Time magazine listed its top inventions of 2019, some of which will surely become a big part of our everyday lives over the next decade. Here are some we're most looking forward to.
●Virtual (虚拟的)surgery
According to Harvard Business Review, our current system of training surgeons can't keep up with the speed of technological development. “Even after 4 years of college, 4 years of medical school and 5 years of advanced training after working, 30% of graduates still can't operate on their own,” said Justin Barad, who is the CEO and co-founder of Osso VR.
This VR software is made to give doctors virtual operating-room experience so they can practice and prepare for surgeries. Apparently, it works. Gideon Blumstein of California University conducted a study on using Osso VR. His team found that participants' overall surgical performance improved by an astonishing 230% over traditional training methods.
● Vending veggies (出售素食)
"Eat happier. ” That's the Farmers Fridge advertising message. It is a good one, as this company wants to bring fresh, healthy food to people on the go.
It's trying to change more than just food, though. It also wants to change the delivery method. Farmers Fridge has created its very own automatic machines. They can be placed in high-traffic areas. These super-smart vending machines can know their contents at any moment, and can allow customers to reserve and pay in advance. They can even learn about what customers want. Shayna Harris is the company's Chief Growth Officer. “We have developed salads, sandwiches and breakfast items that taste as fresh as if you were to make them in your home kitchen,” she said in an interview with Insider Trends.
● Recycling pollution
When we write with black ink, we're writing with soot — a powder made by burning coal or oil. Cars are machines that produce soot. To collect the soot, Anirudh Sharma, creator of AIR-INK, made a device called Kaalink, which attaches to a vehicle’s exhaust pipe (排气管).Once collected, it's made into ink color and mixed with vegetable oil to create inks, markers and paints with the brand AIR-INK.
“I don't know if it's pollution, but the quality of the ink is really special,” said artist Kristopher Ho. “It's black, really thick and dries extremely quickly.”
The Guardian describes AIR-INK as "remarkably green”. Each 30-milliliter pen contains between 40—50 minutes of air pollution, while each 6-liter spray can hold 2,000 minutes of diesel exhaust (柴油废气). In the past year, Sharma said, his team has cleaned nearly 1.7 trillion (万亿)liters of air in India and Hong Kong.
1. What can be known about Osso VR?A.It is an assistant to help surgeons do operations. |
B.It can perform operations on patients automatically. |
C.It offers doctors a virtual environment to practice surgeries. |
D.It is a piece of software to help medical students do research. |
A.Why its advertisement works. |
B.What its vending machines sell. |
C.How its vending machines operate. |
D.Where its vending machines serve. |
A.Doubtful. | B.Casual. |
C.Disapproving. | D.Positive. |
A.To encourage scientists to make technological inventions. |
B.To tell readers some of the latest inventions in technology. |
C.To call on people to keep up with technological development. |
D.To raise everyone's awareness of the environmental protection. |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】Today, roller skating is easy and fun. But a long time ago, it wasn't easy at all. Before 1750, the idea of skating didn't exist. That changed because of a man named Joseph Merlin. Merlin's work was making musical instruments. In his spare time he liked to play the violin. Joseph Merlin was a man of ideas and dreams. People called him a dreamer.
One day Merlin received an invitation to attend a fancy dress ball. He was very pleased and a little excited. As the day of the party came near, Merlin began to think how to make a grand entrance at the party. He had an idea. He thought he would get a lot of attention if he could skate into the room.
Merlin tried different ways to make himself roll. Finally, he decided to put two wheels under each shoe. These were the first roller skates. Merlin was very proud of his invention and dreamed of arriving at the party on wheels while playing the violin.
On the night of the party Merlin rolled into the room playing his violin. Everyone was astonished to see him. There was just one problem. Merlin had no way to stop his roller skates. He rolled on and on. Suddenly, he ran into a huge mirror that was hanging on the wall. Down fell the mirror, breaking to pieces. Nobody forgot Merlin's grand entrance for a long time!
