2 . 语篇填空

Nowadays, our living conditions are becoming increasingly serious owing to the destruction of our environment. Many plants and     1    (animal) are endangered, and all the food chain has been destroyed,     2     has aroused a wide concern among people.

It is obvious that there are many reasons     3     this phenomenon. Firstly, the overuse of natural resources has a bad effect on     4     balance of natural ecology. Secondly, the population of the world is increasing rapidly, making the world too     5     (crowd) for us to live in. Thirdly, it is the smoke released from factories and cars that     6     (pollute) the environment badly.

Personally, I hold the view that effective measures must be taken     7     (improve) the present situation. To begin with, the government must     8     (sure) pass laws to prevent people from throwing rubbish everywhere, and prevent factories from harming the environment. Besides, as a member of the society, we are bound to do something for environmental     9     (protect), such as planting more trees,     10     (recycle) natural resources and so on. I’m sure that things will be better in the near future if we insist on doing like this.

3 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Factory farming involves     1     (keep) farm animals inside buildings to increase the production of meat or eggs. According to an institute, “74% of the world’s poultry, 43% of its beef and 68% of its eggs     2     (produce) in this way.”

The main     3     (argue) for factory farming is that, apart from being a lot cheaper than     4     (tradition) or organic farming, it     5     (provide) more food for a world population that has already reached seven billion. As factory farms do not use many workers, the costs are low and the production is high. Moreover, factory-farmed animals suffer from     6     (few) diseases than those living outside.

On the other hand, opponents of factory farming say that it is cruel to the animals. For instance, many farm animals are kept in small spaces     7     they can hardly move. In addition to this, factory farming has a negative impact     8     the environment because it creates a lot of waste products, and uses a lot of chemicals to control insects and drugs     9     (treat) diseases.

To sum up, despite producing cheap food, factory farming is bad for the planet and for the animals themselves. We should try to reduce this kind of farming, although we would have to pay more for our eggs     10     meat.

5 . London is in a valley. So towns in valleys see the surrounding air staying to the lower point. During the night, cold air from surrounding hills falls down in the valleys. The fog reputation of London, which called the smog, comes from the fact that the houses were, in the past, heated by coal. Houses and factories gave off much pollution in the air and, in order to condense (浓缩) into tiny water droplets, moisture (湿度) needs to be in contact with something that has a mass. So, the valley, the city, the coal heating, a high pressure with no wind and staying air... and you get the London’s smog.

In common with many countries, Britain has serious environmental problems. In 1952,more than 4,000 people died in London because of the worst smog. The government introduced new laws to stop smog from coal fires and factories and the situation improved a lot.

Today, London is much cleaner but there is a new problem: smog from cars. In December 1991,there was very little wind in London and pollution increased a lot. As a result, about 160 people died from pollution in just four days.

Part of the problem is the new “out of town” shopping centers. In the past, people often walked to shops near their homes or went by bus. Now, many people drive to the new shopping centers. As a result, the small shops have disappeared and more people have to travel to do their shopping.

Many people are trying to reduce the use of cars in Britain. Some cities now have special bicycle paths and many people cycle to work. Some people also travel to work together in one car to reduce the pollution and cost.

Sometimes people take “direct action”. In 1995,for example, many people wanted to stop a new road from being built near Newbury. They set up houses in trees and lived there for many months. It took a long time to force the people out of the trees before the construction work on the road could continue.

1. Which of the following isn’t the direct cause of smog in London?

A．The valley.

B．The staying air.

C．The coal heating.

D．The developed industry.

2. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?

A．The government once introduced a law against smog from cars and factories.

B．London is much cleaner than before so nobody dies from pollution any longer.

C．Now smog in London mainly comes from cars.

D．The “direct action” taken in 1995 was a successful example of people reducing the use of cars.

3. What makes people do the shopping by car?

A．They prefer to do shopping in big shopping centers outside the town.

B．Small shops near their homes have disappeared.

C．Many new shopping centers have appeared outside the town.

D．It has become a fashion to do shopping in large shopping centers.

4. What is the best title for this passage?

A．To Reduce the Use of Cars	B．The Disadvantages Brought by the Use of Cars
C．Smog from Cars in Britain	D．People’s Actions against Smog

7 . The world’s largest garbage dump doesn’t sit on some barren field outside urban centre. It resides thousands of miles from any land—in the Pacific Ocean.

