Genetic testing offers people insight into the types of diseases they are most likely to develop — but a new study suggests most people do not alter their lifestyles based on this information. These tests — known as genome sequencing — analyze a person's DNA, telling patients about their known risk for diseases like cancer or diabetes. But being told you’re at a higher risk for lung cancer doesn’t seem to motivate anyone to quit smoking or alcohol, this study suggests. Because of this, the scholars argue that genetic testing should be banned as a tool for improving people's health.
Today’s finding came from pulling data from 18 other studies that followed people after they received the results of genetic tests. Receiving information about genetic risks didn’t inspire people to eat differently, exercise more, or stop smoking, "Expectations have been high that giving people information about their genetic risk will empower them to change their behavior, but we have found no evidence that this is the case," study author Theresa Marteau, director of behavior and health research said in a press release.
Genetic testing, which the National Institutes of Health says costs anywhere from $100 to $2,000, has become much more accessible as commercial testing companies such as 23andMe and Sure Genomics have sprung up. These companies are not allowed to share disease risk estimates with consumers thanks to the Food and Drug Administration. However, today’s study didn’t specify whether the genetic testing were purely from academic sequencing, or if any of these companies had had a role in supplying the data.
Genetic testing doesn’t get people to change their behavior for the better, but it doesn't have any known negative effects either. Knowing the results of these tests didn't change people's depression or anxiety levels. And there's no indication that testing inspires people to pick up risky or dangerous health habits either, the study found.
Actually a genetic predisposition to a certain disease is common among people. Some people are born weak in heart. Some are innately vulnerable in digestive system. But these most common risk factors usually don't raise a person's chances of getting the disease by a significant amount. It's possible that some of the patients in the study had substantially high disease risks based on their DNA profile, but those patients tend to be rather rare. "It’s still likely that communicating this type of information is very valuable to some people, but it’s just that there aren’t that many of those people," Zikmund-Fisher from the University of Michigan said. "The idea that providing genetic risk information is going to be transformative to everyone seems unlikely."
1. Why did some experts suggest stopping genetic testing?| A．Genome sequencing aren’t accurate in detecting certain disease risks. |
| B．Genetic testing results fail to encourage people to remove bad habits. |
| C．Genetic testing does neither good nor harm to people’s behaviorial improvement. |
| D．Genetic testing results are offered by commercial testing companies. |
| A．testing on | B．prediction about | C．sensitivity to | D．insight into |
| A．Theresa Marteau believes genetic testing helps to change people’s behaviors. |
| B．Sure Genomics is forbidden to deliver illness risk expectations to patients. |
| C．Genetic testing results are totally coming from academic sequencing. |
| D．Genetic testing results in a way worsen the patients’ moods and emotions. |
| A．getting rid of bad life habits doesn’t do much good to people’s health |
| B．almost all people have certain disease risks based on genetic testing |
| C．providing genetic risk information interferes with the medical treatment |
| D．genetic testing shows few people are at a high risk of getting certain diseases |
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If you have an allergy to some food, even a very tiny bit of food can make you sick. Lots of kids have food allergies — about 3 million in the United States alone.
The foods that cause the most food allergies include peanuts and other nuts; seafood, such as shrimp; milk, particularly cow's milk; eggs; wheat.
What Is a Food Allergy?
Food allergies occur when your immune system makes a mistake. Usually, your immune system protects you from germs and disease. It does this by making antibodies that help you fight off bacteria, viruses, and other tiny organisms that can make you sick. But if you have a food allergy, your immune system mistakenly treats something in a certain food as if it's really dangerous to you.
What's a Reaction Like?
In the most serious cases, a food allergy can cause anaphylaxis (过敏症). This is a sudden, severe allergic reaction in which several problems occur all at once and can involve the skin, breathing, digestion, the heart and blood vessels. A person's blood pressure can drop, breathing tubes can narrow and the tongue can swell. People at risk for this kind of reaction have to be very careful and need a plan for handling emergencies, when they might need to get special medicine to stop these symptoms from getting worse.
What Will the Doctor Do?
If you think you may be allergic to a certain food, let your parents know. They will take you to the doctor to get it checked out. If your doctor thinks you might have a food allergy, he or she will probably send you to see a doctor who specializes in allergies. The allergy specialist will ask you about past reactions and how long it takes between eating the food and getting the symptom, such as hives. The allergist also may ask about whether anyone else in your family has allergies or other allergyrelated conditions. The allergist may also want to do a skin test. This is a way of seeing how your body reacts to a very small amount of the food that is giving you trouble.
