2 . People now have access to more information than ever before thanks to the Internet. While there are clearly benefits to it, there are also unexpected effects. One in particular is information overload, commonly referred to as “inf-obesity”.     1    

Inf-obesity can be caused by many factors. For example, information from various sources can lead to inf-obesity. A search on a particular topic can bring hundreds of websites with a lot of information, and you may feel very upset due to the amount of information accessible.     2    . Smart devices provide a person with information constantly, merely to stay updated. As a result, people will load themselves with too much information.

    3    . They indicate that an over-exposure to information can cause people’s behavioural changes. It makes a person tired mentally and physically, directly leading to stress where the person is too tired to carry on any activity. In addition, inf-obesity is the enemy of good decisions. People can probably be at a loss in the face of many possibilities.     4    .

So, what can be done to reduce the effects of this condition? While there is no easy answer, one obvious step is to limit our sources of information. Sort the information we receive as important and unimportant, and try to only focus on things that really matter to us and on just one thing at a time.

Too much of anything is bad.     5    , but also to the information that one receives. By taking a certain action, inf-obesity can be controlled at the first stage itself.

5 . As Wilson Guarin watched the helicopter flying above, he wondered if the men being lifted into the sky felt the risk had been worth it.

Moments earlier, Guarin and his children had hiked to Hermit Falls in Angeles National Forest, one of the most popular waterfalls in the Los Angeles area. Soon after they arrived, they saw a man injure his shoulder when he jumped into the rock pool at the base of Hermit Falls. Less than a minute later, another man jumped and appeared to break both his legs. Guarin said the cliff jumpers' purposes were obvious. They wanted to get a video of themselves and post it to social media.

A thirst among hikers, often inexperienced and under-prepared, to collect "likes" and shares on Instagram and other social media sites has led to a sharp increase in rescue missions by first responders.

The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department's Search and Rescue teams conducted 681 missions in 2017, the largest number in five years. It's a 38% increase from the 491 rescues they did in 2013.

The teams' leaders say the single largest factor for that increase is people posting videos of extreme activities online. Then, without any thought about the difficulty, others try to recreate their own 15-second version of glory.

On Instagram, posts from visitors making adventures in waterfalls and swimming holes in Angeles National Forest and other recreation areas show hikers changed into models, striking seemingly the same poses in the same places.

We shouldn't prevent people from enjoying the outdoors. But many accidents are avoidable and happen either when people go off trail or ignore official warnings about an area being closed and visit anyway.

Guarin still thinks about the two men he watched in helicopter rides sent to a hospital. "You get concerned about what people are willing to do—to not have fun. It's risking everything for no reason.

Well, there are the "likes".

6 . When we see a person in trouble our immediate reaction is to lend a hand. But what if we se an animal in trouble, does the same rule apply?

This question was raised after a group of penguins were saved from an icy gully (峡谷) in Antarctica. It was filmed for the BBC wildlife series Dynasties. After seeing that a group of penguins had fallen into a gully and been trapped with their young the film crew were so concerned about their safety that they built a slope (斜坡) so that a few of the penguins could save themselves.

The case has taken the international media by storm. Viewers watching this film let out a sigh of relief. "I'm so glad. I understand not taking action directly involved, but a helping hand isn't bothering, right?" viewer Kathryn Shaw said on her Facebook.

However, others think human interference (干涉) is unnatural. "You can't have sunshine throughout your life. To have done anything else would only make matters worse," said the show's creator David Attenborough, according to The Times.

In this case, however, Mike Gunton, the executive producer of the series, said that this was a one-off situation. "There were no animals going to suffer by interfering. You weren't touching the animals and it was just felt by doing this. They had the chance not to have to keep slipping down the slope," he told the BBC.

Such cases are familiar to Paul Nicklen, wildlife photographer for National Geographic. He told Metro, "If it's ever a predator (捕食者) situation，no matter how gut-wrenching，you stay out of the way. Even when you're watching a male polar bear eat a baby bear."

"There's no rule book in those situations. You can only respond to the facts that are right there in front of you," Will Lawson, the show's director, told Daily Mail.

Few places are developing towards a cashless future as quickly as Sweden, which is now enjoying the     1     (convenient) of electronic payment. This year, only about 20% of all consumer payment in Sweden is made in cash,     2     (compare) with an average of 75% in     3     rest of the world. And many of the country’s banks no longer accept or offer cash.

