1 . Nail-biting(咬指甲) is one of the most common annoying habits in children.
Give alternatives (替代物).
Use bitter solutions(溶液). Forcing a child to keep this solution on his/her fingers may feel like a punishment.
| A．It’s also likely to continue as the child grows up. |
| B．Help the child become aware of the habit. |
| C．You should also consider asking for professional help. |
| D．Make an agreement on how you’re going to stop it together. |
| E．The best thing children can do is communicate with their parents. |
| F．The child needs to go through the process painlessly and in agreement with you. |
| G．That will keep his/her hands occupied when he/she is likely to bite his/her nails. |
2 . A study published Monday found that people who sleep less tend to be fat，and experts said it’s time to find out if more sleep will fight fatness.
“We’ve put so much emphasis on diet and exercise that we’ve failed to recognize the value of good sleep，”said Fred Turek，a physician at Northwestern University.
Monday’s study from Eastern Virgnia Medical School in Norfolk covered 1,000 people and found that total sleep time decreased as body mass index－a measure of weight based on height increased.
“Men slept an average of 27 minutes less than women and overweight and fat patients slept less than patients with normal weights，”it said.In general the fatter subjects slept about 1.8 hours a week less than those with normal weights.
“Americans experience insufficient sleep and fat bodies.Clinicians are aware of the burden of fatness on patients，”the study said.
“Our findings suggest that major extensions of sleep time may not be necessary，as an extra 20 minutes of sleep per night seems to be associated with a lower body mass index，”it added.
“We caution that this study does not set up a causeandeffect relationship between restricted sleep and fatness，but investigations indicating success in weight loss via extensions of sleep would help greatly to set up such a relationship.”
The study was published in the Archives of Internal Medicine along with an editorial by Turek and Northwestern colleague Joseph Bass commenting on it and related research.
Inan interview，Turek said some studies have shown the lack of sleep causes declines in an appetiteholding back protein hormone，and increases in another hormone that cause a longing for food.“In addition neuropathies(神经疗法)in the brain governing sleep and fatness appear to overlap(部分重叠)，”he said.
“Fatness has been rising dramatically in developed countries and reached epidemic(流行病)levels in the United States，”it added，“leading to a variety of health problems.”
| A new study having been | |||
| in the past | diet and | ||
| this time | sleep | ||
| A study from Eastern Virginia Medical School | People | 1,000 were | |
| difference | Men slept 27ms less than women on | ||
| Americans' problem | |||
| conclusion | Weight loss set up | ||
| Reason | Less sleep causes protein hormone to | ||
| concern | developing countries | rising with | |
| in the USA | quite | ||
3 . Bad teeth can be painful and even be deadly. Infections of the gums (牙龈) and teeth can release bacteria into the blood system. Those bacteria can increase the chance of a heart attack or stroke and worsen the effects of other diseases. And adults are not the only ones at risk. For example, a 12-year-old boy died when a tooth infection spread to his brain in 2007 in Washington. Experts said it might have been prevented had he received the dental care he needed.
Experts say good dental care starts at birth. Breast milk，they say，is the best food for the healthy development of teeth. Breast milk can help slow bacterial growth and acid production in the mouth. But dentists say a baby’s gums and early teeth should be cleaned after each feeding by using a cloth with a little warm water. Experts say if you decide to put your baby to sleep with a bottle, give only water.
When baby teeth begin to appear，you can clean them with a wet toothbrush. Dentists say it is important to find soft toothbrushes made especially for babies and to use them very gently. The use of fluoride (氟化物) to protect teeth is common in many parts of the world. For example, it is often added to drinking water supplies. The fluoride mixes with enamel (釉质)，the hard surface on teeth, to help prevent holes from forming.
But young children often swallow toothpaste when they brush their teeth. The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry notes that swallowing fluoridated toothpaste can cause problems. So young children should be carefully watched when they brush their teeth. And only a small amount of fluoridated toothpaste, the size of a pea, should be used.
Parents often wonder what effect finger sucking might have on their baby’s teeth. Dental experts generally agree that this is fine early in life. Most children stop sucking their fingers by the age of four. If it continues，experts advise parents to talk to their children’s dentists or doctors because it could interfere with the correct development of permanent teeth.
Dentists say children should have their first dental visit at least by the time they are one year old. They say babies should be examined when their first teeth appear—usually at around six months.
