Paying it forward is a concept that involves doing something good for someone in response to a good deed done on your behalf or a gift you received. When you pay it forward, however,you don't repay the person who did something nice for you. Instead, you do something nice for someone else.
Recently, an inspiring note found inside a random book has inspired thousands of people to pay it forward.
Ashley Jost was shopping at Target when a book caught hex eye. The 27-year-old bought the book Girl Stop Apologizing and began reading it when she got home. After a few minutes her dog started barking so she put the book aside. When she got back, she noticed something on the ground. "A five-dollar note fell out, " Jost said.
She looked through the book, and in one of the last pages, there was a note that read, “To the person who buys this book: I am having a tough day. I thought maybe I could brighten someone else’s with this little surprise. Go and buy a coffee, a hamburger or a face mask. Practice some self care today. Remember that you are loved, you are amazing, and you are strong -Lisa”
Jost decided to post a photo of the note and the money on Twitter and it went like a virus. People are promising their own random acts of kindness.
“In that moment,I didn’t necessarily need the pick-me-up,but I feel obligated(有义务的)to share it, and I’m hearing back from people who did,” Jost said. “The ripple effect is pretty unbelievable.
After seeing her Twitter post, Lisa mailed Jost a card. "She said it made her cry in a good way,” Jost said. But Lisa still didn’t give away who she was. She left no return address. Lisa wrote it had been a difficult time in her life and she just wanted "to create something positive-she never really expected this to happen the way it has.”
1. What is the first paragraph mainly about?A.The origin of"paying it forward". | B.The effects of"paying it forward |
C.The benefits of"paying it forward" | D.The definition of"paying it forward". |
A.To go through the hardest time in her life. |
B.To cheer up the person who buys the book |
C.To repay the person who did something nice |
D.To set off a round of paying it forward |
A.Edge | B.Chain |
C.Mass | D.Side |
A.make friends with Jost | B.tell Jost about her story |
C.express appreciation to Jost | D.let Jost know what made her cry |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】A few weeks ago, I called an Uber to take me to the Boston airport for a flight home for the holidays. As I slid into the back seat of the car, the warm intonations(语调) of the driver’s accent washed over me in a familiar way.
I learned that he was a recent West African immigrant with a few young children, working hard to provide for his family. I could relate: I am the daughter of two Ethiopian immigrants who made their share of sacrifices to ensure my success. I told him I was on a college break and headed home to visit my parents. That’s how he found out I go to Harvard. An approving eye glinted at me in the rearview window, and quickly, we crossed the boundaries of rider and driver. I became his daughter, all grown up — the product of his sacrifice.
And then came the fateful question: “What do you study?” I answered “history and literature” and the pride in his voice faded, as I knew it might. I didn’t even get to add “and African-American studies” before he cut in, his voice thick with disappointment, “All that work to get into Harvard, and you study history?”
Here I was, his daughter, squandering the biggest opportunity of her life. He went on to deliver the age-old lecture that all immigrant kids know. We are to become doctors (or lawyers, if our parents are being generous) — to make money and send money back home. The unspoken demand, made across generations, which my Uber driver laid out plainly, is simple: Fulfill your role in the narrative(故事) of upward mobility so your children can do the same.
I used to feel anxious and backed into a corner by the questioning, but now as a junior in college, I’m grateful for their support more than anything. This holiday season, I’ve promised myself I won’t huff and get annoyed at their inquiries. I won’t defensively respond with “but I plan to go to law school!” when I get unrequested advice. I’ll just smile and nod, and enjoy the warmth of the occasion.
1. What disappointed the driver?A.The author’s attitude towards him. |
B.The school that the author is attending. |
C.The author’s majors in history and literature. |
D.The author’s interests in African American studies. |
A.wasting |
B.creating |
C.valuing |
D.seizing |
A.Their parents want them to move upward in society. |
B.Their parents are high achieving as well. |
C.They have more opportunities. |
D.They are very smart in general. |
A.Getting upset. |
B.Feeling satisfied. |
C.Defending herself. |
D.Appreciating his concern. |
That’s when Jack arrived on the scene. He was different from any other guy I’d dated. He could sit for hours on the piano bench with my mother, discussing some composers. My brother Rick loudly announced that Jack wasn’t a turkey like the other guys I’d brought home. Jack passed my family’s test. But what about Dad’s?