The dump, known as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, stretches for hundreds of miles across the North Pacific Ocean.     1    It has quickly come into the spotlight this year, thanks to growing media coverage and teams of scientists who took a voyage in August to study the patch.

    2    Shoes, toys, bags, wrappers, toothbrushes, and bottles too numerous to count are only part of what can be found in this dump floating midway between Hawaii and San Francisco.

But how did so much garbage get there?     3    The patch moves with the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, a high pressure zone of air which forces ocean surface currents to move in a slowly clockwise pattern. This creates a whirlpool which sucks garbage problem: plastic that begins in human hands yet ends up in the ocean. Organic materials and garbage from other sources will eventually break down, but plastics do not, although they do break into smaller and smaller pieces.

    4    The area supports minimal sea life, because the garbage patch restricts the limited area of water which sea plants can live in. Other marine life including birds, mammals, fish and jellyfish also suffers because they mistake the garbage for food. A great deal of marine life is then consumed by humans, resulting in their ingestion of poisonous chemicals.

A．Plastic makes up 90 percent of all trash floating in the world’s oceans.

B．The environmental risks caused by the patch are serious.

C．The patch contains about 3. 5 million tons of garbage.

D．The patches are connected by a thin 6,000-mile-long current called the Subtropical Convergence Zone.

E．Roughly the size of Texas, the patch is sometimes referred to as the “eighth continents”.

F．The garbage patch formed and continues to exist because of ocean currents.

10 . Coca -Cola, PepsiCo and Nestle have been accused of “zero progress” on reducing plastic waste, after being named the world’s top plastic polluters for the third year in a row.

Coca -Cola was ranked the world’s No. 1 plastic polluter by Break Free From Plastic in its annual audit, after its beverage bottles were the most frequently found discarded on beaches, rivers, parks and other litter sites in 51 of 55 nations surveyed. Last year it was the most frequently littered bottle in 37 countries, out of 51 surveyed.

The annual audit, undertaken by 15,000 volunteers around the world, identifies the largest number of plastic products from global brands found in the highest number of countries.     1    

Coca -Cola came under fire from environmental campaigners earlier this year when it announced it would not abandon plastic bottles, saying they were popular with customers. In March, Coca -Cola, PepsiCo, Nestle and Unilever were found to be responsible for half a million tonnes of plastic pollution in six developing countries each year in a survey.

“     2    But instead they are continuing to pump out harmful single -use plastic packaging,” said Emma Priestland, Break Free From Plastic’s global campaign coordinator. Priestland said the only way to halt the growing global tide of plastic litter was to stop production, phase out single use and implement reuse systems. “Coca -Cola, PepsiCo, and Nestle should be leading the way in finding real solutions to reinvent how they deliver their products,” she said. Coca -Cola said it was working to address packaging waste, in partnership with others, and disputed the claim that it was making no progress. “     3    And the plastic can be recycled into new bottles,” a spokesperson said. “Bottles with 100% recycled plastic are now available in 18 markets around the world, and this is continually growing.” The spokesperson said Coca –Cola had also reduced plastic use in secondary packaging, and that globally ”more than 20% of our portfolio comes in refillable or fountain packaging“.

A spokesperson for PepsiCo said the company was taking action to tackle packaging through “partnership, innovation and investments”. They said it has set plastic reduction goals “including decreasing virgin plastic in our beverage business by 35% by 2025“, and was also ”growing refill and reuse through businesses like SodaStream and SodaStream Professional, which we expect will avoid 67 billion single -use plastic bottles through 2025”.

    4    But it recognised more was needed: “We are intensifying our actions to make 100% of our packaging recyclable or reusable by 2025 and to reduce our use of virgin plastics by one-third in the same period. So far, 87% of our total packaging and 66% of our plastic packaging is recyclable or reusable.”

A．The world’s top polluting corporations claim to be working hard to solve plastic pollution.

B．Up to 91% of all the plastic waste ever generated has not been recycled and ended up being incinerated, in landfill or in the natural environment.

C．A statement from Nestle said the company was making “meaningful progress” in sustainable packaging.

D．Globally, we have a commitment to get every bottle back by 2030, so that none of it ends up as litter or in the oceans.

E．This year they collected 346, 494 pieces of plastic waste, 63% of which was marked clearly with a consumer brand.

F．Coca-Cola branding was found to be worse than PepsiCo and Nestle combined.