Ok.
A: Oh, you’ve got a fever.
B: What should I do then?
A:
B:
A: You can take this medicine three times a day and you’ll be all right soon.
A. You can take some medicine and drink much water.
B. What’s wrong with you?
C. How long have you been like this?
D. How often should I take this medicine?
E. Have you taken your temperature?
F. How soon will I take this medicine?
G. What do you often do ?
A.How to see a doctor in health centre. |
B.How to make an online appointment. |
C.How to use the health care service. |
For thousands of years, the Chinese
According to TCM, there are a dozen meridians (经络) in the human body,
In 2010, UNESCO
During the Hangzhou 2023 Asian Games, athletes from around the world have been exploring acupuncture (针灸),
TCM, which includes acupuncture, herbal therapy, massage, Tai Chi, and Qigong
While China places significant emphasis on the integration of TCM with modern biomedicine, it is also becoming more popular worldwide. Although some medical professionals are
TCM has been recognized for the potential benefits, particularly when
As research into TCM continues to advance and more individuals embrace it for
1. What is the woman probably?
A.A doctor. | B.A patient | C.A nurse. |
A.Have a rest at home. | B.Go to work as soon as possible. | C.Return to the hospital regularly. |
7 . In the 12th century, physician Ibn Zuhr conducted some animal research to assess the surgical procedures that could be applied to humans. Since then, animal testing has been considered the most efficient way to develop new drugs. New medical treatments and drugs are tested on animals first to determine their effectiveness or safety levels before they are finally tested on humans. However, it remains controversial whether it is morally right or wrong to use animals for experiments.
The use of animals for medical purposes is seen to be necessary by many scientists. Researchers usually begin their trials using rats. If the tests are successful, further tests are done on monkeys before using human beings. For testing, such tiered(分层的) rounds are important because they reduce the level of error and negative side effects. Some argue that animal testing has contributed to many life-saving cures and treatments and there is no adequate alternative to testing on a living, whole-body system. Moreover, there are regulations for animal testing that limit the misuse of animals during research. They serve as evidence that animals are well taken care of and treated well instead of being intentionally harmed.
However, some other experts and animal welfare groups have opposed such practice, considering it as inhumane(不人道的) and claiming it should be banned. According to Humane Society International, animals used in experiments are commonly subjected to force-feeding, radiation exposure, operations to deliberately cause damage and frightening situations to create depression and anxiety. They also hold the view that animals are very different from human beings and therefore are poor test subjects. Drugs that pass animal tests are not necessarily safe. Animal tests on the arthritis (关节炎) drug Vioxx showed it would have a protective effect on the hearts of mice, yet the drug went on to cause about 27,000 heart attacks before being pulled back from the market.
It’s safe to say that using animals for tests will continue to be debated in many years to come. Despite the benefits of animal testing, some of the concerns need to be addressed with adequate regulations to ensure that animals are treated humanely.
1. Why is animal testing considered necessary?A.Rats are more similar to humans than monkeys. |
B.Other testing alternatives may not replace animals. |
C.Animal testing can show every side effect of drugs. |
D.Animal testing has been in practice since the 12th century. |
A.Eating poisonous food. | B.Being killed deliberately. |
C.Breathing in polluted air. | D.Having unnecessary operations. |
A.animal testing helps find the cure for arthritis |
B.some drugs need to be withdrawn from the market |
C.animals cannot necessarily produce accurate results |
D.a drug should be tested many more times before its release |
A.Scientists should reduce the number of animals used in research. |
B.Experts should try hard to determine whether animal tests are harmful. |
C.Relevant organizations should show more concern about the animals’ welfare. |
D.The authorities should issue new laws to guarantee animals’ rights during research. |
8 . When you’re sitting on an examining table, it’s easy to forget all the questions that brought you in to see the doctor in the first place. Maybe you thought your physician would ask you about something, but they didn’t, so you weren’t sure if you should bring it up. Or a symptom (症状) felt like a big deal to you, but they brushed it off. How to get the best care from your physician?
Prepare for an appointment
Most patients feel that the doctor is all-knowing, and that in the medical relationship they are powerless.
If you feel dismissed by your doctor, don’t hesitate to voice your opinions. Some helpful phrases can be used in those moments: “This is limiting my life,” and “I think that there’s something going on and I’m having a hard time putting it together. I need your help.” You can also ask for a referral (转诊) to see another specialist and bring a friend or family member to your next appointment to ask questions or take notes.
Take information home with you
Taking written or recorded information home with you can help you remember information and instructions any time you need to. Your doctor is a good source of accurate information you can trust. You can take home with you the notes that you have taken during the appointment.
Follow up with your doctor
A.Ask follow-up questions. |
B.Here’s how to talk to your physician. |
C.Your doctor can write all instructions down for you. |
D.But your physician can’t read your mind. |
E.Make sure to follow any instructions your doctor gave you. |
F.Here are some tips on making the most of a diagnosis (诊断). |
G.You can also take home any written instructions from your doctor. |
A.He has a cold. | B.He hurts his head. | C.He coughs badly. |
10 . Some people look forward to getting braces (牙箍) on their teeth, thinking they look cool. Other people avoid visiting the orthodontist (正齿医生). But anyone who benefits from the orthodontist’s trade today should be thankful for the progress this science has made over the centuries.
Remains of crooked (弯曲的) human teeth date back tens of thousands of years. Greek and Roman texts describing the treatment of irregular teeth by the application of pressure date back as far as the fifth century B. C. Archaeological evidence indicates even earlier use of orthodontic appliances, including man-made objects found in considerable burial (埋葬的) sites in ancient Italy. Another early attempt at braces may have been discovered on Egyptian mummies with recognizable metal bands around their teeth. Thus, from at least 1,000 BC, it was known that teeth move in response to pressure.
Techniques for correcting dental (牙齿的) irregularities did not advance much until the eighteenth century. French dentists led the way to building orthodontic practice on scientific foundations. The greatest contribution came from Pierre Fauchard. In 1728, Fauchard published the first general study of dentistry. In it, he described the process of straightening. He made smooth (光滑的) a crooked tooth to create space around it. Then he repositioned the tooth using a tool called a “pelican”. And he bound it to its neighbors and let it set. French and English dentists improved on Fauchard’s work through the eighteenth century. Patients of Fauchard’s treatment may have been grateful when the work was completed. While many of them faced the treatment with fear and cried during the procedures, there were many Frenchmen who flooded to Fauchard to improve their looks with dental work.
Pioneering European orthodontists introduced new techniques and instruments in the nineteenth century. By midcentury, American dentists began to take the lead in research and invention. Electricity changed the operating room completely, and the proper medicine made surgery less painful. John Farrar developed guidelines for using tools to move teeth by applying force on a regular basis.
The twentieth century saw improvement in the materials and methods of orthodontics. But the basic principles of the science were developed during the days of Fauchard.
1. What’s the public’s attitude toward Fauchard’s treatment?A.Objective. | B.Fearful. | C.Unconcerned. | D.Positive |
A.Americans relieved the pain from the treatment. |
B.Americans repositioned the tooth using a “pelican”. |
C.Americans introduced new techniques and instruments. |
D.Americans published the first general study of dentistry. |
A.Straight History of Orthodontics |
B.Advanced Techniques in Orthodontics |
C.Thanks for the Progress in Orthodontics |
D.Establishment of Professional Orthodontics |
A.In an interview report. | B.In a private diary. |
C.In a medical journal. | D.In a graduation essay. |