Not everyone is joyful. Some people say Sweden’s electronic payment might result     4     more Internet crimes. Also, elderly people in Sweden who use cash may be     5     (easy) ignored. And young people using apps to pay for everything or taking out loans via mobile phones risk     6     (fall) into debt.

However, advocates like Mr. Tim refer to personal safety as a reason that countries should go cash-free. His son’s apartment was broken into twice several years ago. “ If this     7     (be) a cashless society, the robbers couldn’t sell     8     they steal,” said Mr. Tim.

Certainly，cash isn’t dead. The Swedish central bank predicts it’ll decline fast     9     still be working in 20 years. Anyway, for more and more consumers, cash is no longer     10     (they) habit.

8 . Today’s young people frequently deal with multiple streams of information and entertainment media while doing schoolwork, a trend that researchers call distracted learning. While numerous researchers found that simultaneous (同时的) use of electronic devices has a harmful impact on learning, a researcher, professor Shelly J. Schmidt of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign said many students dismiss warnings about the negative consequences because they consider themselves such good multitaskers.

While the faculty (全体教员) restrict or ban students’ unapproved use of cellphones and other devices in the classroom, these policies can be difficult for instructors to enforce and cast technology as “the enemy”. “Banning technology use in the classroom suggests to our students that they are children who can’t learn to appropriately handle it, rather than young adults we are helping to grow into professionals,” Schmidt said.

While it’s virtually impossible to make students limit all distractions in class or out, Schmidt said teachers and parents can encourage youths to develop an internal locus of control (内控点).

Researchers found that media multitasking during schoolwork disturbs students’ attention and working memory. Students may understand less and have difficulty recalling what they have learned and applying it in new contexts. Their reading comprehension, note-taking ability, test performance and grade point averages all decrease, according to the studies Schmidt reviewed.

Some researchers suggest that mobile devices can worsen a form of social anxiety called the “fear of missing out” that forces people to interrupt their studies and work projects constantly to read and respond to social media posts and messages, negatively affecting their performance. When working on the projects that require lasting concentration, Schmidt said intentionally removing irrelevant devices from their workspaces can help people limit distractions and resist the urge to respond to every buzz or ping sent by their phone.

9 . On average, primary school children in England have at least three sugary snacks a day, Public Health England (PHE) found. This means that the sugar they consume is three times more than the recommended maximum.

Children between the ages of 4 and 10 consume 51.2% of sugar from unhealthy snacks. PHE has launched a campaign, Change4Life, to encourage parents to look for healthier snacks of no more than 100 calories, and to limit them to two a day. The campaign advises parents to give their children a maximum of two snacks a day, with each containing no more than 100 calories. The campaign will also offer parents special suggestions on a range of healthier snacks—ones with 100 calories or fewer—at selected supermarkets, PHE said.

PHE said it had also improved its app so that it could mark the content of sugar, salt and fat in food and drinks. Dr Alison Tedstone told the BBC she hoped the campaign would help parents to choose healthier snacks for their children. “If you wander through a supermarket, you can see much more goods being sold as snacks than ever before,” she said, “It’s a common phenomenon that kids’ lunchboxes are full of snacks, leading to a lot of calories for lunch. Our research shows that parents usually appreciate a rule of thumb (经验法则). However, they are surprised to know how much sugar their children are consuming in snacks now.”

Justine Roberts, founder of Mumsnet, said, “The intake (摄入量) of sugar that kids are getting from snacks and sugary drinks alone is pretty astonishing, and it can often be difficult to distinguish which snacks are healthy and which are not. The rule of thumb from Change4Life can help parents make their decision correctly and wisely. ”

In some countries in western Europe, life has become difficult for many villages, and some     1    (disappear). There are a number of     2    (reason) for this. Firstly, young people from villages usually want to live somewhere     3    (lively) and they often move to the towns and do not return. Secondly, as there are often very few jobs in the countryside, people would like to move to the cities to find work, leaving their villages     4    (abandon). Sometimes villages remain     5     people from the cities have bought a “second home” in the village,     6     they come and stay at weekends. As     7     result, the price of homes goes up and people from the area can not afford     8    (buy) a house there. Another problem is that     9     is becoming more and more difficult for farmers to make money from their farms. So they sell their land and find another job.

All these things mean that many villages in western Europe are fighting to survive. We can only hope that they will remain. The countryside would be a sadder and uglier place     10     them.