1. The text is mainly about_________.A.a strange man |
B.an unusual party |
C.how roller skating began |
D.how people enjoyed themselves in the 18th century |
A.often gave others surprises | B.was a gifted musician |
C.invented the roller skates | D.was full of imagination |
A.impress the party guests | B.arrive at the party sooner |
C.test his invention | D.show his skill in walking on wheels |
A.The roller skates needed further improvement. |
B.The party guests took Merlin for a fool. |
C.Merlin succeeded beyond expectation. |
D.Merlin got himself into trouble. |
【推荐2】A Swiss airplane powered only by energy from the sun left from Abu Dhabi early on March 9. Its creators hope the plane will make the first around-the-world journey without any fuel. The plane is called Solar Impulse 2. It has one seat and is made from carbon fiber. The plane weighs only as much as a car but its wings are wider than a Boeing 747. The plane’s wings stretch 72 meters across. Those wings include 17,000 solar units, or cells, which capture the sun’s energy. The energy allows the plane to fly day and night.
Two Swiss scientists built the plane. Bertrand Piccard is also an explorer who made the first non-stop flight around the world in a balloon. Andre Borschberg is an engineer and trained fighter pilot. The scientists say they are not trying to alter the airplane industry. Instead, they want to show that new energy sources and technologies can achieve what some say is impossible. “We want to show we can fly day and night in an aircraft without a drop of fuel.” Mr. Piccard said.
Some parts of the trip will require the pilots to be in the tiny plane for five to six days and nights in a row. So it is good that the pilot’s seat is also a toilet.
The plane’s route begins in the United Arab Emirates. The pilots also plan stops in Oman, India, and China. They will cross the Pacific Ocean, stop in the United States, and continue over southern Europe or North Africa. They plan to arrive back in the United Arab Emirates in late July or early August.
Internet viewers can go to the Solar Impulse website to see the plane’s location and listen to broadcasts from the pilots.
1. Why does the plane have wider wings?A.It can fly faster and land safely. |
B.It can get the sun’s energy easily. |
C.It may look like a Boeing 747. |
D.It will make the plane appear larger. |
A.Improve. | B.Change. |
C.Rebuild. | D.Destroy. |
A.It will take five to six days and nights. |
B.It is a non-stop flight around the world. |
C.It is broadcast live on the Internet. |
D.It doesn’t include North America. |
A.A solar-powered plane will travel the globe. |
B.A good way to save energy has been found. |
C.A newly-built plane consumes no energy. |
D.Solar energy waits to be fully explored. |
【推荐3】A group of university professors recently created a scanner they believe can predict the perfect job for anyone — simply by looking at their fingerprints. The group says that in the future, fingerprints could help tell a person's key personalities.
To use the scanner, people place their fingers upon the fingerprint reader and computer technology connected to sensors reads back what sort of work would suit the individual (个人).
The machine bases its results on a collection of a large amount of information in the computer about how fingerprint shapes connect to job selection.
Local companies help researchers from the city's Kuban University of Physical Education and Sport to test the technology.
Twenty-one-year-old Oscar Galkin, a mathematics graduate, said, ''I got the result from the scanner that I would be suited to a job in IT, which is exactly what I want to do. I don't know if it is luck or if it can really read a person's talents, but it worked for me. ''
And Zara Tokareva, aged 20, who feels uncomfortable at the sight of blood, said, ''I want to be a house designer but the machine said. I should be a nurse. So, no, I don't think it is as clever as is being made out. ''
Though fingerprint identification has been widely used in crime discovering, it is still a science that has a lot of possibility of being used, say experts, from discovering drug misuse to personality analysis — exactly as hand readers have been saying to do for centuries.
''The basic idea is that although everybody's fingerprints are completely different, there are obvious features that are common on the fingers of certain professionals working in certain jobs.'' Said researcher Ravil Yudin.
''It's not really a new idea because hand readers have been saying for hundreds of years that you can tell a person's future by reading their hands. We want to match that by looking at fingerprints and trying to tell what career path people would choose.''