Then came my mother’s birthday. The day he was supposed to drive, I got a call. “Don’t worry,” he said, “but I’ve been in an accident. I’m fine, but I need you to pick me up.”
When I got there, we rushed to a flower shop for something for Mom. “How about gardenias (栀子花)?” Jack said, pointing at a beautiful white corsage (胸花). The florist put the corsage in a box.
The entire ride, Jack was unusually quiet. “Are you all right?” I asked. “I’ve been doing a lot of thinking,” he said. “I might be moving.” Moving? Then he added, “Moving in with you.” I nearly put the car on the sidewalk. “What?” I asked. “I think we should get married,” he said. He told me he’d planned his proposal in a fancy restaurant, but after the accident, he decided to do it right away. “Yes,” I whispered. We both sat dumbfounded, tears running down our cheeks. I’d never known such a tender moment. If only Dad were here to give his final approval.
“Oh, let’s just go inside.” Jack laughed. My mother opened the door. “Happy Birthday!” we shouted. Jack handed the box to her. She opened it up. Suddenly, her eyes were filled with tears. “Mom, what’s wrong?” I asked. “I’m sorry,” she said, wiping her eyes. “This is only the second gardenia corsage I’ve ever received. I was given one years ago, long before you kids were born.” “From who?” I asked. “Your father,” Mom said. “He gave me one right before we were engaged.” My eyes locked on Jack’s as I blinked away (眨掉) tears. Dad’s test? I knew Jack had passed.
1. According to the text, we know the writer’s father was __________.A.interested in observing things around |
B.good at judging one’s character |
C.strict with her boyfriend |
D.fond of challenges |
A.Jack got the family’s approval except Dad’s. |
B.Jack was different from any other boy. |
C.Jack was getting on well with Mother. |
D.Jack knew a lot about piano. |
A.piece of advice | B.wedding ceremony |
C.celebration of birthday | D.offer of marriage |
A.pleased | B.worried |
C.surprised | D.disappointed |
A.The gift was the same as the one her husband gave her. |
B.She had never received such a beautiful gift. |
C.Her daughter found her life partner at last. |
D.The gardenia corsage was too expensive. |
【推荐3】Traveling can be a very fun and exciting way to vacation with your family, but it does not always turn out as expected. I have traveled a lot with my family over the years, but some experiences are worth forgetting altogether. I remember a particular traveling experience which sticks out in my mind for the wrong reasons.
My dad and stepmom had decided to drive to California for our family vacation. This was supposed to provide educational value, since we would be able to stop along the way and look at various sites in each state. Everything was going as planned until we decided to take a break and stop at the Grand Canyon(大峡谷). I had always wanted to see this exciting place and had decided to write a report on it for my eight-grade English class. We got out of the car and were walking on one of the paths to get to a cliff(悬崖) so we could take a family photo when I slipped(滑倒) and fell down. I fell on a piece of rock, and felt great pain run up my leg at once. My dad took me to the nearest hospital and, after an eight-hour wait in the emergency room(急诊室), found out that I broke two bones in my foot.
Needless to say, our vacation was no fun for me because I was in pain during the whole two-week trip. I ended up making an appointment the day we got home to see a doctor for a check-up. That was definitely not what I consider fun or a great vacation, and it really put a dent in our sightseeing plans.
1. What is the author’s attitude towards traveling?A.Curious | B.Positive | C.Satisfied | D.Objective(客观的) |
A.It was full of adventures. (冒险) | B.It was an unpleasant experience. |
C.It was terribly boring and tiring. | D.It was of educational value to him. |
A.parking his car | B.walking on a path to a cliff |
C.taking a photo of his family | D.standing on the edge of a cliff |
A.the bones of the author’s two legs were broken. |
B.the author waited for 8 hours before the treatment |
C.the author was taken to the hospital near his home |
D.the travel of the family lasted about half a month |
【推荐1】A Virginia Burger King employee is going viral for her act of kindness. Nineteen-year-old Alexis Easter, who works at the fast-food chain in Mechanicsville, was photographed escorting an elderly customer to his car.