1. According to the passage, you will have a food allergy when your immune system ________.| A．recognizes tiny organisms in a certain food |
| B．mistakenly makes antibodies to help fight off something in a certain food |
| C．prevents something harmful in the food from entering your digestive system |
| D．releases chemicals to remove harmful things in a certain food |
| A．Blood pressure rising. |
| B．Lips swelling. |
| C．Breathing difficulty. |
| D．Heart beating becoming slow. |
| A．Taking medicine as soon as an allergic reaction appears. |
| B．Avoiding eating any food when going outside. |
| C．Always carrying with special medicine for possible symptoms. |
| D．Preparing a plan for dealing with emergencies ahead of time. |
| A．Ask you about the allergyassociated information. |
| B．Give you some medicine right away. |
| C．Enquire about your present feeling towards the food. |
| D．Give you a shot of liquid extract of food. |
A study into how lazy British people are has found more than half of adults are so idle that they’d catch the lift rather than climb two flights of stairs.
Just over 2，000 people were quizzed by independent researchers at Nuffield Health, Britain’s largest health charity. The results were startling.
About one in six people surveyed said if their remote control was broken, they would continue watching the same channel rather than get up.
More than one third of those questioned said they would not run to catch a bus. Worryingly, of the 654 respondents with children, 64% said they were often too tired to play with them.
This led the report to conclude that it’s no wonder that one in six children in the UK are classified as obese before they start school. Dr Sarah Dauncey, medical director of Nuffield Health, said, “People need to get fitter, not just for their own sake, but for the sake of their families, friends and evidently their pets too. If we don’t start to take control of this problem, a whole generation will become too unfit to perform even the simple tasks.”
And Scotland’s largest city, Glasgow, was shamed as the most indolent city in the UK, with 75% surveyed admitting they do not get enough exercise, followed closely by Birmingham and Southampton, both with 67%.
The results pose serious challenges for the National Health Service, where obesityrelated illnesses such as heart disease and cancer have been on a steady increase for the past 40 years and are costing billions of pounds every year.
1. What do lazy British people probably choose to do?
| A．Go to stores. | B．Catch the lift. |
| C．Cook from scratch. | D．Climb flights of stairs. |
| A．About 419. | B．About 333. |
| C．About 654. | D．About 1280. |
| A．People will not get enough exercise. |
| B．People will not have enough money. |
| C．People will not be able to do the easy job. |
| D．People will not cure themselves of heart disease. |
| A．Indifferent. | B．Doubtful. |
| C．Negative. | D．Supportive. |
【推荐3】These days, more people in Denmark are surviving serious heart attacks. Some of that good news is thanks to a smartphone app called Heartrunner.
Many heart attacks happen when people are not near doctors. The most serious type of heart attack is when the heart stops. In Denmark, the survival rate for people whose heart had stopped when they were not near doctors used to be 4%. In the past 20 years, it has risen to 16%. Denmark has seen a dramatic change in survival from heart attacks after it began recruiting (招募) volunteers and arming some of them with smartphone technology.
Denmark’s emergency number is 112. Call center workers can use Heartrunner to contact up to 20 volunteers within 1.1 miles of an emergency. Workers also send out an ambulance. They often tell the caller how to start CPR. Heartrunner sends an alert (警报) to volunteers. It asks, “Can you run?” If a person says yes, the app sends the address. If there is an AED nearby, the app tells volunteers where to find it.
More than 100,000 people in Denmark volunteer for Heartrunner. About 75% of them are not health care workers. That’s OK, said expert Freddy Lippert. “The patient is dead, and if you don’t do anything, nine out of 10 will be dead forever. The faster CPR begins, the better the chance of restarting the heart. In Denmark, everyday people responded faster than professionals to more than four in 10 heart attacks.”
Erik Kaxe, 81, lives in a small Danish town. Recently, his heart stopped. His wife called 112. The ambulance was sent. And the Heartrunner alert went out. Within minutes, 10 strangers who lived nearby showed up at their house. The ambulance came 17 minutes after the call. So many helpers showed up that they were able to do far more than just CPR. When the ambulance showed up, Kaxe was breathing again. He lived and is now back at home.
“Dying wasn’t difficult” he said. “But waking up is.”