1. It can be inferred from the 6th paragraph that the fingerprint scanner ________.A.has been used in job hunting |
B.is popular with young men |
C.helps companies a lot |
D.needs to be improved |
A.The fingerprint scanner is based on a new idea. |
B.Certain people's fingers actually have something in common. |
C.Telling one's future by reading his hands started a few years ago. |
D.The technology of fingerprint identification can be used in many fields. |
A.tell the future of hand readers |
B.show the features of fingerprints |
C.introduce a technical product |
D.help job hunters understand themselves well |
【推荐1】Dr. John Wilkins was a natural philosopher who lived from 1614 until 1672. He was crazy about getting to the moon and meeting the people who surely lived there. Wilkins believed that anything as Earth-like as the moon must have been created by God for living beings, and he was determined to meet them — despite the fact that he was three centuries ahead of his time.
In the 1600s, the scientific understanding of gravity and outer space was limited. Wilkins believed, like many 17th-century scientists, that there was no difference between the atmosphere of Earth and the conditions in space, and that Earth’s pull was due to magnetism (磁力). It was only reasonable, then, that Wilkins believed a two-wheeled horse-drawn battle car with wings with enough speed could lift high enough off the ground to break free of Earth’s magnetic pull and reach the moon.
Then Wilkins moved on to more pressing issues with his remarkable ability to think of new ideas: How would travelers feed themselves during the journey? He theorized that the main cause of hunger was simply the act of working against gravity, so getting to the moon without being burdened by it would be able to be realized. There was some knowledge at that time about the fact that air gets thinner and colder the higher up you go, but he had a fix for that too, “moistened sponges (湿润的海绵) might help us against its thinness”.
By studying the way in which birds fly, which also happened to be part of the studies that led to planes and rockets centuries later, Wilkins put his theory to the test with the help of a colleague, Robert Hooke. Neither of the two ever recorded their attempts, but it’s somewhat safe to say that it didn’t work out. Hooke himself may have been the reason he gave up hope, in fact, since he was part of the team that discovered space was a place without oxygen.
1. What do we know about Dr. John Wilkins?A.He dreamed of landing on the moon. |
B.He wrote about people living on the moon. |
C.He urged the public to know more about space. |
D.He had a rich knowledge of space in the 1670s. |
A.The air on the moon is not fit for human beings. |
B.People don’t need to eat things on the moon. |
C.Earth’s magnetism can be changed easily. |
D.Oxygen doesn’t exist in outer space. |
A.Wilkins had prepared a lot in theory. |
B.Wilkins was ready for his moon-landing. |
C.Wilkins made a great contribution to philosophy. |
D.Wilkins was the greatest natural philosopher in history. |
A.To honor a great scientist. |
B.To encourage studies on outer space. |
C.To introduce an early attempt of moon-landing. |
D.To inform people of the knowledge about the universe. |
【推荐2】It is not only praise or punishment that determines a child’s level of confidence. There are some other important ways we shape our kids—particularly by giving instructions and commands in a negative or positive choice of words. For example, we can say to a child “Don’t run into traffic!” or “Stay on the footpath close to me.” In using the latter, you will be helping your kids to think and act positively, and to feel competent in a wide range of situation, because they know what to do, and aren’t scaring themselves about what not to do.
Actually, it is all in the way the human mind works. What we think, we automatically rehearse. For example, if someone offered you a million dollars not to think of a blue monkey for two minutes, you wouldn’t be able to do it. When a child is told “Don’t fall off the tree,” he will think of two things: “don’t” and “fall off the tree”. That is, he will automatically create the picture of falling off the tree in his mind. A child who is vividly imagining falling off the tree is much more likely to fall off. So it is far better to use “Hold on to the tree carefully.”
