The human eye can physically perceive(感知) millions of colours. But we don't all recognise these colours in the same way.
Colour perception is less about seeing what is actually out there and more about how our brain interprets colours to create something meaningful. The perception of colour mainly occurs inside our heads and is closely related to personal experience.
Different languages and cultural groups carve up the colour spectrum differently. Some languages like Dani, spoken in Papua New Guinea, and Bassa, spoken in Liberia, only have two terms, dark and light. Dark roughly translates as cool in those languages, and light as warm. So colours like black, blue, and green are cool colours, while lighter colours like white, red, orange and yellow are warm colours.
Remarkably , most of the world's languages have five basic colour terms. Cultures as diverse as the Himba in the Namibian plains and the Berinmo in the rainforests of Papua New Guinea employ such five term systems. As well as dark, light, and red, these languages have a term for yellow, and a term that represents both blue and green. That is, these languages do not have separate terms for “green” and “blue” but use one term to describe both colours, a sort of “grue”.
Historically, Welsh had a “grue” term, namely “glas”, as did Japanese and Chinese. Nowadays, in all these languages, the original “grue” term has been restricted to blue, and a separate green term is used. This is either developed from within the language—as is the case for Japanese—or through lexical borrowing, as is the case for Welsh.
The way we perceive colours can also change during our lifetime. Greek speakers, who have two fundamental colour terms to describe light and dark blue (“ghalazio” and “ble”)，tend to see these two colours as more similar after living for long periods of time in the UK. There, these two colours are described in English by the same fundamental colour term: blue.
This is because after long term everyday exposure to an English-speaking environment, the brain of native Greek speakers starts interpreting the colours “ghalazio” and “ble” as part of the same colour category.
1. Which of the following can be best used to describe colour perception?| A．Subjective. | B．Realistic. |
| C．Reliable. | D．Helpful. |
| A．Glas. | B．Green. |
| C．Blue. | D．Green and blue. |
| A．English speakers can hardly perceive the color blue. |
| B．The two colours make little difference to English speakers. |
| C．There is no need to distinguish between the two colours. |
| D．The two colours are not so important to English speakers. |
| A．Colour Terms Vary from Country to Country |
| B．Languages Change What Colours We See |
| C．Languages Influence the Ability to Perceive Colours |
| D．Colours Change with Language Development |
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【推荐1】We would like to take a look at cashew nut (腰果). If you have been lucky enough to taste one, you will know just how delicious they are. Once you begin eating cashews, it’s very difficult to stop.
Here’s something you may not have known about cashew nuts until now. The cashew nut that you eat is not a nut at all. It’s the seed that grows inside a single nut found beneath a cashew apple from the cashew tree. The red or yellow cashew fruit does not contain any seeds. Technically, that means they are not actually a fruit - even though they look like one. They taste a little like mango with a bit of grapefruit. It is unlikely that you will ever see one outside of Brazil because its skin is very thin. They do not travel well. In Brazil, they are eaten raw, drunk as a juice or turned into a delicious jam.
The nut is very hard. You have to be very careful if you open it. It contains a poison that can badly burn your skin if you come into contact with it. To remove this, the nut has to be roasted at a high temperature for 20 minutes before it is opened. Once roasted, the nut is ready and the cashew is taken out. It has a thin skin around it. This is peeled off (剥掉) carefully to make sure the cashew is not broken. The cashew is then roasted once more in coconut oil for 5 minutes. Then it’s ready to eat. What has just been described is a long process. This is why cashews are expensive.
Cashews are eaten all over the world. They are also popular ingredients (配料) in different styles of cooking, especially in Southeast Asia. Cashews can be found in nut butter, ice cream, cashew milk and also cheese spread! We are thankful to the Portuguese who discovered the cashew tree in Brazil. If it had not been for them, the Brazilians may have kept cashews all to themselves.
1. Which of the following is true about cashew nut?| A．It is a kind of nut. | B．It is in limited use. |
| C．It is easy to get. | D．It is mainly grown in Brazil . |
| A．To harden the nut. | B．To let it taste good. |
| C．To get rid of the poison in it. | D．To make it easy to store. |
| A．to protect. | B．to enlarge. |
| C．to make something soft. | D．to make something upset. |
| A．The benefits of eating cashews. | B．The popularity of cashews |
| C．The process of cooking cashews. | D．The history of discovering cashews. |
【推荐2】We all love spending time by the sea. Some lucky ones might live on the coast and enjoy the benefits (益处) all around the year.
