The virus “Ebola” is named after the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. That’s
The deadliest Ebola outbreak is spreading fast in Western Africa, taking over 900
There are several promising drugs and vaccines (疫苗) in
2 . In the 12th century, physician Ibn Zuhr conducted some animal research to assess the surgical procedures that could be applied to humans. Since then, animal testing has been considered the most efficient way to develop new drugs. New medical treatments and drugs are tested on animals first to determine their effectiveness or safety levels before they are finally tested on humans. However, it remains controversial whether it is morally right or wrong to use animals for experiments.
The use of animals for medical purposes is seen to be necessary by many scientists. Researchers usually begin their trials using rats. If the tests are successful, further tests are done on monkeys before using human beings. For testing, such tiered(分层的) rounds are important because they reduce the level of error and negative side effects. Some argue that animal testing has contributed to many life-saving cures and treatments and there is no adequate alternative to testing on a living, whole-body system. Moreover, there are regulations for animal testing that limit the misuse of animals during research. They serve as evidence that animals are well taken care of and treated well instead of being intentionally harmed.
However, some other experts and animal welfare groups have opposed such practice, considering it as inhumane(不人道的) and claiming it should be banned. According to Humane Society International, animals used in experiments are commonly subjected to force-feeding, radiation exposure, operations to deliberately cause damage and frightening situations to create depression and anxiety. They also hold the view that animals are very different from human beings and therefore are poor test subjects. Drugs that pass animal tests are not necessarily safe. Animal tests on the arthritis (关节炎) drug Vioxx showed it would have a protective effect on the hearts of mice, yet the drug went on to cause about 27,000 heart attacks before being pulled back from the market.
It’s safe to say that using animals for tests will continue to be debated in many years to come. Despite the benefits of animal testing, some of the concerns need to be addressed with adequate regulations to ensure that animals are treated humanely.
1. Why is animal testing considered necessary?| A．Rats are more similar to humans than monkeys. |
| B．Other testing alternatives may not replace animals. |
| C．Animal testing can show every side effect of drugs. |
| D．Animal testing has been in practice since the 12th century. |
| A．Eating poisonous food. | B．Being killed deliberately. |
| C．Breathing in polluted air. | D．Having unnecessary operations. |
| A．animal testing helps find the cure for arthritis |
| B．some drugs need to be withdrawn from the market |
| C．animals cannot necessarily produce accurate results |
| D．a drug should be tested many more times before its release |
| A．Scientists should reduce the number of animals used in research. |
| B．Experts should try hard to determine whether animal tests are harmful. |
| C．Relevant organizations should show more concern about the animals’ welfare. |
| D．The authorities should issue new laws to guarantee animals’ rights during research. |
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（＼）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1、每处错误及其修改仅限一词；2、只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。
Mr. Liu Weihai is making good progress. Although his hand is weak, but he can now feel hot and cold. The operation was doing in Zhongshan Hospital andlasted for four hours. During the operation, Mr Liu had a new hand attached.
Liu Weihai is attacked by a wild animal three months ago while leading a group of tourists in the mountains, but lost his left hand. The members of Liu’s group quick took him to a nearest hospital. He was later flown to a hospital in Guanzhou for an operation.
Mr Liu’s doctor has worked out a safe treatment plan for him. It will be hard for Liu weihai, but it is expected which in the next few months his body will accept the hand as his own without any disability. During this period, various methods will be applied to help the patient’s hand get strong, according the doctor.
“I’m very grateful to his doctor. I feel hopeful that I’ll fully recovery the use of my hand in the near future,” said Mr Liu.
Chris is not a traditional explorer — he usually
Chris is a doctor from France and he works for MSF,
At the moment, there are over 30,000 trained doctors taking part in MSF projects and tasks. Every year, more than 3,000 international doctors will join
When MSF accepts a doctor for a task, he has to devote himself
When
5 . Being able to find high quality health care at an affordable price is a problem to be solved in many countries. In the United States, Walmart, a large chain store, is trying to help. It is offering something new to its employees: cutting the cost of a doctor’s appointment to only $4 instead of the usual $40 for the same service.