Clearly, positive instructions help kids to understand the right way to do things. Kids do not always know how to be safe, or how to react to the warning of the danger in negative words. So parents should make their commands positive. “Sam, hold on firm to the side of the boat” is much more useful than “Don’t you dare to fall out of the boat?” or worse still “How do you think I’ll feel if you drown?” The changes are small but difference is obvious.
Children learn how to guide and organize themselves from the way we guide them with our words, so it pays to be positive.
1. Positive choice of words helps kids to ______.A.do things carefully | B.learn in different situations |
C.improve their imagination | D.build up their confidence |
A.One can’t help imagining what is heard. |
B.A child will act on what is instructed. |
C.A child will fall off the tree when told not to. |
D.One won’t think of a blue monkey when given money. |
A.Fasten your seat belt. |
B.Don’t play by the lake. |
C.How do you think I’ll feel if you get hurt? |
D.Don’t you dare to walk through the red light? |
A.praise makes kids confident | B.right instructions keep kids safe |
C.positive instructions guide kids | D.clear commands make kids different |
【推荐3】Absence of evidence is not the same thing as evidence of absence. But if you try to find the difference and keep failing to get it, you can be forgiven. And so it is with the complicated subject of explicit (明确的) grammar teaching in schools, and its link with improved writing ability.
A recent study, like nearly all previous studies on this subject, found that teaching kids how to label the bits and pieces in a sentence does not make them better writers. Other observers may begin to wonder whether the National Curriculum, which since 2014 has made grammar such a central part of its English programme, might have gone down a blind alley.
The promoter of the curriculum, a former secretary of education, Michael Gove, insisted on the insertion of personal preference into the grammar curriculum, notably the subjunctive form, “If I were”. Mention of his name alone wrinkles many teachers’ noses — partly because some of them were hardly prepared to teach the new material themselves after decades in which grammar was largely absent from classrooms.
In reflection, it seems unsurprising that learning to underline a modal verb, such as “can”, “should” and “may”, does little to help students use them effectively in their own writing. These words are anyway grasped by tiny children without the need to know what they are called. This may lead to the conclusion that the teaching of grammar should be shelved altogether. However, it shouldn’t be abandoned, though it should be reformed.
There are practical reasons for teaching and learning grammar. One is that an explicit knowledge of it will make learning a foreign language easier. If you did intuit (直觉上知道) how to make subordinate clauses in your mother tongue, getting to grasp them in a foreign language in later years is simpler if you know how to define and spot them.
For grammarians keen on the jobs of the future, the field of natural language processing is booming. Technological talents have invented programs for automated translation, speech recognition and other services that are actually usable, even if far from perfect. These tools may rely more on knowledge of AI than of grammar, but linguistic expertise (专门技能) still matters.
Grammar could still be taught better. One small study showed improvement in some students when concepts were linked concretely to writing tasks. Therefore, the science of how words combine to make meaning is fascinating as well as fundamental.
1. What do many teachers think of Michael Gove’s idea?A.They are in support of his claim. |
B.They show disagreement with his idea. |
C.They have no comments on his philosophy. |
D.They are prepared to teach the new materials. |
A.Mother tongue grammar contributes to foreign language learning. |
B.Grammar is taught better in writing than in other areas of teaching. |
C.Natural language processing is strongly supported by grammarians. |
D.Grammar knowledge is no longer needed with the development of AI. |
A.Grammar — To Teach or Not to Teach |
B.How Could Grammar Be Taught Better |
C.Why Learn Foreign Language Grammar |
D.Mother Tongue Grammar — Important or Not |
【推荐1】It was hot and yet, such a beautiful day. My parents and I picked up my grandmother from the nursing home. We used to go there regularly but the last time I visited my grandmother, she seemed to forget where she was and how to breathe on the massage (按摩) table—it scared me so I thought perhaps it was better to transfer her to a clinic that day.
She had been getting weaker and having aches from sitting in a wheel chair all day, so I called Wang Tao who runs a Chinese massage clinic with his wife and daughter out of their home and told him my concerns wasn't even sure whether my grandmother would be strong enough to get up the stairs or get onto the table.