The man, known to Easter as Mr. John, is a regular at the restaurant.
“When he's done, I help him to the car because he has a terrible back. When we get to his car, we talk and I make sure he's safe,” the employee told WTVR.
Easter's simple act caught the attention of a passer-by, who snapped a photo of the young woman and her customer, which she shared on social media.
“Shout out to the cashier at the Mechanicsville Burger King, making this world a little brighter,” Elizabeth Chandler wrote on Facebook.
Chandler said she was so impressed by what Easter was doing for the man.
“Seeing her help this gentleman was so heart-warming. It's so seldom to see people going out of their way for others and expecting nothing in return. Since posting this I learned that Alexis is only 19 and does this on a regular basis for any customer in need,” Chandler told Yahoo.
Easter always tries to do what she can to provide the best customer service.
“Always go out of your way to help others,” she told WTVR.
Chandler, who also frequents this Burger King, said Easter isn't the only employee who goes above and beyond their job description.
“That's the culture at that Burger King. Every employee I have ever seen goes so far out of their way for everyone. Another employee named Monica hands out plaques(徽章) to those going through hard times, including my grandmother when she was going through treatment for cancer,” she told WTVR.
1. Who brought so much attention to Alexi Easter?A.Her colleagues. |
B.The reporters from WTVR. |
C.The marketing manager. |
D.A passer-by. |
A.it's her duty to help the elderly customers |
B.she interrupted her own business to help others |
C.she seldom helps regulars for free |
D.it's widely reported |
A.Easter was bothered by the Facebook post. |
B.Elizabeth Chandler works for Yahoo. |
C.Easter is deeply influenced by Burger King's culture. |
D.Elizabeth Chandler earned good reputation. |
A.To prove values advocated by the Mechanicsville Burger King. |
B.To show Elizabeth Chandler's appreciation. |
C.To indicate Easter's behavior is not worth mentioning. |
D.To stress the significance of helping others. |
【推荐2】One day, a man saw an old lady sitting inside her car at the side of the road. Though it was dark, he could see she needed help. So he stopped his car and walked towards her. The old lady was worried, even though she noticed the smile on his face. Was he going to hurt her?“I’11 help you start your car, madam. By the way, my name is Bryan Anderson,”he said.
While Anderson was fitting a spare tire(备胎)to her car, the lady began to talk to him. She thanked him much for coming to help.
Anderson just smiled as he put his tools away. The lady asked how much she should pay him. He told her that if she really wanted to pay him back, the next time she saw someone who needed help, she could give them the help they needed. He waited until she started her car and drove off.
A few miles down the road, the lady saw a small restaurant. She went in and a waitress came over with a sweet smile. The old lady noticed the waitress was nearly eight months pregnant(怀孕的), but she never let the pains and aches change her smile when she served her
The lady finished her meal and paid with a hundred-dollar bill. The waitress quickly went to get change, but the old lady was gone when the waitress came back. The waitress wondered where the lady could be. Then she found there was a note on the napkin(餐巾), “You don’t need to give me anything back. Somebody once helped me out the way I’m helping you. If you really want to pay me back, here is what you do—do not let this chain(链子)of love end with you.”
Under the napkin were four more$ 100 bills.
1. Why did Anderson tell his name to the old lady?A.Because he wanted to check if the lady knew him. |
B.Because he hoped that may help relax the lady. |
C.Because he thought he could be paid back one day. |
D.Because he wanted to leave his name for doing good things. |
A.The old lady and Anderson. | B.The people who need help. |
C.The old lady and the waitress. | D.The people who help others. |
①Thankful②Happy③Worried④Helpless⑤Willing and ready to help
A.④③①⑤② | B.④①③②⑤ |
C.③②①⑤④ | D.③①④⑤② |
A.The meal cost the old lady 400 dollars. |
B.Anderson must be helped by someone before. |
C.The old lady was able to fit a spare tire herself. |
D.The waitress will probably help someone later. |
A.The Help of Strangers | B.The Power of Smile |
C.The Chain of Love | D.The Bill of Kindness |
As they passed down the aisle of the coach the only available seat offered was a reversed one facing the attractive young woman. Here the linked couple seated themselves. The young woman's glance fell upon them with a distant, swift disinterest; then with a lovely smile brightening her face and a tender pink tingeing(稍加染色,影响) her rounded cheeks, she held out a little gray-gloved hand. When she spoke her voice, full, sweet, and deliberate, proclaimed that its owner was accustomed to speak and be heard.