The catch is that the patient and doctor must meet over the internet. This online service is called “telemedicine.”
Walmart is the latest major business in the United States to push its workers toward a high-tech way to be examined and treated by doctors. Thanks to telemedicine, people can talk with medical experts from the privacy of their own homes, often using a secure video connection.
Supporters say online visits make it easier for patients to see an expert or quickly find help for problems considered non-emergencies.
Some healthcare needs are well-suited for telemedicine. It can help people seeking treatment for insect bites or skin conditions. Patients who have had medical treatments and cannot move around easily can use telemedicine for their follow-up visits. Also, people seeking help for mental health issues can benefit from the privacy that telemedicine gives.
But still, many people do not use telemedicine, they continue to go to the doctor’s office when they are sick. 80 percent of middle-size and large U.S. companies offered telemedicine services to their workers in 2018. However, only 8 percent of its employees used telemedicine at least once in 2017.
Compared with seeing a real doctor in person, some people may think the quality of telemedicine is not as good. Parents, for example, may feel they are not giving their child the best care if they use a virtual doctor appointment. Older adults may look forward to their in-person doctor appointments. For them, going to the doctor’s office is a big event, something they look forward to.
Another reason some adults may not use telemedicine services is trust. Tom Hill, aged 66, says he has no plans to ever use telemedicine. He does not buy anything online, let alone do something as personal as seeing a doctor. He says, for him, it is important to look his doctor in the eye and shake hands.
However, for some people, especially young people and busy students, telemedicine might be a good choice. It can cut down on the time away from work. It can also cut down on the cost of doctor visits.
1. What is Walmart trying to help with?| A．Finding something new for its employees. |
| B．Promoting the online service “telemedicine”. |
| C．Cutting the online cost of a doctor’s appointment. |
| D．Reducing the cost of seeing a doctor at a much lower price. |
| A．It enables patients to see doctors at home for free. |
| B．It has become increasingly popular in America. |
| C．It is the online service that is provided by most large US companies. |
| D．It makes it easier to see a doctor for emergency problems. |
| A．Because their company doesn’t provide telemedicine. |
| B．Because they don’t trust the doctors online. |
| C．Because they look forward to a virtual doctor appointment. |
| D．Because they have made friends with the doctors. |
| A．Jenny, a shy woman who suffers from mental illness. |
| B．Smith, a grandpa who has been bitten by a running dog. |
| C．Wilson, a worker who got seriously injured in a car accident. |
| D．Kate, a mother whose kid is suffering from a skin disease. |
| A．Positive. | B．Negative. | C．Objective. | D．Doubtful. |
6 . Although vaccines are required for entry into school in most places in the United States, the government does allow for exceptions, like religious reasons.
In the last few years, the rates of vaccine-preventable illness have been on the rise. In most cases, these outbreaks began with children who were unvaccinated. To deal with this threat, some schools in New York have been refusing to allow unvaccinated children to attend school. Several parents thought this was unfair and filed lawsuits. Just recently, though, a court ruled in favor of the city schools.
The court made the right decision. Vaccine policy depends not only on the added protection that vaccines provide for those who get shots, but also on the decreased likelihood that anyone will come into contact with the disease. This is known as community immunity. It refers to the fact that when enough people are immunized, then there really can’t be an outbreak. And if there can’t be an outbreak, then everyone is protected.
This is important, because there are people who cannot be given immunizations for various reasons. For example, small babies can’t be given all vaccines.
In 1995, the chicken pox vaccine was introduced in the United States. Over time, more and more children received it. In 2011, a study looked at how the program affected the number of children who died from the disease.
The first thing noted in the paper was that death from chicken pox went down considerably after the vaccine was introduced. From 2001 through 2007, the rates of death remained much lower, with just a few children dying from chicken pox nationally each year.