''We can help her make it'', Wang Tao said. And, we did. Sure there were struggles and funny moments. For example, my grandmother wondered who was the man working on her back, Wang Tao had massaged her over the years at least 20 times. They used to laugh and talk together in Chinese but my grandmother didn't remember. Wang Tao was shocked that my grandmother seemed to have forgotten he is a Chinese man, but he still patiently tried to refresh her memory.
My grandmother was born in California, but her parents who were born in China only spoke Chinese, so Chinese was her first language but English is spoken all around her. Still, our family all felt grateful and happy to hear my grandmother start talking to Wang Tao in Chinese again. It was like the dust just needed clearing. We all laughed a happy laugh. When the session was over, my grandmother took Wang Tao's hand and thanked him for helping her. We ended our day with a Chinese dinner of course-one that ended with my grandmother saying to the massager: please come here and I have to shake your hand. ''Thank you for what you have done. '' she said joyfully as she held this stranger's hand. And then she turned to me, ''Thank you, my grandson. ''
1. What did the author do shortly after visiting his grandmother last time?A.He had a French dinner with his grandmother. |
B.He massaged his grandmother at home by himself. |
C.He took his grandmother out of the nursing home. |
D.He helped his grandmother transfer to another nursing home. |
A.Her fluent Chinese. |
B.Her failure to recognize him. |
C.Her losing the ability of language. |
D.Her aches from sitting in a wheel chair. |
A.His grandmother finally recognized the massager. |
B.Wang Tao agreed to have dinner with his family. |
C.His grandmother her remembered saying thanks to the massager. |
D.Wang Tao made his grandmother begin speaking Chinese again. |
A.Grandma's love for children and friend. |
B.Friendship and sympathy from strangers. |
C.The forgetfulness and helplessness of the old. |
D.Family ties and the kindness between people. |
【推荐2】Last year 1 ruined my summer vacation by bringing along a modern convenience that was too convenient for my own good: the iPad. Instead of looking at nature, I checked my e-mail. Instead of paddling a small boat, I followed my Twitter feed.Instead of reading great novels, I stuck to reading four newspapers each morning. I was behaving as if I were still in the office. My body was on vacation, but my head wasn't.
So this year I made up my mind to try something different: withdrawal (撤走、收回) from the Internet. I knew it wouldn't be easy, since I'm bad at self-control. But I was determined. I started by giving the iPad to my wife.
The cellphone signal at our house was worse than in the past, making my attempts at cheating an experience in frustration. I was trapped, forced to go through with my plan. Largely cut off from e-mail, Twitter and my favorite newspaper websites, I had few ways to connect to the world except for the radio and how much radio can one listen to, really? I had to do what I had planned to do all along: read books. This experience has had a happy ending. With determination and the strong support of my wife, I won in my vacation struggle against the Internet, realizing finally that it was I, not the iPad, that was the problem. I knew I had won when we passed a Starbucks and my wife asked if I wanted to stop to use the Wi-Fi. “I don't need it,” I said.
However, as we return to post-vacation life, a harder test begins: Can I continue when I'm back at work?
There are times when the need to know what's being said right now is great. I have no intention of giving up my convenience completely. But I hope to resist the temptation (抵挡住诱惑)to check my e-mail every five minutes, which leads to checking my Twitter feed and a website or two.
I think a vacation is supposed to help you reset your brain to become more productive. Here I hope this one works.
1. What do we know about the author's last year's summer vacation?A.He was determined to enjoy the beautiful view. |
B.His iPad ruined his plan of finishing a great novel. |
C.He felt satisfied that he had stuck to his usual timetable. |
D.He hated himself for acting as if he were working on vacation. |
A.stay away from the internet forever |
B.continue to read more and more books |
C.keep control of when and how to use the Internet |
D.stop checking what is being said right now completely |
A.A vacation is having nothing to do but read all day. |
B.A vacation proves that a life of pleasure is overvalued. |
C.A vacation is a period of time to do whatever one wishes to. |
D.A vacation means a change of pace to make one more creative. |
【推荐3】Course Advisor 1 Education Sales Executive
Would you be interested in joining a supportive and friendly team with a shared passion for selling their exciting portfolio of courses?