"Well, Mr. Easton, if you will make me speak first, I suppose I must. Don't you ever recognize old friends when you meet them in the West?"
The younger man aroused himself sharply at the sound of her voice, seemed to struggle with a slight embarrassment which he threw off instantly, and then clasped her fingers with his left hand.
"It's Miss Fairchild," he said, with a smile. "I'll ask you to excuse the other hand; "it's otherwise engaged just at present."
He slightly raised his right hand, bound at the wrist by the shining "bracelet" to the left one of his companion. The glad look in the girl's eyes slowly changed to a bewildered horror. The glow faded from her cheeks. Her lips parted in a vague(含糊,犹豫), relaxing distress. Easton, with a little laugh, as if amused, was about to speak again when the other forestalled him. The glum-faced man had been watching the girl's face expression with veiled glances from his keen, shrewd eyes.
"You'll excuse me for speaking, miss, but, I see you're acquainted with(认识,熟悉) the officer here. If you'll ask him to speak a word for me when we get to the pen(围栏,监狱) he'll do it, and it'll make things easier for me there. He's taking me to Leavenworth prison. It's seven years for cheating."
"Oh!" said the girl, with a deep breath and returning color. "So that is what you are doing out here? An officer!"
"My dear Miss Fairchild," said Easton, calmly, "I had to do something. Money has a way of taking wings with itself, and you know it takes money to keep step with our crowd in Washington. I saw this opening(通道) in the West,and
"The ambassador," said the girl, warmly, "doesn't call any more. I needn't ever have done so. You ought to know that. And so now you are one of these brave Western heroes, and you ride and shoot and go into all kinds of dangers. That's different from the Washington life. You have been missed from the old crowd."
The girl's eyes, fascinated, went back, widening a little, to rest upon the glittering handcuffs.
"Don't you worry about them, miss," said the other man. "All officers handcuff themselves to their prisoners to keep them from getting away. Mr. Easton knows his business."
"Will we see you again soon in Washington?" asked the girl.
"Not soon, I think," said Easton.
"I love the West," said the girl irrelevantly. Her eyes were shining softly. She looked away out the car window. She began to speak truly and simply without the gloss of style and manner: "Mamma and I spent the summer in Denver. She went home a week ago because father was slightly ill. I could live and be happy in the West. I think the air here agrees with me. Money isn't everything. But people always misunderstand things and remain stupid--"
"Say, officer," shouted the glum-faced man. "This isn't quite fair. I'm needing a drink, and haven't had a smoke all day. Haven't you talked long enough? Take me in the smoker now, won't you? I'm half dead for a pipe."
The bound travelers rose to their feet, Easton with the same slow smile on his face.
"I can't deny a require for tobacco," he said, lightly. "It's the one friend of the unfortunate. Good-bye, Miss Fairchild. Duty calls, you know." He held out his hand for a farewell.
"It's too bad you are not going East," she said, reclothing herself with manner and style. "But you must go on to Leavenworth, I suppose?"
"Yes," said Easton, "I must go on to Leavenworth."
The two men sidled down the aisle into the smoker.
The two passengers in a seat near by had heard most of the conversation. Said one of them: "That officer is a good sort of man. Some of these Western fellows are all right."
"Pretty young to hold an office like that, isn't he?" asked the other.
"Young!" exclaimed the first speaker, "why--Oh! Didn't you catch on? Say--did you ever know an officer to handcuff a prisoner to his right hand?"