1. What’s the main idea of the first paragraph?| A．Bad teeth can be a threat to people’s health. |
| B．Bad teeth come along with other health problems. |
| C．Tooth infections can spread to brain easily. |
| D．Dental care should be done at an early age. |
| A．Making the surface on teeth much cleaner. |
| B．Protecting gums from being infected. |
| C．Keeping holes on teeth from forming. |
| D．Slowing down bacterial growth and acid production. |
| A．To warn us of the deadly infections of gums and teeth. |
| B．To introduce the advantages of fluoridated toothpaste. |
| C．To draw our attention to the dental care of young children. |
| D．To present the research results about dental care. |
4 . We brush our teeth daily, but do you know everything you need to know about dental care and hygiene? Believe it or not, there is a lot more than most people realize. Luckily, here are several apps that can help you.
●Brush DJ
You should brush your teeth for full two minutes as recommended by dentists, but that time can be difficult to judge. Many recommend you listen to music, because many songs are just around two minutes in length. Brush DJ has loads of great tunes that will get you into the twominute habit. There are both songs to listen to,
and videos to watch, and you'll find a variety of awesome tunes.
●Orasphere
It's recommended that Orasphere videos be used by dentists for their patients, so they can learn about procedures. Those who do use these videos say that the software can greatly decrease the amount of time it takes to explain procedures to patients.
●American Dental Association(ADA)
Everything you ever wanted to know about your teeth, and then some, can be found on the American Dental Association(ADA) website. You'll find loads of great articles that have the latest news about dentistry（牙科）. Those interested in dental careers will find plenty of information to head them in the right direction, and there's even a section devoted to public dental programs, including Give Kids a Smile and Fluoride in Water.
●DDS GP
Here is more presentation software that explains all types of dental procedures. This is helpful for dentists to have, because they can better explain procedures to their patients.
●Dentistry IQ
You can find information for dentists, hygienists, assistants, office managers, and more at Dentistry IQ. You can also get information about new products, clinical practices, and much more. In addition, you can learn about career opportunities, the most recent practices, and a whole lot more.
1. What is the dentists' suggestion about brushing teeth?| A．Trying to brush as long as possible. |
| B．Listening to music while brushing. |
| C．Spending two minutes in brushing. |
| D．Brushing your teeth before breakfast. |
| A．To learn about procedures to shorten their explanation time. |
| B．To explain all types of dental procedures to their patients. |
| C．To listen to some music around two minutes in length. |
| D．To get plenty of information in the right direction. |
| A．By getting free videos about oral care. |
| B．By getting access to various activities. |
| C．By getting information about new products. |
| D．By getting updated news about dentistry. |
| A．Brush DJ. | B．Dentistry IQ. |
| C．Orasphere. | D．DDS GP. |
5 . Eyesight plays a very important role in our daily life. Every waking moment, the eyes are working to see the world around us. Over forty percent of Americans worry about losing eyesight, but it's easy to include steps into our daily life to ensure healthy eyes. Here are five suggestions for a lifetime of healthy eyesight:
·Schedule yearly exams.
·Protect against UV rays (紫外线). Longterm stay in the sun creates risk to your eyes. No matter what the season is, it’s extremely important to wear sunglasses.
·
·
·Practice safe wear and care of contact lenses (隐形眼镜). Many Americans use contact lenses to improve their eyesight. While some follow the medical advice for wearing contact lenses, many are breaking the rules and putting their eyesight at risk.
| A．Give your eyes a break. |
| B．Parents usually don't care about their own eyesight. |
| C．They can properly protect your eyes. |
| D．Stay in good shape by taking more vitamins. |
| E．Have your eyes checked as early as possible. |
| F．Always follow the doctor’s advice for appropriate wear. |
| G．Eat your greens. |
6 . Bad teeth may be painful and it’s getting worse without treatment. They can even ruin your life. Illness of the teeth can find its way into the blood system. This can increase the chances of a heart disease or other illnesses.
Experts say good care for teeth should start at birth. Mothers’ milk is the best food for the healthy development of teeth.
But dentists say a baby’s mouth and early teeth should be cleaned after each feeding. Use a cloth with a little warm water. Do the same if a baby is fed with a bottle. Experts say if you decide to put your baby to sleep with a bottle, give him only water.
When baby’s teeth begin to appear, you can clean them with a wet toothbrush. Dentists say it is important to find soft toothbrushes made especially for babies and to use them very gently. Young children often eat toothpaste (牙膏) when they brush, so they should be carefully watched when they brush their teeth.
Parents often ask what effect thumb sucking (咬手指) might have on their baby’s teeth. Experts generally agree that this is fine early in life. Most children stop sucking their thumbs by the age of four. If it continues, parents should talk to their children’s dentist or doctor.
Dentists say children should have their first dental visit by the time they are one year old. They say babies should be examined when their first teeth appear usually at around six months..