1. What do the numbers mentioned in paragraph 2 show?| A．Heartrunner has raised a lot of concern. |
| B．Heartrunner has made a big difference in Denmark. |
| C．An increasing number of people have suffered heart attacks. |
| D．Danish doctors have successfully improved heart attack survival rates. |
| A．It calls 112 immediately. | B．It contacts an ambulance. |
| C．It sends helpers to victims. | D．It sends alerts to AED owners. |
| A．Every minute counts for victims. | B．Ambulances respond slowly in Denmark. |
| C．There is a serious lack of health care workers. | D．Volunteers for Heartrunner should be professionals. |
| A．To tell a touching story. | B．To remind us to value life. |
| C．To show how Heartrunner saves lives. | D．To teach us how to use the life-saving app. |
【推荐1】Dwayne Johnson was born Dwayne Douglas Johnson on May 2, 1972, in Hayward, California, United States. His father, Rocky Johnson, was a professional wrestler while his mother, Ata Maivia, was the daughter of a wrestler. His father is of Black Nova Scotian origin, while his mother is of Samoan heritage, which explains his exotic (异国的) looks. Dwayne Johnson, previously employed as a professional wrestler, is an actor known for his appearance in the fantasy adventure film, ‘The Mummy Returns’. A highly successful professional wrestler before making his first attempt into films, Johnson is also famous for his ring name, ‘The Rock’.
Born into a family of wrestlers, it comes as no surprise that he too made a name for himself in the sport. Athletic and fond of sports from a young age, he used to join in many sporting activities as a school student. He played football for his high school and was also a member of the school’s track and field and wrestling teams. He was a promising footballer and received a full scholarship from the University of Miami to play defensive tackle (后卫). He was hopeful of making it big as a professional footballer when an injury put a full-stop to his football ambitions. Though disappointed, he did not let this incident demotivate him and instead decided to become a wrestler. His father, a professional wrestler himself, began training the young man. Eventually Johnson made his WWF debut (首秀) and established himself as a successful wrestler.
Due to his popularity coupled with his attractively strong looks he started receiving offers from Hollywood studios and he began his acting career with the movie, ‘The Mummy Returns’.
1. What made Dwayne Johnson famous?| A．His appearance and ring name. |
| B．His family background. |
| C．His professional performance. |
| D．His blood relationship. |
| A．He is a famous film actor. |
| B．He often joined in many sporting activities. |
| C．He was a football member on the school team. |
| D．He actually coached Dwayne Johnson. |
| A．Inspire. | B．Satisfy. |
| C．Anger. | D．Upset. |
| A．Johnson’s Film | B．Johnson’s Acting Career |
| C．A Born Actor | D．A Wrestler-Turned Actor |
Publishers can submit books for consideration for the prize, but the judges can also ask for books to be submitted that they think should be included. Firstly, the Advisory Committee gives advice if there have been any changes to the rules for the prize and selects the people who will judge the books. The judging panel changes every year and usually a person is only a judge once.
Great efforts are made to ensure that the judging panel is balanced in terms of gender (性别) and professions within the industry, so that a writer, a critic, an editor and an academic are chosen along with a well-known person from wider society. However, when the panel of judges has been decided, they are left to make their own decisions. Meanwhile, the prize sponsor has no further right to take part in any more.
The Man Booker judges include critics, writers and academics to maintain the consistent quality of the prize and its influence is such that the winner will almost certainly see the sales increase considerably, in addition to the￡50,000 that comes with the prize.
1. Who can submit books to the prize?| A．Judges. | B．Writers. |
| C．Readers. | D．Sponsors. |
| A．Because the prize is given to writers from the Commonwealth. |
| B．Because the prize was known as simply the ‘Booker Prize’. |
| C．Because the prize is sponsored by the Man Group and they kept the name. |
| D．Because the prize is aimed to award the very best contemporary fiction. |
| A．Changing the rules for the prize on their own. |
| B．Selecting the judging committee. |
| C．Making decisions on who is the winner. |
| D．Submitting books for consideration for the prize. |
| A．the prize money |
| B．the gender of the judges |
| C．the make-up of the panel of judges |
| D．the increase in sales of the winner |
【推荐3】Think back to the last time you pooped. Was it hard or soft? Was it dark or light brown? You might find these questions uncomfortable. Yet the wastes our bodies shed can say a lot about our health. And it is hard to remember past poops and pees well enough to describe to doctors. There's something in those wastes not visible to the eye. But smart toilets can help.