1. From the first three paragraphs, we know that_________
A.the two young were seated opposite to the young woman by accident. |
B.it was not difficult for the woman to find the men were handcuffed |
C.the young woman found she knew one of the men at the first sight of them. |
D.the young woman may not be good at communicate |
A.and it is not easy to make such a fortune |
B.and I do the cheating things to collect money |
C.and I tried my best to be a good officer |
D.and the West is bond to be wealthy |
A.he would have to focus on his work |
B.he would be put in prison |
C.his chance of being with butterfly is small |
D.his workload as an officer was heavy |
A.Because he needed a drink and tobacco badly. |
B.Because he was angry that Miss Fairchild did not say any good words for him |
C.Because he was bored and tired with Miss Fairchild and Easton’s talk. |
D.Because he was afraid Miss Fairchild would find the truth. |
A.Miss Fairchild was an ambassador |
B.Easton was an officer with his prisoner |
C.the glum-faced was considerate and careful |
D.Easton had been trying to make a big fortune in the West |
A.Miss Fairchild’s Trip | B.Hearts and Hands |
C.The Story of a Handcuff | D.The Meeting of Two Friends |
【推荐1】Rama was the only breadwinner in the family. Living along with his father and mum, he had three children, two sons and a daughter. He worked over 16 hours a day.
The kids were too curious about Sunday because their father was with them all day. Unfortunately, Rama worked on weekends even on Sundays to meet increasing household and education expenditures(开支). The children were very sad, even Rama’s wife and parents!
Typical routines(日常工作) lasted weeks and years. Rama got a lot of benefits from all his efforts, and he got an attractive raise. The family moved to their new home, put on better clothes and ate healthy food. However, as usual, Rama continued to earn more money. Once, his wife asked him, “What are you asking for... so hard work? We can be happy now.” Rama answered, “I want to give you all the best things in the world.”
Two years later, Rama hardly stayed with his family. The children longed for their dad to be at home. At the same time, Rama’s sincere efforts earned him a fortune. He was offered partnership and profit-sharing. Then Rama’s family had all the facilities and luxury(奢侈的) goods. Nevertheless, Rama’s children tried to meet their father because he seldom showed up at home.
Rama’s family went to their beachfront villa(别墅) for a holiday. His daughter asked, “Dad, would you stay at home for a day and stay with us?” Rama replied, “Yes, honey, I will have lunch with you tomorrow and will be with you for the next few days. I’m tired of working and need refreshments!” The whole family was very happy.
However, the next day, Rama’s family were washed away in the tsunami(海啸)! When he tried to reach his beach villa, he saw the sea and water everywhere and screamed for his family. Fortunately his daughter was saved by the local people. Rama found a new job and spent all the spare time with his daughter.
1. Why did Rama’s family long for Sunday?A.They could save money. |
B.They could go on vacation. |
C.Rama could refuse to work overtime. |
D.They might have a chance to get together. |
A.Unskilled. | B.Fruitful. | C.Unsatisfactory. | D.Doubtful. |
A.Rama had a villa by the sea. |
B.Rama always had trouble making ends meet. |
C.Rama’s family had high demands on material life. |
D.Rama was ashamed that he often lied to his family. |
A.Every man has his faults. |
B.Money is the root of evil. |
C.Every man is the architect of his own fortune. |
D.The best thing in the world is spending time with your family. |
【推荐2】Destinee Whitaker was in fourth grade when she learned that millions of people around the world lack clean water.
“It was a problem that confused me for a long time,” said Whitaker, from the United States city of Philadelphia. “Water is a necessity.”
When she got to Carver High School of Engineering and Science, Whitaker carefully researched the problem and felt that she must do something about it.
Early in her senior year, Whitaker approached fellow members of the school’s National Honor Society with a proposal: They should raise money to buy water purification (净化) systems for people in need. Whitaker, the National Honor Society president, knew the systems would have to be easy to carry and able to operate without electricity. So she checked with a microbiologist (微生物学家)to make sure the system she had her eye on would fit the bill.
Once her classmates agreed to back the proposal, Whitaker took it upon herself to raise money. She organized a game where students bought tickets to guess how many pieces of candy a jar contained.
In the end, they raised $800—a large amount for a school where 70 percent of the students’ families are not well-off.
Whitaker soon found that raising money was the easier part of the project. Finding an organization that could deliver the water purification systems was a bigger puzzle. She approached some organizations about their possible connections but no one could help.
Then Whitaker connected with Joseph Sackor, who runs the Liberia Medical Mission—an organization that provides medical care to Liberians who lack health services. Sackor accepted the school’s money and agreed to deliver the systems to people who needed them.