1. Why should people pay attention to teeth problems?| A．They can cause other illnesses. | B．They will bring bad luck. |
| C．They will bring the family much trouble. | D．They usually last a long time. |
| A．he begins to speak | B．he has his first tooth |
| C．he was born | D．he is fed with bottle milk |
| A．children are not advised to brush their teeth |
| B．drinking water is better than milk before sleeping |
| C．children’s toothbrushes are always expensive |
| D．thumb sucking is common for kids under five years old |
| A．toothache | B．parents’ trouble | C．thumb sucking | D．experts’ advice |
7 . What Does the Length of Your Fingers Say About You?
Are you the peace-loving type or the ambitious go-getter? Your finger length might be a clue. Take a look at your fingers. Would you believe me if I told you that the length of your fingers in relation to one another can predict your personality? I know that it sounds like one of those silly tests you see on Facebook, but I have to admit that it is exactly correct for me. Here’s how it works.
Look at your three middle fingers of your hand. Is your index finger longer than your ring finger? Is your ring finger longer than your index finger? Or are the two of the same length? Find the situation that best matches your hand and see if what follows is an accurate description of your personality.
Longer ring finger: The Sweet Talker
If your ring finger is longer than your index finger, research shows that you’re likely a charming type, and you can probably talk yourself out of any situation. Others often find this personality type irresistible and will go to great lengths to help you. You’re more likely to take risks, and you’re good at problem-solving. People in this category make great engineers, soldiers and crossword-puzzle solvers.
Longer index finger: The (Over) Confident One
If your index finger is longer than your ring finger, chances are you are full of confidence—possibly even to the point of being over-confident and proud. You are not necessarily introverted (内向的), but you do enjoy time to yourself, especially when you’re trying to complete a project. You are a dream pursuer who can make things happen, but you may be shy when it comes to taking the first step in a relationship. You are also probably happy with what you have, but you’re always wishing for more.
Index and ring finger are of the same length: The Peacemaker
If your index finger and ring finger are roughly of the same length, you are likely to avoid conflict at all costs and seek to keep the peace in your relationships. You are well-organized, faithful and sympathetic. But deep down under all of that caring and peace-loving, you also have a hot-tempered side that can appear unexpectedly when you’re pushed too far. You will try your hardest to avoid a fight.
How well do these descriptions match your personality? I was surprised at the accuracy in my case, but I’m not going to tell you which one it was!
1. Which of the following hand could be an engineer’s hand?A． | B． | C． | D． |
| A．is very charming and helpful | B．always tries hard to avoid a fight |
| C．often takes silly tests on Facebook | D．thinks the descriptions suit him well |
| A．How accurate the description of the test is. |
| B．The length of fingers can reveal personality. |
| C．Why your fingers are not of the same length. |
| D．Personality is determined by your finger length. |
| A．A popular magazine. | B．An official report. |
| C．A public advertisement. | D．A biology textbook. |
8 . The way you stand can identify whether you will suffer from aches and pains in the back or neck in later life, the British Chiropractic Association has said. Whether you are a “spoon”, “bridge”, “leaning tower” or “flat-back” will determine your risk of having problems later.
A quarter of women suffer pain lasting between one and three days starting at the relatively young age of 34, the survey found. While previous indicators have focused on body shapes, with larger-breasted women and “apple” shapes being seen as a warning sign, this new research shows posture (姿势) could be key in preventing back pain.
“Leaning tower” —women whose heads lean forward — are most likely to report pain, with almost six in ten with this posture already suffering. Being a “bridge” with an arched back was the second worse posture, followed by a “spoon” position with rounded shoulders but a flat back. And a change in posture can be far less demanding than a crash diet or an exercise programme.
“Flat back” ladies, who keep their backs flat are the most likely to avoid pain with a fifth reporting they have never suffered back or neck aches in their lives. Tim Hutchful, a member of the British Chiropractic Association said, “Rather than worrying about being an ‘apple’ or an ‘hourglass’ , we want people to think about what they look like from the side. The perfect posture should give you a side-on appearance with your ears, shoulders, hips, knees and ankles in line. ” People who want to improve their back and neck pain symptoms through a better posture should try imagining they have a plumb line (铅垂线) hanging straight from their ears to ankles —with everything in the middle sitting on the same line. One way to do this is to try standing in a relaxed way and then gently pressing together the abdominal muscles (腹肌).