Scientists hope that one day such toilets will be able to diagnose cancer and viruses. But that’s for the future. The smart toilet being developed at Stanford University can take pictures of your feces, track how often you go and measure how long each poop takes. It also can measure the number of white blood cells and types of protein in urine (尿), which could indicate an infection of the urinary tract or bladder. The data will move through the Internet to a secure computer. An artificial-intelligence program then will assess the data. If it finds a problem, the program can notify a patient's doctor.
But how will the toilet know who is on the seat? Seung-min Park, a biomedical engineer on the project, and his team use a scanner to image the butt. The user just sits down on the seat. An image of the butt will later be used to identify data obtained from that person’s toilet visit.
However, potential users may not want to have a camera underneath their butts, Park says. So on the next model, his team will replace the camera with an infrared or laser scanner.
Scanning one’s privates is hardly the only privacy issue with smart toilets. The data could be misused by insurance companies or others. And some toilets might one day be able to test your DNA, containing details you don't want to share with anyone.
Park appreciates such privacy concerns. However, he also thinks the benefits may outweigh the risks. “The more you expose your privacy,” he believes, “the better the health care.”
1. What do we know about the smart toilet being developed at Stanford?| A．It helps diagnose cancer and viruses. |
| B．It can provide information about a potential disease of users. |
| C．It can inform the doctor if a problem appears. |
| D．It tells the eating habits of users. |
| A．They may lead to privacy invasion. | B．They have limited functions. |
| C．They may offer inaccurate diagnoses. | D．They are too expensive. |
| A．Contradictory. | B．Critical. | C．Prejudiced. | D．Favorable. |
| A．Smart Toilets Are Not So Smart |
| B．Smart Toilets Are Invading Your Privacy |
| C．Smart Toilets Will Replace Traditional Ones |
| D．Smart Toilets Will Guard Your Health |
【推荐1】Visiting museums is an important means of knowing a country's development and culture. Here are some greatest museums in the world which are worth a visit.
Tate Modern, London, The UK
Together with three other Tate museums, Tate Modern is national museum of international modern art. It is one of the largest museums of modern art in the world. Most of the exhibit areas are open to the public for free, only charging for major temporary exhibitions.
Musee du Louvre, Paris, France
It is the world's largest and most visited art museum. It's a historical land mark of Paris. Housed in the Louvre Palace, the museum has been added to many times since its opening in 1793. Its glass pyramid in the main courtyard was designed by Chinese-American architect leoh Ming Pei, which later became a landmark of Paris.
National Museum of China, Beijing, China
It is near Tiananmen Square in Beijing. It's one of the largest museums and the second-most visited art museum in the world. Covering time span (范围)from the Yuanmou Man of 1.7 million years ago to the Qing Dynasty, the museum houses around 1.05 million items, many of which cannot be found in museums elsewhere.
State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg, Russia
The State Hermitage Museum is the second-largest art museum in the world. The public can visit five of the main building: the Winter Palace, Small Hermitage, Old Hermitage, New Hermitage and Hermitage Theatre. It often appears as setting for films, TV series, novels and even video games.
1. In which museum can visitors find the glass pyramid?| A．Tate Modern. | B．Musee du Louvre. |
| C．National Museum of China. | D．State Hermitage Museum. |
| A．In the UK. | B．In France. | C．In China. | D．In Russia. |
| A．To introduce some largest museums in the world. |
| B．To tell people they can visit museums for free. |
| C．To ask people to protect cultural heritage. |
| D．To show the development of art. |
【推荐2】I've had many wonderful holidays，but my favorite memory is that of a few summer weeks spent in Italy when I was about 13.My mom had to go to a clinic there for treatment，and we all went together as a family and took the opportunity to have a beautiful vacation as well.It was the first time abroad for me and it was a vacation that broadened my perspective，taught me a lot，and helped shape a bit of who I am today.
Although we did visit many famous places in northern Italy，we stayed mostly in a little town where some friends of my parents lived.Nothing helped me understand Italian culture better than my stay in this picturesque，almost magical town that many haven't even heard of.
Thanks to the holiday spent in Italy，I，quite a shallow girl，also discovered my passion for music，which stayed alive in me to this day and will probably stay forever.My parents' friends had a son，Ricardo，who was a pianist.Dad had repeatedly but unsuccessfully tried to make me study an instrument and stick to it.However，when I heard Ricardo play，I instantly fell in love with music and felt a great desire to learn it.Ricardo taught me the first song I ever played on the piano，a silly，playful little tune that I still know by heart.
