1 . In a remote corner of Brazil's Amazon tropical（热带的）rainforest, researchers have spent decades catching and measuring birds. Over 40 years, dozens of Amazonian bird species have declined in mass（质量）. Many species have lost nearly 2% of their average body weight each decade, researchers report November 12 in Science Advances. Some species have grown longer wings. The changes could help birds stay cool in a hotter, more changeable climate, the researchers say.
"Climate change isn't something of the future. It has been happening and has effects we haven't thought of," says Ben Winger, an ornithologist（鸟类专家）at the University of Michigan, who wasn't involved in the research but has documented similar shrinkage（缩水）in migratory birds.
To see if non-migratory birds have also been shrinking, Jirinec and colleagues analyzed data collected from 1979 to 2019 in a remote region in the Amazon that spans 43km. The data include over 11,000 individual birds of 77 species as well as climate for the region.
All species declined in mass over this period, the researchers found. Species lost from about 0.1% to nearly 2% of their average body weight each decade. The motmot, for example, shrunk from 133g to about 127g over the study period.
These changes coincided with an overall increase in the average temperature of 1℃ in the wet season and 1.65%℃ in the dry season. Birds' mass decreased the most in a year or two after especially hot and dry seasons, which tracks with the idea that birds are getting smaller to deal with heat stress.
Wing length also grew for 61 species, with a maximum increase of 1% per decade. Jirinec thinks longer wings make for more efficient, and thus cooler, fliers.
"The Amazon rainforest is mysterious, remote and full of biodiversity," Jirined says. "This study suggests that even in places like this, far removed from civilization, you can see signatures of climate change."
1. What changes have happened to Amazonian birds over 40 years?| A．They have lost weight. | B．They have grown prettier. |
| C．They have become fewer. un | D．They have become larger. |
| A．Contrasted with. | B．Compared with. | C．Corresponded to | D．Contributed to. |
| A．Climate change | B．Food shortage. | C．Massive hunting | D．Scientific research |
| A．Researchers measuring birds in Amazon | B．Climate change shrinking tropical birds |
| C．Longer wings improving flying efficiency | D．Human activities damaging Amazon rainforest |
2 . Imagine your smartphone’s screen gets broken, or your favourite boots get a hole in them. What do you do? You could buy a replacement. Or you could join the worldwide trend of taking your broken stuff to a “repair café”.
The Bower Reuse and Repair Centre has just launched Australia’s first repair café, in Sydney’s inner west. The crowd-funded project will hold weekly repair sessions focusing on bikes, furniture and electrical items.
The first repair café was set up in Amsterdam in 2009, and the Repair Cafe Foundation says there are now more than 400 around the world. A repair café is a free face-to-face meeting of skilled volunteers and local residents who want things fixed. Visitors bring broken items from home and watch, learn or help as the repairs get done. Some things are fixed during the event, while for more challenging items people might be referred to local speciality repair shops.
Last year, according to the ABS, Australians sent more than half a million tons of leather to landfill—more than ten times the amount that was reused or recycled. Mending represents an attempt to resist the throwaway culture. Repair cafés get people talking and give them the chance to network and learn about the local resources available. And, perhaps most surprisingly for anyone who considers mending to be some kind of drudgery, repair cafés can be fun and creative.
“In a circular economy, repair cafés fit right in”, says the organiser Martine Postma. In rejecting buy-use-throw, the circular economy aims to keep resources moving around in the economy, rather than moving them through it to a dead end, where they cannot be put into valuable use.
It might be quicker and easier to throw stuff in the bin, but it’s more expensive and less fun too.
1. What can we know about the repair café in Sydney?| A．It’s financed by the government. | B．Its visitors are involved in the fixing. |
| C．It’s the first repair café in the world. | D．All items are fixed during the event. |
| A．To stress the difficulty of landfill. | B．To indicate the urgency of reusing. |
| C．To support the throwaway culture. | D．To show the influence of repair cafés. |
| A．Special network. | B．Weekly meetings. |
| C．Unpleasant work. | D．Interesting games. |
| A．Places to Meet Up and Drink |
| B．Repair and Share Every Month |
| C．Repair Cafes Continue the Art of Mending |
| D．Repair Cafes Fix Things- Including the Economy |
3 . The new garbage sorting(分类)regulation has taken effect in Shanghai starting July 1. Many citizens are still confused about the classification of the four different types of trash. Thankfully, authorities have released an official guideline to explain the new rules.
The guideline, published by the Shanghai Greenery and Public Sanitation Bureau, provides a rather clear definition on the four kinds of waste: recyclable waste, harmful waste, household food waste and residual(剩余的) waste.