Well, to start with, it’s great for our mental (心理) health. Scientists have discovered that we have something called a blue mind. They have shown that watching, listening to the waves (海浪) or being in the ocean helps our brains slow down.
| A．Breathing the air in the city makes you more active. |
| B．Others usually have to wait for the next vacation. |
| C．Being by the sea is also good for our physical health. |
| D．Kids especially like to have fun by the sea in summer. |
| E．Naturally we often feel so great at the end of a seaside holiday. |
| F．The sound of them can help us relax and feel free from stress. |
| G．And if you take your walks on the beach, this is a lot better. |
【推荐3】Do you drink water that's been left sitting out overnight or even for another day? Have you noticed it tastes different?
Tap water that has been left to sit out slowly begins to acquire(获得) off taste. Many people think that this is because of microorganisms. But that's not what makes old water taste not fresh. For that we can thank carbon dioxide. After about 12 hours, tap water starts to go flat as carbon dioxide in the air starts to mix with the water in the glass, lowering its PH and giving it an off taste. But it's most likely safe to drink.
However, back to those microorganisms. If you use a dirty glass day after day, there is more of a chance of bacteria making themselves known; a risk that increases if you share the glass with another mouth as well. But assuming(假设) you use a fresh glass every few days, you probably won't have a problem unless the glass has been touched by dirty fingers, and especially if those dirty fingers went unwashed after using the bathroom.[
As for plastic water bottles that have been left out in the sun or in the car, step away from the bottle, warns Dr. Kellogg Schwab, director of the Johns Hopkins University Water Institute. "A chemical called biphenyl-A, or BPA, along with other things used to make plastic can leach(过滤) into your water if the bottle heats up or sits in the sun," he explains. BPA, as you probably know, has been linked to everything from heart disease to cancer. Schwab also adds that plastic used for commercial bottled water isn't meant to be washed or refilled, so use only one time and recycle. Or don't buy them at all; use refillable water bottles instead.
1. Tap water begin to acquire an off taste because of______ .| A．carbon dioxide | B．BPA |
| C．the glass | D．the microorganism |
| A．contains few microorganisms | B．is still safe to drink |
| C．tastes better | D．is most likely undrinkable |
| A．Use them after they cool down. |
| B．Clean them and use them again.[来 |
| C．Throw them away. |
| D．Refill them with fresh water |
| A．It is safe for people to use. |
| B．It is a kind of new material. |
| C．It is the main material to make plastic. |
| D．It can cause great harm to people. |
【推荐1】You’ve probably heard of rain forests, but do you know what a cloud forest is? Cloud forests are evergreen forests that are often covered in clouds or mist and are located on mountains. Cool temperatures on mountain slopes create clouds that cover the trees. There are cloud forests on most continents. Central and South America have them, as do Asia and Africa. You can also find cloud forests in Hawaii and on Caribbean islands.
Cloud forests have different names, depending on where they are found. Cloud forests are also known as fog forests or mossy forests. In Peru and Bolivia, cloud forests are part of a larger ecosystem called yungas, which means “warm lands.”
Many scientists consider cloud forests to be a special type of rainforest. Cloud forests are not as warm tropical rain forests because they are found at higher elevations (海拔) that have colder air. But these cloud forests and tropical rain forests both have many different plants and animals living within their ecosystems.
Like tropical rain forests, cloud forest trees drip (滴下) with moisture, but it does not often rain in a cloud forest. Instead, the fog collects as dew on leaves, vines, and branches. This dew provides the water that the plants need. Green moss, ferns, and exotic, colorful orchid flowers hang down from the canopy. Other plants and bushes crowd between the trees, and hundreds of insects crawl (爬行) and fly amid the vegetation. Cloud forests are as diverse and interesting as rain forests or temperate forests.
Cloud forests have animals that aren't found anywhere else, such as mountain gorillas and a strange woolly mammal called the mountain tapir. The colorful Quetzalcoatl bird is also found there, and golden toads hop among the bushes. Lately, scientists discovered a new cloud forest animal, a black and brown rodent that looks like a cross between a squirrel and a rat. Cloud forests probably contain hundreds of other rare and fascinating plants and animals that people have never seen before.