We took a short trip to the Italian Alps at some point.I had never seen such majestic beauty before! The snowcovered peaks，the intimidating rocks，the fresh，harsh air — what an experience! And what I remember impressed me the most was the fact that，although this was a popular touristic area，the region was incredibly clean，still “natural”，with places that seemed to never have been touched by humans.Then，the shallow teen that I was learned what a real treasure nature is and how important it is to protect it.
1. What was the main purpose for the author and her family to go to Italy?| A．To cure the author's mother of her illness. |
| B．To have a family reunion while travelling. |
| C．To broaden and shape the author's perspective. |
| D．To experience and learn from another culture. |
| A．Her father's instructions. |
| B．Ricardo's performance. |
| C．The piano she played on. |
| D．The local music culture. |
| A．stick to her own passion |
| B．balance between cultures |
| C．get rid of her shallowness |
| D．cherish and protect nature |
| A．My Favorite Holiday Memory |
| B．A Trip Shaping My Personality |
| C．Lessons from a Foreign Culture |
| D．My Passion for Music and Nature |
【推荐3】Summer is the best time of year for music lovers，especially if you love the outdoor concert scene.
Firefly Music Festival
Many people haven't thought of going to Delaware for a summer vacation, but mid-June is a great time to plan this trip if you love music. Headliners for this year's show are The Weekend, Muse, Twenty One Pilots, Chance the Rapper, and Bob Dylan.
Date： June 15 -18
Location ： Dover, Delaware, USA Rock
Music Type ： Rock
Price： $79 - $2,499
Secret Solstice
With long, dark and cold winters, nobody celebrates summer quite like Icelanders. To see for yourself, plan a trip to Iceland this June to check out the Secret Solstice festival. Not only will you enjoy seeing bands like Radiohead and Afrika Bambaataa, but you can also experience the scenery anti hot springs nearby as well.
Date ： June 15 - 18
Location ： Reykjavik, Iceland
Music Type： Eclectic, Indie
Price： € 149 - €1,599(around $ 160 - $ 1,725)
Roskilde Festival
This Denmark music festival has been a local tradition since 1971. There will be nine stages for this year's events to host groups like the Foo Fighters, Blink 182, and The Lumineers. What's interesting about this festival is that in addition to the big headliners, you can also get to know up-and-coming regional artists from Denmark, Sweden and Norway.
Date ： June 24 - July 1
Location ： Roskilde, Denmark
Music Type ： Rock, emerging regional artists
Price： DKK 995 - DKK 1 ,995 (around $ 144 to $289)
Montreal Jazz Festival
All jazz lovers owe it to themselves to check out the Montreal Jazz Festival at least once in a lifetime. This event brings together some of the best names in jazz music, as well as diverse R&B, funk and soul artists.
Date ： June 28 - July 8
Location ： Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Music Type： Jazz, R&B, Soul, Funk
Price： $27.25 - $210.25
1. What attracts people to go to Secret Solstice?| A．The great bands and the cool weather. |
| B．The famous bands and beautiful view. |
| C．The long winter and friendly Icelanders. |
| D．The short summer and hot spring. |
| A．Secret Solstice. | B．Roskilde Festival. |
| C．Firefly Music Festival. | D．Montreal Jazz Festival. |
| A．Canada. | B．Iceland. |
| C．The USA. | D．Denmark. |
【推荐1】
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1. According to the picture and the passage, you will save around _____ against the cover price with Continuous Renewal Guarantee in two years .
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| B．If you continue to subscribe it, the service will end in one year. |
| C．If you want to stop the service, you can visit the website to cancel it. |
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| A．only readers in America can get the discount |
| B．1-year subscription covers 12 issues and free delivery |
| C．the subscribers will be guaranteed to get free information |
| D．if you pay money, you can access the digital edition without limit |
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| A．A newspaper. | B．A website. |
| C．A magazine. | D．A travel guide. |
【推荐2】The okapi is a mammal living above the equator in one of the most biodiverse areas in central Africa. The animal was unknown to the western world until the beginning of the 20th century, and is often described as half-zebra, half-giraffe, as if it were a mixed-breed creature from a Greek legend. Yes its image is prevalent in the Democratic Republic of Congo-the only country in the world where it is found living in the world. The okapi is to Congo what the giant panda is to China or the kangaroo to Australia.