Harmful waste, as the name suggests, includes various poisonous materials like used batteries, light bulbs, out-of-date medicines, paint and pesticides.
Household food waste—which is translated to “wet trash” in Chinese—refers to food leftovers, rotten food, pet food, fruit peels, remains of TCM herbs and flowers.
Paper, plastic, glass, metal and textiles(纺织品)are counted as recyclable waste.
The definition of residual waste is a little confusing. Anything that is not listed above belongs to this category.
As specific as the new guideline is, residents still have a hard time sorting trash correctly and are finding it challenging to memorize them all. For instance, both plastic bottles and bubble tea or coffee cups are plastic materials. However, the former falls the category of recyclable waste and the latter belongs to residual waste. To save the hassle(麻烦), some netizens have come up with their own way to sort trash.
“We should do this from a pig’s angle,” commented one netizen. “Those edible(可食用的)for pigs are household food waste. Those even pigs don’t want to eat are residual waste. If a pig consumes something and dies of it, then something must be harmful waste. Those that can be sold and the money we gain can be used to purchase pigs are recyclable waste.”
The new regulation came into effect on July 1. Those who do not sort their trash properly will be fined RMB 200.
1. What do the old coats that you want to throw away belong to?| A．Harmful waste. | B．Wet trash. |
| C．Recyclable waste. | D．Residual waste. |
| A．Serious | B．Humorous. | C．Delightful. | D．Uncertain. |
| A．Pet food belongs to harmful waste. |
| B．All the citizens are quite clear about the classification of the four types of trash. |
| C．A pig can even define the four kinds of waste. |
| D．Some citizens find it difficult to sort trash correctly. |
| A．The four sorts of garbage are forbidden in Shanghai. |
| B．Shanghai garbage sorting enforcement begins. |
| C．People are still confused about garbage sorting. |
| D．The netizens in Shanghai support the garbage sorting policy. |
4 . "What kind of rubbish are you?" This question might normally cause anger, but in Shanghai it has become a special "greeting" among people over the past week. On July 1st, the city introduced strict trash-sorting regulations （条例〉that are required to follow and expected to be used as a model for our country. Residents must divide their waste into four separate categories and toss （投放）it into specific public dustbins. They must do so at specified times, when monitors are present to ensure correct trash-tossing and to ask the nature of one's rubbish. Individuals who fail to follow the regulations face the possibility of fines and worse. They could be punished with fines of up to 200 yuan （ $ 29）. For those who repeat to go against them, the government can add black marks to their credit records, making it harder for them to get bank loans or even buy train tickets.
Shanghai government is responding to an obvious environmental problem. It generates 9 million tons of garbage a year, more than London's annual output, which is rising quickly. But like other cities in China, it lacks a recycling system. Instead, it has relied on trash pickers to sift （筛选）through the waste, picking out whatever can be reused. This has limits. As people get wealthier, fewer of them want to do such dirty work. The waste, meanwhile, just keeps piling up.
Many residents appear to support the idea of recycling in general but are annoyed by the details. Rubbish must be divided according to whether it is food, recyclable, dry or harmful, the distinctions among which can be confusing, though there are apps to help work it out. Some have complained about the rules concerning food waste. They must put it straight in the required public bins, forcing them to tear open plastic bags and toss it by hand. What they complain most is the short periods for dropping trash, typically a couple of hours, morning and evening. Along with the monitors at the bins, this means that people go at around the same time and can keep an eye on what is being thrown out； no one wants to look bad.
1. What do we know about the trash-sorting regulations in Shanghai?| A．They are the first of their kind. | B．They are tied to one's bank account. |
| C．They have the highest fines. | D．They're aided by monitors. |
| A．There are fewer and fewer trash pickers. |
| B．It aims to build a new recycling system. |
| C．It faces more and more serious garbage problems. |
| D．People throw the rubbish here and there. |
| A．Limited time for tossing the trash. |
| B．Confusing distinction among the categories of trash. |
| C．Being fined due to improper behavior. |
| D．Being watched by monitors when throwing the garbage. |
| A．A Good Way of Trash-sorting |
| B．A New Era of Garbage Classification |
| C．A Great Time in Dealing with Litter |
| D．An Effective Solution to Rubbish Problem |
5 . Used clothes are rather difficult to deal with. They are made from chemicals, cotton, or wool, which consume many resources in the process of manufacturing and, if burned, they pollute the air and increase the carbon pressure upon the environment. Therefore, it is a good thing for used clothes to be recycled in factories instead of being disposed of in garbage cans to be incinerated or transported to landfill sites. In that sense, the companies that put the donation boxes in communities have done something good and beneficial.