The Organization:
It is an international network that offers a wide variety of programs, including bachelor’s degree programs, master's degree programs, professional training, English Language training. and corporate & executive education.
When someone chooses to study at one of their institutions---whether on campus in Europe, North America, or even in their own home they're joining a network of over 50,000 students worldwide.
The Role:
Course advisers are responsible for promoting the Company's program portfolio to potential students over the phone and via e-mail, forming a vital and integral part of the sales team. You will have a natural gift for sales and relationship-building, and a hunger to exceed (超出) targets and expectations.
Benefits:
The Company offers excellent opportunities for fast track career progression which is entirely performance driven. They reward top performers giving you the opportunity to earn as well as progress.
Requirements:
Please click on the APPLY button to send your CV and Cover Letter for this role. The Company is an equal opportunities employer and positively encourages applications from suitably qualified and eligible candidates regardless of sex, race, disability, age, or religion or belief. No record of crime is a must.
1. What is one of the benefits of the courses mentioned in the passage?A.They are totally free of charge. | B.They have optional campuses. |
C.They require high intelligence. | D.They can be easily promoted. |
A.a high salary | B.a free tour abroad | C.a holiday as a bonus | D.a flat as a reward |
A.Those who want to polish their English. | B.Those who try to develop their programs. |
C.Those who need to advance their degrees. | D.Those who are good at promoting products. |
【推荐1】Scientists from around the world examined whether supplements marketed are good for brain health, particularly in those aged over 50. Despite the claims of some supplements that they could improve cognitive (认知的)skills, no clear evidence was found to back this up.
The report said, "For the handful that have been researched, several well-designed studies of supplements for brain health found no benefit in people with normal nutrient levels. It's unclear whether people who lack nutrition can benefit their brains by taking a supplement. The pills failed to protect against dementia (痴呆)and did not slow the process or improve the symptoms of the disease and the report said that a healthy diet rich in fruit and vegetables, being physically active and getting sufficient sleep were linked to better brain function. ”
The value of the food supplement market in Britain is expected to reach more than £1 billion by 2012 and supplements sold on the high street for brain performance cost up to £26 for 60 pills. And Caroline Abrahams, the charity director at Age UK said that people were better off spending money to improve diets.
The report did find evidence suggesting that supplements could benefit people diagnosed with lacking vitamin. It added that these should only be taken if advised by a doctor because some supplements could interact with medicines or contain high levels of nutrients, which could be deadly. Supplements were not strictly controlled in the way that medicines were and may not contain high-quality ingredients or what was on the label, the report said.
The Health Food Manufacturers' Association, which represents the British supplement industry, said that the report was based on the American market. In Britain products could only make claims approved by the European Food Safety Authority, such as the zinc (锌)contributed to normal cognitive functions, a spokesman said.
1. What is the finding of the scientists about the supplements?A.They bring about no positive effect. | B.They break the balance of normal life. |
C.They get people to get addicted to them. | D.They are hardly suitable for the younger. |
A.be aware of their needs clearly | B.change their daily diets regularly |
C.take control of the market strictly | D.make use of their money properly |
A.Follow professional suggestions. |
B.Be sure of the vitamins they lack. |
C.Refer to the instructions of the labels. |
D.Avoid taking together with other medicines. |
A.Annoying. | B.Unacceptable. |
C.Worrying. | D.Favorable. |
【推荐2】Minimalism (极简主义) is hot, culturally, and for years, science has assured us that it was also the path to the greatest happiness. The popular wisdom is that people who want the most happiness for their money should buy experiences, not things. The idea is that joy of an experience begins before it even starts, and continues when you look back on the fancy dinner or vacation. Experiences provide, in other words, both more anticipatory (预期) happiness and afterglow (回味) happiness.