Although the okapi has striped markings resembling those of zebras’, it is most closely related to the giraffe. It has a long neck, and large, flexible ears. The face and throat are greyish white. The coat is a chocolate to reddish brown, much in contrast with the white horizontal stripes and rings on the legs and white ankles. Overall, the okapi can be easily distinguished form its nearest relative. It is much smaller (about the size of a horse) and shares more external similarities with the deer than with the giraffe. While both sexes possess horns in the giraffe, only males bear horns in the okapi.
The West got its first whiff of the okapi in 1890 when Welsh Journalist Henry Morton Stanley had puzzled over a strange “African donkey” in his book. Other Europeans in Africa had also heard of an animal that they came to call the “African unicorn.” Explorers may have seen the fleeting view of the striped backside as the animal fled through the bushes, leading to speculation that the okapi was some sort of rainforest zebra. Some even believed that the okapi was a new species of zebra. It was only later, when okapi skeleton was analyzed, that naturalists realized they had a giraffe on their hands.
In 1987, the Okapi Wildlife Reserve was established in eastern Congo to protect this rare mammal. But decades of political turbulence has seen much of the Congo’s natural resources spin out of the government’s control, and okapi numbers have fallen by 50 percent since 1995. Today, only 10,000 remain.
1. Which of the following is a picture of an okapi?A． | B． |
C． | D． |
| A．It is an important symbol of Congo. |
| B．It has been well protected since 1987. |
| C．It is a mystical creature from a Greek legend |
| D．It is more closely related to the zebra than the giraffe. |
| A．Firm belief. | B．Kind intention. |
| C．Strong dislike. | D．Slight trace. |
| A．He was the first Europeans to analyze okapi skeleton. |
| B．He had found many new species of animals in Africa. |
| C．He did not know the“African donkey"in his book was the okapi. |
| D．He had seen the backside of an okapi dashing through the bushes. |
【推荐3】Students in American schools learn from an early age to give presentations (演讲) as part of their regular classroom activities. Children as young as five years old often give brief talks about objects they bring in to school called ''show and tell'', and this training is a basis for later public speaking. Even so, many native Englishspeaking adults are afraid to speak or give presentations in front of a large group.
Speaking English in public meetings is necessary for many students and employees. The best way to improve is to practice public speaking in a friendly environment. Learners need to receive feedback about what they are doing well and about their mistakes. One group that gives members the chance to practice is Toastmasters. Toastmasters is an international organization that holds weekly meetings. At the meetings, members each give a speech and give others advice about their speeches and speaking style.
Charles LeBeau is a public speaking professor and consultant. He began his career in Japan in 1982. Currently, he teaches at two universities and at the Toshiba International Training Center. He has also written books on the subject.
English language learners around the world use his book Speaking of Speech. Speaking of Speech tells about a method of teaching public speaking for nonnative speakers. Mr. LeBeau says a simple approach helps English learners.
''The approach that I've taken is to simplify and break it down. First if we look at a presentation, what's going on, there are basically three messages that the presenter is giving the audience, all simultaneously (同时). There's what I call the physical message. Physical message is basically body language. It's the way that my body, as a speaker, is talking to the audience. And then there's also the visual message. The visual messages are the slides that we now make and show the audience. The third message is the story message. The story message is the content of our presentation. So another way we can think of the story messages is that it's the verbal message, and it's what we say to the audience. The story message also includes how we organize our ideas to present to the audience. '' LeBeau said.
1. Which of the following statements is TRUE?| A．The best way to improve is to practice public speaking in an unfriendly environment. |
| B．Toastmasters is an international organization that holds meetings every two weeks. |
| C．Only nonnative English speaking adults are afraid to give presentations in front of a large group. |
| D．At the meetings of Toastmasters, members give not only a speech but also advice. |
| A．children as young as five years old |
| B．nonnative English speakers |
| C．native English speakers only |
| D．students in American schools |
a．the physical message
b．the visual message
c．the story message
d．the verbal message
e．the basic body language
| A．abc | B．bcd |
| C．abe | D．cde |
| A．Necessity of Speaking English in Public Meetings |
| B．Toastmasters, an International Organization |
| C．Tips for Public Speaking |
| D．Charles LeBeau, a Public Speaking Professor and Consultant |
