2 . Poor Sleep and Loneliness: A Vicious Cycle?

The feeling of being lonely is the sense that you have less social contact with others than you want. It is not quite the same as the amount of social contact you have. Some people don’t engage that often with others, but they are perfectly fine with that, and so they don’t feel alone.     1     Being lonely is associated with poorer psychological health.

One area of research has focused specifically on the relationship between loneliness and sleep. There are several inter-related questions: Is feeling lonely related to the quality of people’s sleep? What aspects of sleep are related to loneliness? And does loneliness cause sleep problems, or do difficulties with sleeping lead to feelings of loneliness?     2    

The relationship between loneliness and sleep was explored in a paper by Melanie Hom and Caol Chu in the September 2020 issue of Clinical Psychological Science. They analyzed the data of previous studies relating sleep quality to feelings of loneliness.     3     This relationship is stronger for insomnia (失眠症) than for sleep complaints like nightmares. In addition, the more loneliness people express, the less effective they think their sleep is.

Although poor sleep and loneliness are closely related, it is hard to determine whether loneliness causes sleep difficulties or the reverse (相反).

    4     It is because you can look to see whether sleep difficulties at one time predict later feelings of loneliness or whether loneliness early on predicts later sleep difficulties. Interestingly, sleep problems predicted later loneliness and loneliness predicted later sleep difficulties. However, the connection between earlier sleep difficulties and later loneliness was generally stronger than that between earlier loneliness and later sleep difficulties. This pattern suggests that there may be a vicious cycle, though, in which poor sleep can increase feelings of loneliness, which can in turn increase sleep difficulties.

If you are someone who has trouble sleeping, be aware that poor sleep lowers your resilience (复原力) overall. Among other things, it may make it harder for you to appreciate the social contacts you have.     5     That added social engagement just might have a positive impact on your future sleep.

A．Long-term studies that follow the same people over time help.

B．If you have difficulty in social engagement, you may feel lonely.

C．Other people may spend a lot of time with others, but still long for more.

D．These issues are important because poor sleep can affect psychological health.

E．To solve the problem, you should monitor your sleeping quality and physical health.

F．If you have trouble sleeping, try spending more time reaching out to friends and loved ones.

G．The results indicate that the more sleep difficulties people express they have, the lonelier they feel.

5 . 语法填空。

Emma was on her way home when she heard a sudden scream. Looking around, she saw a little boy on the sidewalk gasping (急喘) for air, his     1     (frighten) mother begging for help. Emma rushed to the boy, whose face     2     (turn) purple. “What’s wrong?” “A candy! In his throat!” It was lucky that Emma had learned how     3    (perform) the Heimlich maneuver (海姆利克急救法) at school. She acted quickly. Soon, the boy coughed up a piece of candy and began breathing again. He was saved in time.

8 . 阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。

Tips for Dealing with Seasonal Affective Disorder

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a type of depression that sets in or starts in the winter months. Unlike other types of depression, it may improve as spring comes on. It is often a periodic recurring disorder—you’ll feel depressed every winter and begin to feel better each spring. SAD depression is caused by lowered levels of serotonin, the mood-affecting brain chemical that is caused by seasonal changes in daylight. Shorter days may also disrupt the body’s biological clock, which upsets the balance of melatonin, the hormone which regulates mood and sleep patterns.

Seasonal affective disorder is far more common in northern climates, where days can be very short in winter. SAD affects more women than men and is more likely to occur in people under age 40 than those older than that.

Although any amount of outdoor light can help raise serotonin levels, getting light in the morning seems to offer the most benefit. If the weather permits, take a walk. In your home or office, try sitting close to a window that faces south. Replacing light bulbs in your home with full spectrum light bulbs can help because they give out light similar to sunlight.

Studies have shown that increasing your exercise routine can counteract SAD. Exercise raises levels of serotonin. Moderate exercise, which means neither too much nor too little exercise, such as walking, riding a stationary bike or swimming is a great way to get started. But any activities that raise your heart rate, including daily chores, can help, especially if you can do them outdoors or near a sunny window. Yoga, jogging and Tai chi can all help lift your mood.

Year-end panic refers to the self-blame and overall feeling of panic brought about by the approach of the year’s end, often due to a poor financial year and pressure from work and family. Psychological experts suggest that we should avoid peer competition. While regretting for the failed plans in the past year, you can still make resolution to do it better in the coming year.

1. According to the passage, what is SAD?
2. Who are more likely to suffer from SAD?
3. Please decide which part of the following statement is false, then underline it and explain why.
Increasing exercise routine can fight against SAD, and people should do a large amount of exercise to get started.
4. Seasons bring not only depression but also happiness. Which season can cheer you up? And why? (In about 40 words)

9 . What’s the relationship between the speakers?

A．Neighbors.

B．Doctor and patient.

C．Boss and employee.

10 . First aid on burns

Treating a hurt person quickly is called first aid.First aid does not require expert medical help–anyone can learn first aid.One of the most common injuries is a burn.    1    So what should you do if someone suffers a burn?

First,look at the burn.Is it a small burn?Doctors say a small burn is about 23 millimetres across.Then ask the person,“Is your burn very painful?”    2    If you are dealing with a small painful burn,it is not serious.You can treat it without a doctor with the following steps.

    3    Burns often make the injured body part swell(肿胀).Close-fitting clothes can cause injuries as the body swells.Also remove any jewellery from fingers and neck and so on.

Then treat the burned area with cool running water.Do not use ice.    4    This is called“flushing”.After flushing,cover the burn.A clean bandage or cloth is good.    5    

If the burn is more serious,you must take the person to a doctor.But your early help will give the person the best chance to make a good recovery.

A．It’s important to cool the area.

B．Ice is too cold and can damage the skin.

C．Do not use anything that may stick to the burn.

D．Remove the person’s clothes around the burned area.

E．Surprisingly,more serious burns are not very painful.

F．The swelling may make it difficult for the person to breathe.

G．But the right,quick treatment for burns can make a big difference.