But a recent study suggests that sweaters and iPhones might make you just as happy, in a way, as concerts do. There is a third type of happiness — momentary happiness — and it tends to last longer with material goods because people use them for more time than they typically experience their experiences for.
For the study, researchers Aaron Weidman and Elizabeth Dunn from the University of British Columbia gave 67 participants $20 to spend on either an experiential or material purchase of their choice, and then to report one experiential or material gift they had recently received. Then they quizzed them about their happiness levels.
They found that the study subjects gained more frequent momentary happiness from material goods, but stronger momentary happiness from the experiences. In other words, they enjoyed their material goods on a greater number of occasions than they did their experiences even though the happiness felt from the experiences was slightly stronger.
So should you spend much money on the latest iThing or on Hamilton tickets? It depends on whether you are “seeking a strong but fleeting form of happiness,” Weidman and Dunn write, “or a more subtle (微弱的), frequent form of happiness that will last for weeks or months.”
1. What did the study of Weidman and Dunn find about happiness?A.Minimalism can bring real happiness. |
B.Experiences bring stronger momentary happiness. |
C.People should buy fewer materials in order to be happy. |
D.Experiences can provide more frequent momentary happiness. |
A.Enjoying an opera. |
B.Attending a birthday party. |
C.Travelling around the world. |
D.Buying a desired bicycle. |
A.Short. | B.Lasting. | C.Equal. | D.Mixed. |
A.Favorable. | B.Doubtful. | C.Neutral. | D.Cautious. |
【推荐3】Free school meals are back in the news. Footballer Marcus Rashford’s petition(请愿书) to extend free school meals provision(供给) into the school holidays has collected 1.1 million signatures, causing the government to reverse policy. It has restarted the debate over free school meals, fuelled, most recently, by figures forecasting that if the government ends as planned the current £20 top-up(附加款), another 200,000 children will slip into poverty. This is in addition to the 550,000 children already living in poverty previous to Covid-19.
The roots of the current school meals system lie in the mid-19th century. In Manchester, independent charities as well as official bodies started to provide free meals for undernourished children in the 1870s. When education became compulsory in the following decades, the extent of the issue became apparent. Proponents of feeding starving children pointed out that it was due to government order that children were in school, not working and contributing to the family food budget, so the government should pay.
Reception was mixed. Then, as now, children rejected foods they weren’t used to. Diaries of the time talk of “little bags of mystery” (sausages). Some children were put off brassicas(芥菜类) for life. Finding the balance between cheap and good proved hard. The chief medical officer talked about the lack in calorie value and elements of a well-balanced diet which a needy child does not get at home, such as milk, cheese, eggs, green vegetables, fruit and meat”. In 1980, the Tory government, desperate to cut costs, made provision largely optional and abolished nutritional standards. Over the next 15 years convenience and cost became the most important.
Today, school meals provision is linked to benefits: in England around 17 per cent of children are entitled to free school meals. Provision is outsourced(外包), leading to huge variation. In the last year, we’ve seen all of the age-old debates repeated once more. How do we decide who is entitled? How do we guarantee quality? Who decides what children eat? Who pays? Undernutrition does not just have physical effects, but also affects behavior and ability to learn. It has a lifelong impact. The arguments around free school meals seem never to end. But they are hugely important and, until poverty is ended, they will not and should not go away.
1. Why did Marcus Rashford start the petition?A.To feed an increasing number of children in poverty. |
B.To restart the debate over free school meals. |
C.To raise fund for hunger relief for children. |
D.To lift children out of poverty. |
A.Officials. | B.Charities. |
C.Advocates. | D.Critics. |
A.Some children liked brassicas provided in the school. |
B.School meals were both tasty and cheap. |
C.School meals failed to meet children’s nutritional needs. |
D.The Tory government chose nutrition over cost. |
A.Never-ending. | B.Meaningless. |
C.Influential. | D.Necessary. |