What’s more from 2004 through 2007, not one child less than 1 year of age died in the United States from chicken pox. This is important, because we cannot give the chicken pox vaccine to babies. In other words, all those babies were saved not because we vaccinated them against this illness, but because older children were.
Therefore, people who refuse to vaccinate their children aren’t just putting themselves at risk — they’re putting everyone else in danger, too.
1. Whose interest did the judges take into consideration?| A．Students’. | B．School leaders’. | C．Several parents’. | D．Unvaccinated kids’. |
| A．Requiring everyone to be immune. |
| B．Vaccinating babies as early as possible. |
| C．Making sure enough people get vaccinated. |
| D．Separating unvaccinated people from vaccinated. |
| A．The vaccine is safe for every kid. | B．No deaths have been seen since 2004. |
| C．The vaccine has lowered the death rate. | D．The vaccine is more effective among babies. |
| A．No vaccine, no risk. | B．No vaccine, no school. |
| C．Vaccination is a personal choice. | D．Vaccine-preventable illness is dropping. |
7 . Kim Stemple was a special-education teacher. In 2012, she found herself in Boston hospital being
Before she got too
After Stemple hung the medal on the wall, other
People who have received the medals have
Can a simple medal
| A．checked | B．accepted | C．visited | D．treated |
| A．friendly | B．unhappy | C．generous | D．impolite |
| A．sick | B．tired | C．lazy | D．busy |
| A．dancing | B．teaching | C．racing | D．playing |
| A．entered | B．finished | C．trained for | D．heard of |
| A．encouragement | B．assessment | C．experiment | D．punishment |
| A．doctors | B．patients | C．singers | D．runners |
| A．succeeding | B．breathing | C．thinking | D．worrying |
| A．secret | B．brief | C．strange | D．positive |
| A．collects | B．protects | C．wins | D．separates |
| A．in need | B．in place | C．in action | D．in power |
| A．met | B．included | C．thanked | D．ignored |
| A．innocent | B．beneficial | C．current | D．original |
| A．compete | B．connect | C．agree | D．compare |
| A．appears | B．complains | C．cares | D．pays |
| A．hardly | B．normally | C．suddenly | D．really |
| A．suffers | B．comes | C．differs | D．hears |
| A．book | B．tool | C．medal | D．photo |
| A．scared | B．surprised | C．confused | D．excited |
| A．lends | B．sells | C．means | D．adds |
8 . Genetic testing offers people insight into the types of diseases they are most likely to develop — but a new study suggests most people do not alter their lifestyles based on this information. These tests — known as genome sequencing — analyze a person's DNA, telling patients about their known risk for diseases like cancer or diabetes. But being told you’re at a higher risk for lung cancer doesn’t seem to motivate anyone to quit smoking or alcohol, this study suggests. Because of this, the scholars argue that genetic testing should be banned as a tool for improving people's health.
Today’s finding came from pulling data from 18 other studies that followed people after they received the results of genetic tests. Receiving information about genetic risks didn’t inspire people to eat differently, exercise more, or stop smoking, "Expectations have been high that giving people information about their genetic risk will empower them to change their behavior, but we have found no evidence that this is the case," study author Theresa Marteau, director of behavior and health research said in a press release.
Genetic testing, which the National Institutes of Health says costs anywhere from $100 to $2,000, has become much more accessible as commercial testing companies such as 23andMe and Sure Genomics have sprung up. These companies are not allowed to share disease risk estimates with consumers thanks to the Food and Drug Administration. However, today’s study didn’t specify whether the genetic testing were purely from academic sequencing, or if any of these companies had had a role in supplying the data.
Genetic testing doesn’t get people to change their behavior for the better, but it doesn't have any known negative effects either. Knowing the results of these tests didn't change people's depression or anxiety levels. And there's no indication that testing inspires people to pick up risky or dangerous health habits either, the study found.