However, if they mean to recycle used clothes, they need to tell people that and label their collection boxes as "recycle boxes" instead of misleading people by calling them "donation boxes". People expect their "donated" clothes to go to the poor, not factories.
People need to be more realistic as well. Donating clothes may not bring much help to the poor. Especially, as it takes a lot of human labor to collect the used clothes, sort them, clean and disinfect them and deliver them to less-developed areas. Every step costs money and sometimes the total cost might even be higher than buying new clothes in large quantities. Sometimes the poor might not need used clothing, but they cannot trade the clothes for what they do need.
It might be a sad fact, but the most effective and efficient way of helping poor people is donating money and letting them get what they need themselves. So, when people want to send a helping hand, they need to donate money, instead of simply donating their used, unwanted clothes.
1. What is the first paragraph mainly about?| A．The donation boxes should be put more in communities. |
| B．Unwanted clothes can be recycled in donation boxes. |
| C．Putting donation boxes in communities is right for companies. |
| D．Used clothes should be recycled in factories. |
| A．The poor don’t need clothing donations any longer. |
| B．Recycling these used clothes needs much more money. |
| C．Donation boxes are intended for collecting unwanted clothes. |
| D．The clothes in the boxes are to be recycled at last. |
| A．The poor cannot get help from it. |
| B．The factories cannot benefit from it. |
| C．It’s not convenient for the residents. |
| D．It gets the communities into trouble sometimes. |
| A．Supportive | B．Disapproving |
| C．Indifferent | D．Doubtful |
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2. 只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。
As we all know, it’s great pleasure to study in a beautiful environment that you can breathe in fresh air and enjoy birds singing. To create a more beautiful campus, every one of us should make it our duty to protect the environment. Here is my suggestions for you.
To begin with, it is better for us to walk or ride a bicycle to school because cars produced carbon dioxide, which contributes to the global warming. Also, we should never forget to turn of the lights and the taps when we don’t use them. Besides, we are expected it to take good care of the plants in our campus and get rid of the bad habit of throw rubbish everywhere. Last but not least, it is vital for us to recycle as many as possible.
All in all, do keep in mind that our contribution are of value in keeping our campus more tidy and beauty.
7 . Five Ways to Go Green and Save Green
Climate change is in the news. It seems like everyone's “going green.” We're glad you want to take action too. Luckily many of the steps we can take to stop climate change can make our lives better. Let's start now.
Save energy to save money.Set your thermostat（恒温器）degrees lower in the winter and a few degrees higher in the summer to save on heating and cooling costs.
Unplug (拔掉……的电源插头) electrical equipment when you're not using it.
Save water to save money.Take shorter showers to reduce water use. This will lower your water and heating bills too.
Plant drought-tolerant (耐旱的) native plants in your garden.
Fix a low-flow showerhead. They don't cost much and the water and energy savings can quickly pay back your money.
Walk or bike to work. This saves on gas and parking costs while improving your health and reducing your risk of being fat.
Eat smart.If you eat meat, add one meatless meal a week. Meat costs a lot at the store and it's even more expensive when you consider the related environmental and health costs.
Use a water filter (过滤器) to make drinking water instead of buying bottled water. Not only is bottled water expensive but it causes large amounts of container waste.
| A．When speaking of something to eat, try local products whenever you can. |
| B．Our grandchildren and their children will thank us for living green. |
| C．Bring a reusable water bottle with you when traveling or at work. |
| D．Wash clothes in cold water whenever possible. |
| E．Less gas = more money and better health! |
| F．Move a little nearer to your work. |
| G．Many plants need little watering. |
8 . The bristlecone pine is the longest-living thing on the earth. These trees, with their strangely-shaped, wind-beaten limbs(枝干), can live up to 5,000 years. But experts worry that a warming climate in some areas may threaten its future.
Researchers say warmer weather is permitting a similar kind of tree, the limber pine, to take over good growing places from the ancient bristlecone. They say the tree is being crowded out of mountainous areas where it grows.
“The bristlecone pine is the oldest individually growing organism,” researchers say. They grow in high mountain forests in eastern California, Nevada and Utah. In those mountains, the trees face high winds and extreme temperatures, which leave them with twisted limbs and shapes. “Even in such tough conditions,” Brian Smithers, a researcher at the University of California, said, “the limber pine is taking all the good spots.”
The limber pine is the bristlecone’s distant relative and competitor. It can also live a long time——up to 2,000 years. And it is usually found at lower altitudes, where temperatures are warmer. However, according to a three-year study which centered on trees that have started growing in the last 50 years in California’s White Mountains, most of the trees growing at higher altitudes were limber pines.