Whitaker dreams of someday launching (发起) her own nonprofit organization to bring clean water to more people in need.
“Some students in Liberia can’t even go to school because their parents cannot afford to buy them bottled water,” Sackor said. “This money is huge.”
1. What problem did Whitaker want to solve?A.Global poverty. |
B.Lack of clean drinking water. |
C.Lack of education. |
D.Low public awareness of healthy lifestyles. |
A.meet their needs | B.be cheap enough |
C.be difficult to operate | D.need improvement |
A.Making a proposal for the project. |
B.Calling on her classmates to support it. |
C.Raising money to buy the equipment. |
D.Finding an organization to deliver the equipment. |
A.Live and work in Liberia. |
B.Study medicine to help those in need. |
C.Set up a charity organization to help more people. |
D.Provide bottled water to Liberian students. |
【推荐3】This past Columbus Day, my husband and I went fishing with some friends on their boat while our 10 and 8-year-olds were in school. We left the house all at the same time, about 7 am. My children walked to and from school every day and we knew they were OK for a couple hours by themselves any-way so we told them to go inside after school and we would be home around 4 pm
The adults decided to go fishing offshore: we live on the Gulf Coast, since it was a beautiful day in the normally still very humid (湿热的) Texas fall. At around 2 pm we started back to shore and then we ran out of gas. Even worse, we were out of cellphone service, and 911 wasn't working, and we didn't have a radio so we were stuck waiting for someone to come by we were out there until10 pm All the while, my children were at home, expecting us to return shortly after they got home. At about 7 pm, when it was getting dark, my 10-year-old girl thought something might be wrong so she walked to each house on the street until someone answered the door and asked them what they should do. This was how we were found.
Talking with that neighbor the next day, I never took such pride in my children. This neighbor explained to me how calm both my children were when explaining the situation and how impressed they were with my children seeking help, even though they didn't know these particular neighbors. I never doubled them for a minute, though next time we go fishing, we'll monitor the gas more carefully.
1. How did the children go to school?A.By bus. | B.By car. | C.By boat. | D.On foot. |
A.They used up their gas. | B.They lost their cell phones. |
C.They found a radio on shore. | D.They fell into the water. |
A.Worried. | B.Proud. | C.Doubtful. | D.Confident |
Another strong influence on fashion trends was Breakfast at Tiffany’s, starring Audrey Hepburn. She made famous the simple black dress that looks perfect at either a cocktail party or just standing around an expensive department store like Tiffany’s with a pastry and coffee in your hand, as Audrey Hepburn does in the film. She looks so elegant, wearing simple but beautiful dresses, big dark glasses and a string of pearls around her neck. Audrey Hepburn still influences women’s fashion with her “Tiffany’s look”.
In more modern times, the film star Uma Thurman created a major fashion trend when she appeared in the film Pulp Fiction, made in 1994. Her style was very simple. Her black trousers, crisp white shirt and hair style was copied by women in the world.
Influencing fashion trends can often be about timing. The movie Memoirs of a Geisha came just in time to start a trend in Japanese fashion. It starred the Chinese actress Zhang Ziyi, who wore beautiful silk kimonos (和服), and it won an Oscar for Costume Design. Many travel companies picked up on the trend and ran “geisha trips” to Japan. The film has also led to a regained interest in kimonos. It is now quite common to see young Japanese women wearing kimonos not just on traditional occasions, but at various social events. The fashion is also beginning to spread to Western countries.
1. What is the best title of the passage?
A.Films and fashion. | B.Stars’ fashion. |
C.Influential films. | D.Film cultures. |
A.Zhang Ziyi. | B.Audrey Hepburn. |
C.Uma Thurman. | D.Marlon Brando. |
A.One can be active by wearing black. |
B.One can be elegant by dressing simply. |
C.One can be famous by looking perfect. |
D.One can be stylish by eating at Tiffany’s. |
A.The popularity of the Chinese actress. |
B.The worldwide reading of Geisha stories. |
C.The recovery of interest in kimonos. |
D.The “geisha trips” to social events. |
【推荐2】Birth order, according to conventional wisdom, molds (塑造) personality; Firstborn children, secure with their place in the family, are expected to be mature and more responsible. Younger siblings (兄弟姐妹) work harder to get their parents’ attention and take more risk. That’s the central idea in psychologist Frank J. Sulloway’s “Born to Rebel”, an influential book on birth order.