Actually a genetic predisposition to a certain disease is common among people. Some people are born weak in heart. Some are innately vulnerable in digestive system. But these most common risk factors usually don't raise a person's chances of getting the disease by a significant amount. It's possible that some of the patients in the study had substantially high disease risks based on their DNA profile, but those patients tend to be rather rare. "It’s still likely that communicating this type of information is very valuable to some people, but it’s just that there aren’t that many of those people," Zikmund-Fisher from the University of Michigan said. "The idea that providing genetic risk information is going to be transformative to everyone seems unlikely."
1. Why did some experts suggest stopping genetic testing?| A．Genome sequencing aren’t accurate in detecting certain disease risks. |
| B．Genetic testing results fail to encourage people to remove bad habits. |
| C．Genetic testing does neither good nor harm to people’s behaviorial improvement. |
| D．Genetic testing results are offered by commercial testing companies. |
| A．testing on | B．prediction about | C．sensitivity to | D．insight into |
| A．Theresa Marteau believes genetic testing helps to change people’s behaviors. |
| B．Sure Genomics is forbidden to deliver illness risk expectations to patients. |
| C．Genetic testing results are totally coming from academic sequencing. |
| D．Genetic testing results in a way worsen the patients’ moods and emotions. |
| A．getting rid of bad life habits doesn’t do much good to people’s health |
| B．almost all people have certain disease risks based on genetic testing |
| C．providing genetic risk information interferes with the medical treatment |
| D．genetic testing shows few people are at a high risk of getting certain diseases |
Baidu Is Not A Doctor
When people
10 . People have different ways of dealing with a common cold. Some take over the counter medicines such as aspirin while others try popular home remedies(治疗) like herbal tea or chicken soup. Yet here is the tough truth about the common cold: nothing really cures it.
So why do people sometimes believe that their remedies work? According to James Taylor, professor at the University of Washington, colds usually go away on their own in about a week, improving a little each day after symptoms peak, so it's easy to believe it's medicine rather than time that deserves the credit, USA Today reported.
It still seems hard to believe that we can deal with more serious diseases yet are powerless against something so common as a cold. Recently, scientists came closer to figure out why. To understand it, you first need to know how antiviral drugs work. They attack the virus by attaching to and changing the surface structures of the virus. To do that, the drug must fit and lock into the virus like the right piece of a jigsaw(拼图), which means scientists have to identify the virus and build a 3D model to study its surface before they can design an antiviral drug that is effective enough.
The two cold viruses that scientists had long known about were rhinovirus(鼻病毒) A and B. But they didn't find out about the existence of a third virus, rhinovirus C, until 2006. All three of them contribute to the common cold, but drugs that work well against rhinovirus A and B have little effect when used against rhinovirus C.
''This explains most of the previous failures of drug trials against rhinoviruses,'' study leader Professor Ann C. Palmenberg at the University of Wiscons in Madison, US, told Science Daily.
Now, more than 10 years after the discovery of rhinovirus C, scientists have finally built a highly detailed 3D model of the virus, showing that the surface of the virus is, as expected, different from that of other cold viruses.
With the model in hand, hopefully a real cure for a common cold is on its way. Soon, we may no longer have to waste our money on medicines that don't really work.
1. What does the author think of popular remedies for a common cold?| A．They are quite effective. | B．They are slightly helpful. |
| C．They actually have no effect. | D．They still need to be improved. |
| A．By breaking up cold viruses directly. |
| B．By changing the surface structures of the cold viruses. |
| C．By preventing colds from developing into serious diseases. |
| D．By absorbing different kinds of cold viruses at the same time. |
| A．The surface of cold viruses looks quite similar. |
| B．Scientists have already found a cure for the common cold. |
| C．Scientists were not aware of the existence of rhinovirus C until recently. |
| D．Knowing the structure of cold viruses is the key to developing an effective cure. |
| A．Drugs against cold viruses | B．Helpful home remedies |
| C．No current cure for common cold | D．Research on cold viruses |