Scientists compared the competing species to two o1d men in a very slow race up a mountainside. This race between such slow-growing trees takes thousands of years. They say climate change is causing the competition.
Smithers said the bristlecone pines are not in danger of disappearing. But he assumes they could be crowded out of some places where they have grown for thousands of years.
The researchers say the findings show how climate change can affect the two kinds of trees. The information, they say, can help scientists understand more complex forests.
1. What’s the function of Paragraph 1?| A．To introduce a topic. | B．To summarize the whole passage. |
| C．To describe the appearance of a tree. | D．To praise the hard work of the experts. |
| A．There will be older trees sent out of those mountains. |
| B．There will be more places covered with bristlecone pines. |
| C．There will be better limber pines replacing the ancient ones. |
| D．There will be fewer bristlecone pines growing in those areas. |
| A．the high winds | B．the difficult conditions |
| C．the changing climate | D．the extreme temperatures |
| A．Positive. | B．Concerned. |
| C．Enthusiastic. | D．Indifferent. |
9 . Our mother earth is going through a very tough situation and we, the entire human race, are destroying our environment or unconsciously without even realizing its consequences. Now we have to act very smartly and plan something to sustain what we still have, getting all necessary support from nature to lead healthy lives.
Gardening is always an excellent and environmentally friendly idea. If you can go for sustainable gardening, then it will be even more useful for all. Gardening is a favorite hobby for many. It is time to channelize your hobby towards a more meaningful motivation.
When we do gardening we need to use different ingredients(材料) to grow plants. Some of them are natural resources like water, soil, sunshine, and many things like this. Using these resources smartly is a part of sustainable gardening. Some simple techniques include: use less water and organic things to grow plants; try to store rainwater so that you can use them for gardening; try using less energy to drive devices; avoid using plastics in any form while gardening; reuse the leaves from your garden to fertilize them. These are the basic sustainable measures. To do so we need to have proper knowledge about gardening and its requirements so that we can use proper resources without wasting any of them.
In today’s busy life we don’t get much time to spend on our environment. Gardening gives us a chance to do so. We can also have some pesticide-free(无农药的) and fresh food if we grow them in our garden. This is the right time to do some good to protect our own environment and gardening is one of the easiest ways. Do you want to start gardening, but you’re not sure how? Click here: http://www. gardenhowto. com.
1. What does the underlined word “channelize” in Paragraph 2 refer to?| A．Cause. | B．Transform. |
| C．Direct. | D．Associate. |
| A．Using advanced electrical machines. |
| B．Avoiding fertilizers. |
| C．Watering plants with collected rainwater. |
| D．Clearing away the leaves. |
| A．It requires little water. | B．It needs no fertilizer. |
| C．It breaks up plastics. | D．It doesn't waste any resource. |
| A．A newspaper. | B．The Internet. |
| C．A guidebook. | D．A science report. |
10 . Like all big cities, Paris has a traffic problem: lots of cars, lots of traffic jams and lots of pollution from exhaust fumes (废气). So the city began a project to improve the situation.
Under the Velib project (‘Velib’ comes from velo liberty, or ‘bicycle freedom’) people can take a bicycle, use it for as long as they want, and then leave it at the same or another bicycle station. The first half-hour on the bike is free, but if you don’t return it after 30 minutes, you have to pay. But it’s only €1 a day or €29 a year! The bicycles are heavy (25 kg), and they are all gray and have baskets. There are about 20,000 of them in the city, and around 1,450 bicycle stations. So there are a lot more Velib stations than the 298 subway stations!
Paris is not the first city to have a project like this. But not everybody thinks it’s a great idea. One Parisian said, “These bicycles are only for short journeys. If people want to travel across the city, they won’t use a bicycle - they’ll still use their cars.”
A city spokesman said, “The bicycle project won’t solve all our traffic problems, of course. But it might help reduce air pollution. Traffic, together with factory fumes, is a big problem. There aren’t any simple answers to traffic problems and pollution in cities. But unless we do something now, there will be more traffic jams and temperatures will continue to rise, so the problems in our environment will get worse. The bikes might help people to lead a healthier life, too.”
1. What can we learn about the Velib project?| A．Its bikes have no baskets. | B．Its bikes are light and colorful. |
| C．It aims to make traveling easier. | D．It owns more stations than the subway. |
| A．Free. | B．€1. |
| C．€29. | D．€30. |
| A．The cost is rather high. |
| B．It’s hard to find a Velib station. |
| C．It’s not suitable for a long journey. |
| D．The distance between two Velib stations is long. |
| A．Worried. | B．Positive. |
| C．Uncaring. | D．Doubtful. |