However, birth order does not appear to influence personality in adults, according to several ambitious studies published in the past few years, which relied on larger data sets and more statistical methods than earlier reports.
Schmukle, a psychologist at University of Leipzig. and his colleagues, in a study published in 2015, assessed birth order for about 20,000 people from different countries and found that birth order did not change any of five broad personality traits (特征). A follow-up study on more specific characteristics, published by Sehmukle two years later, did not find any effect of birth order, either. Rodica Damian, a social psychologist at the University of Houston, studied more than 370,000 high school students and also concluded, in 2015, that birth order does not influence the Big Five.
In the Basel-Berlin Risk Study, one of the most exhaustive attempts to measure risk preference, researchers asked participants about driving too fast and other risky behaviors. “None of these behavioral measures showed any convincing relationship between being a later-born and talking more risks,” the study authors wrote.
We tend to confuse birth order and age. “Some of the birth order effects that we observe in everyday life are not birth order effects, but actually are age effects,” Schmukle said. “It is not surprising that when you look at differences within families, firstborns are more responsible than later-borns. But take age out of the picture, and the effect disappears.”
1. What’s Sulloway’s attitude to birth order effects?A.Favorable. | B.Cautious. | C.Doubtful. | D.Ambiguous. |
A.They all proved the birth order effects. |
B.They were conducted by the same team. |
C.They concentrated on firstborn children. |
D.They based the results on statistical data. |
A.Birth order. | B.Risky behaviors. |
C.Age effects. | D.Parents’ attention. |
A.By giving examples. | B.By listing findings. |
C.By making comparisons. | D.By showing instructions. |
【推荐3】Hidden London: the city’s lesser known delights
Dulwich Picture Gallery
As much an excuse to enjoy the village charms of Dulwich Village’as to admire some delicate (精致的) European masterworks, this gallery is a southeast London charmer, which was founded in 1811. Join a free guided tour to the permanent (永久的) collection (3 pm. Saturday and Sunday ), catch the latest temporary (临时的) exhibition and admire the lovely garden (open 1: 30 pm to 3: 30 pm Tuesdays).
Where: Gallery RD SE21 7AD
Train: West Dulwich
Temple Church
Featuring in the novel The Da Vinci Code and dating back to the late 12th century, this is one London’s oldest and holiest medieval (中世纪的) treasures. Built by the Knights Templar, the church is divided into the Round — which contains the statues of crusading (圣战的) knights, who tried to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims in the Middle Ages and the Chancel, where the priests and singers performing in church services sit.
Where: Temple EC4Y 7DE
Underground: Temple or Blackfriars
Chelsea Physic Garden
Endlessly satisfying the green-fingered, the plain curious or those eager to discover botanical (植物学的) interests in central London, this delightful walled garden was founded by the Apothecaries’ Socicty in the 17th century and is one of the oldest botanical gardens in London.
Where: 66 Royal Hospital Rd SW3 4HS
Underground: Sloane Square
Estorick Collection of Modern Italian Art
Built between 1953 and 1958, the Estorick is Britain’s only gallery devoted to Italian art. It draws together a fascinating collection of Futurist masterpieces from Umberto Boccioni, Giacomo Balla. Carlo Carra and others, who emphasized the importance of modern things, especially technology and machines.
Where: 39a Canonbury Sq N1 2AN
Underground: Highbury & Islington
1. When can you follow a free guide to visit Dulwich Picture Gallery?A.3: 30 pm on Tuesday. | B.3 pm on Sunday. |
C.1:30 pm on Tuesday. | D.1:30 pm on Saturday. |
A.DulwichPicture Gallery | B.Temple Church |
C.Estorick Collection of Modern Italian Art | D.Chelsea Physic Garden |
A.Highbury | B.Blackfriars |
C.Sloane Square | D.West Dulwich |
A.Nature. | B.Society. | C.Travel. | D.Lifestyle. |