1. Which posture holds the greatest risk of back pain?| A．“Spoon”. | B．“Bridge”. | C．“Leaning tower”. | D．“Flat back”. |
| A．Their exercise. | B．Their body shape. |
| C．Their daily diet. | D．Their side-on appearance. |
| A．Having an “hourglass” shape. | B．Keeping a “flat back” posture. |
| C．Building abdominal muscles. | D．Hanging a plumb line from one’s ear. |
| A．previously people blame body shape for back pain |
| B．we should lean slightly forward to avoid back pain |
| C．a “bridge” holds less risk of back pain than a “spoon” |
| D．your side-on appearance determines your body shape |
9 . When we know somewhere well, we say we “ know it like the back of our hand ”. But new research has shown that we don’t actually know as much about our hands as we think we do.
Wider and shorter
Professor Matthew Longo at the University of London and his team did an experiment, covering the left hands of 100 people. Then they asked the people to point to where they thought their fingertips and knuckles (指关节) were. They made some quite big mistakes.
“People think their hand is wider than it actually is,” said Longo. The fingers also seem shorter than they are. This mistake gets worse as you go across the hand from the thumb to the little finger.
Sense of position
"It is connected to our sense of position,” explained Longo. This is our ability to tell where different parts of our bodies are, even when we can’t see them. “It tells us whether a joint is straight or not "he said. It also tells us whether we are going up or down in an elevator. All this information comes from signs from nerves in real time. It’s like our brain has maps — maps that show the size and shape of our body. “This experiment tried to find those maps,” said Longo.
Strength of feeling
But these maps make mistakes. These mistakes may be made because of how the brain understands different parts of the skin. “Our brains ‘see” areas as larger where the skin feels touch strongly,” said Longo. Body parts don’t appear as their true size, but appear bigger or smaller depending on how strongly they feel touch. Our lips, for example, have more nerves than our nose. So brain “sees” lips on its map of the body as being bigger than our nose. The same thing happens for other parts of the body that have lots of nerves.
Longo believes that more research in this area may help us to understand eating problem better, because people suffering from these problems may not know their bodies properly.
1. Which of following statement is TRUE about the experiment according to the article?| A．People think their body parts are larger than they actually are. |
| B．People’s fingers are actually shorter than they think. |
| C．People were asked to draw their hands from memory |
| D．People made more mistakes about their little fingers length than their thumbs’ length. |
| A．The new experiment. |
| B．The mistake people made. |
| C．The sizes of fingers and hands. |
| D．The location information. |
| A．the maps of people’s bodies form before they are born |
| B．the maps of our body are based on information from nerves |
| C．our sense of position depends on the interaction between parts of the body |
| D．how we feel about our body shape is only decided by our sense of position |
| A．there are more nerves in the finger than in the hand |
| B．our lips have a weaker sense of touch than our nose |
| C．the hand feels touch more strongly than fingers do |
| D．our sense of position should not be trusted because it is too often incorrect |
10 . Crossing your legs is an extremely common habit; most people don't even notice that they're doing it when they sit down. While you may find it comfortable to sit with one knee crossed over the other, it might be causing health problems that you are not aware of.
A study published in Blood Pressure Monitoring stated that sitting with your legs crossed can increase your blood pressure. The reason for this is that the blood in your legs has to work against gravity to be pumped back to your heart and that crossing one leg over the other increases resistance(阻力), making it even harder for the blood to circulate. This causes your body to increase your blood pressure to push the blood back to the heart. You won't feel any immediate effects, but repeated, drawn-out increases in blood pressure can cause long-term health problems. So, planning to sit for a long period of time? Don't keep your legs crossed.
Crossing your legs at the knee can also cause pressure on the major nerve in your leg that passes just below your knee and along the outside of your leg, explains Richard Graves, a medical expert. This pressure can cause numbness and temporary paralysis (麻痹) of some of the muscles in your foot and leg, preventing you from being able to raise your ankle—what we know as that “pins and needles” sensation. While the feeling of discomfort may only last a minute or two, repeatedly crossing your legs until they feel numb can cause permanent nerve damage.
So next time you sit down, try to get yourself in the habit of sitting with both of your feet on the floor. Not only will it help your posture and stability, but it will also save your health in the long run.
1. What can we learn about crossing one's legs?| A．It is a very bad social habit. |
| B．It is usually practiced on purpose. |
| C．It can do harm to people's health. |
| D．It can make others feel uncomfortable. |
| A．affect your blood pressure |
| B．resist gravity effectively |
| C．lead to heart attacks easily |
| D．improve the function of legs |
| A．slight sharp pains |
| B．being a little nervous |
| C．serious muscle injuries |
| D．being highly flexible |
| A．To compare common habits. |
| B．To give readers some advice. |
| C．To evaluate effects of an experiment. |
| D．To introduce research methods. |
