2 . 阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。

Is it better for our bodies to work out at certain times of the day? Scientists have known for some time that every tissue in our bodies contains a kind of biological clock that goes off in response to messages related to our daily exposure to light, food and sleep.

However, whether and how exercise timing might influence metabolic（新陈代谢的）health has been less clear, and the results of past experiments have not always agreed. A much-discussed 2019 study found that men with Type 2 diabetes（糖尿病）who completed a few minutes of high-intensity interval（间隔）sessions in the afternoon improved their blood-sugar control after two weeks. Patrick Schrauwen, a professor of nutrition and movement sciences read that 2019 study with interest. He had been studying exercise in people with Type 2 diabetes, but had not considered the possible role of timing. Now, seeing the varying impacts of the intense workouts, he wondered if the timing of workouts might similarly affect people’s metabolisms.

Incidentally, he and his colleagues had a ready-made source of data in their own prior experiment. Several years earlier, they had asked adult men at high risk for Type 2 diabetes to ride stationary bicycles at the lab three times a week for 12 weeks, while the researchers tracked their metabolic health. They also had noted when the riders showed up for their workouts. The researchers pulled data for the 12 men who consistently had worked out between 8 and 10 a.m. and compared them with another 20 who always exercised between 3 and 6 p.m. They found that the benefits of afternoon workouts far outweighed those of morning exercise.

He says, “This study does suggest that afternoon exercise may be more beneficial for people with disturbed metabolisms than the same exercise done earlier. The particular and most effective exercise for each of us will line up with our daily routines and exercise tendencies because exercise is good for us at any time of day — but only if we choose to keep doing it.”

1. What inspired Professor Schrauwen to consider the role of exercise timing in metabolic health?
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2. What did Schrauwen’s new study figure out?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Please decide whether the following statement is true or false and explain why.
Professor Schrauwen and his colleagues carried out the research by using newly-collected data.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. As for exercising, what do you think is the most important? Why? (In about 40 words)
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3 . Travel Is Good For Your Health

Americans are losing their vacation days, leading to more stress, anxiety and other negative effects because of not taking time off from work. In fact, a report by Project: Time Off, shows U.S. employees took about 16 vacation days in 2013, down from about 20 in 2000. Apart from taking away yourself the chance to improve your productivity and work performance, not taking a break can lead to overloaded stress and other potentially damaging.     1    

After all, vacations offer the chance to relax and restore your health.     2     You should travel to new places because traveling somewhere new can enable you to put yourself in new surroundings and recharge your brain power.

    3     According to Dr. Margaret J. King, the director of the Center for Cultural Studies & Analysis, “There are lots of psychological benefits when you travel from home and work to ‘third places’, not just experiencing the environment. With a short list of activities each day, freed up from the projects and relationships, the mind can reset, as does the body, with stress relief the main outcome.” she says.

Little sleep mixed with high stress can lead to anger and negative consequences on your cognitive performance and efficiency. Max Hirshkowitz, chairman of the board of the National Sleep Foundation says a vacation is a great opportunity to catch up on sleep.     4     “Keep that time,” he says. “Make it an important thing you need.”

Many studies suggest that travel can improve our emotional state. A 2014 survey conducted by Diamond Resorts International found over three-quarters of people said feeling happier when they planned a trip at least once a year. Dr. Leigh Vinocur, a certified physician and spokesperson for the American College of Emergency Physicians, isn’t surprised by the findings. “It’s hard to sit on a beautiful beach somewhere and think about paperwork or deadlines. That is why over three-quarters of people to the Diamond Resorts International survey reported feeling happier when they regularly had a vacation. Regular vacations while taking time for yourself and your family lowers your stress level.     5    ” she says. Besides, studies show that looking back on the pleasant vacation may keep happiness long after your trip.

A．They have bad effects on your health, experts say.

B．Traveling has many advantages, with stress relief topping the list.

C．Travelers may be more active than sitting in an office chair all day.

D．Travel can help us reset our emotions and actually increase compassion.

E．But simply taking some time from your demanding workday schedule isn’t enough.

F．To feel more energized, the NSF recommends at least seven hours of sleep per night for adults.

G．It also decreases the production of all the stress hormones that contribute to damaging our health.

4 . Optimism May Help People Live Longer

People who have an optimistic view on life are more likely to live longer, a US study said Wednesday.

The study, published in the American Journal of Epidemiology, analyzed data from 2004 to 2012 from 70,000 women enrolled in the Nurses’ Health Study, a long-running US study tracking women’s health via surveys every two years.

The researchers looked at participants’ levels of optimism and other factors that might play a role in how optimism may affect mortality risk, such as race, high blood pressure, diet, and physical activity.

It found the most optimistic women, or the top 25%, had a nearly 30 percent lower risk of dying from any of the diseases analyzed in the study compared with the least optimistic women, or the bottom 25%.

The most optimistic women had a 16 percent lower risk of dying from cancer; 38 percent lower risk of dying from heart disease; 39 percent lower risk of dying from stroke; 38 percent lower risk of dying from respiratory disease; and 52 percent lower risk of dying from infection.

Previous studies have linked optimism with reduced risk of early death from cardiovascular (心脑血管的) problems, but this was the first to find a link between optimism and reduced risk from other major causes.

“While most medical and public health efforts today focus on reducing risk factors for diseases, evidence has been mounting that enhancing psychological resilience (弹性，复原力) may also make a difference,” said Eric Kim, research fellow at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and co-lead author of the study.

“Our new findings suggest that we should make efforts to boost optimism, which has been shown to be associated with healthier behaviors and healthier ways of coping with life challenges.”

The study also found that healthy behaviors only partially explain the link between optimism and reduced mortality risk. One other possibility is that higher optimism directly affects our biological systems, Kim said.

Co-lead author and postdoctoral research fellow Kaitlin Hagan said optimism can be varied with relatively uncomplicated and low-cost interventions (干预), even things as simple as having people write down and think about the best possible outcomes for various areas of their lives, such as careers or friendships.

“Encouraging use of these interventions could be an innovative way to enhance health in the future,” Hagan said.

1. According to the recent study, optimism can ________.

A．help women live longer than men

B．enable people to stay healthy

C．cure people of high blood pressure

D．make woman stay young and nice

2. From the recent study, the optimistic women ________.

A．took the risk of dying from infection

B．were less likely to die from some disease

C．had a 39% lower risk of suffering from cancer

D．were less likely to suffer from low emotions

3. The underlined word “mounting” in paragraph 7 might be best placed by ________.

A．increasing	B．appearing
C．doubling	D．showing

4. Both Kim and Hagan believed that ________.

A．simple but high-cost interventions should be tried out

B．higher optimism indirectly influences our body

C．optimism should be encouraged and developed

D．optimism can help people meet all kinds of challenges