1. The passage is mostly about .| A．the animals of the cloud forest | B．what the cloud forest is like |
| C．where cloud forests are found | D．how scientists study the cloud forest |
| A．temperatures are cool | B．there are so many trees |
| C．the forests are so low | D．it is so moist there |
| A．why scientists study cloud forests | B．the kinds of trees in cloud forests |
| C．the animals and plants of cloud forests | D．why cloud forests are endangered |
| A．Cloud forests have more plants. |
| B．Cloud forests are wetter. |
| C．Cloud forests are studied by scientists. |
| D．Cloud forests are found on mountain slopes. |
【推荐2】Anne Lacaton and Jean-Philippe Vassal, this year’s winners of the most famous award in architecture, are as surprised as anyone else. “Of course, we are very pleased,” Lacaton said. She and her partner smiled broadly.
Putting aside their wearing eyeglasses, Lacaton and Vassal could not be more different from an earlier generation of “architects”. Lacaton and Vassal apply a belief—never destroy, never remove or replace, always add, transform, and reuse - to their work on old urban buildings. Designs by Lacaton and Vassal have focused on perfecting low-income housing complexes, beautifully and functionally, while respecting — rather than displacing- the people who live there.
“Buildings are beautiful when people feel well in them,” Lacaton explained. “When the light inside is beautiful and the air is pleasant, when the exchange with the outside seems easy and gentle, and when uses and sensations are unexpected.” Vassal added, “There’s a lot of violence in architecture. We try to be accurate. We try to work with kindness, perfecting low-income housing complexes, beautifully and functionally, while respecting — rather than displacing- the people who live there."
When Lacaton and Vassal were asked to redesign a particularly large and ugly public housing building in Bordeaux in 2017, the residents told them they did not want to move, even temporarily, but that they wanted bigger units. The solution was to surround the building with large outdoor terraces (露天平台), adding sliding glass doors to each unit, and remaking the exterior from concrete to something gleaming (闪光的), modern and alive. Suddenly, everyone had roomy outdoor space, some of which was enclosed to be used during the winter as “winter gardens”.
“Their approach of cost-effective, creative readaption could be a model for urban planning in the U.S., where destruction’s been seen as a method of solving the worsening public housing in such cities as Chicago and St.Louis,” architecture professor Mabel O. Wilson says. “And granted, there’s a host of other issues as to why that happened. It’s not the building. It’s the absence of social services and lack of repair to buildings that made living in public housing impossible for residents.
1. What does the second paragraph mainly talk about Lacaton and Vassal?| A．Their housing standard. | B．Their working principle. |
| C．Their living conditions. | D．Their wearing style. |
| A．Rebuild old houses precisely. |
| B．Displace the settlers with great kindness. |
| C．Improve rather than knock down old buildings. |
| D．Extend space for people as much as possible. |
| A．To stress the importance of winter gardens. |
| B．To show the violence in tearing down buildings. |
| C．To reflect the cost of readapting houses. |
| D．To prove the possibility of improving old houses. |
| A．It saves the cost effectively. |
| B．It makes room for new creative buildings. |
| C．They lack awareness of social services. |
| D．There is no need to repair these buildings. |
【推荐3】Music brings out the best in people, especially in the morning. If you usually wake up feeling sleepy, turn on your music playlist and play your favorite hits. You'll feel instantly happier, and more productive.
It lowers cortisol (皮质醇) levels. You can feel less stressed by listening to your favorite music, according to a study. The stress hormone, cortisol, will lower, and it seems that music speeds up the recovery time after a stress-causing event. So it's only logical that starting your day with a good song can relieve stress caused by external factors, and it will serve as a good start to the day.
Besides, it increases dopamine (多巴胺) levels. Music can increase the production of the dopamine hormone, which is one of the “happy” hormones directly connected to pleasure. It will help to relieve certain negative feelings of anxiety and depression. So if you wake up feeling down, turn on your music playlist.
Listening to music can strengthen your immune system. The sound of the tunes helps the body to produce more antibodies and natural killer cells. These cells can help you attack any viruses you might contract (感染). Basically, your immune system will be more effective at fighting any illnesses.
It stimulates memories. Music can help you remember more, no matter if you like upbeat or slow tunes. Your cognitive (认知的) function will improve once you put your jingle on, and over time, you'll benefit from a stronger memory, according to a study.
It also promotes your creativity. Before heading to the computer desk or laptop, put your headphones on and listen to some music, especially happy tunes. It seems that this type of jingle will make you a more creative person, so all those ideas you were waiting for will flood in. And if you start your workday by being more productive and kicking off all the points on your to-do list, it will definitely make you feel good about yourself.
1. What changes will listening to music bring to our body?| A．Any viruses will be defeated | B．Our stress will be reduced |
| C．We will not suffer from depression | D．The dopamine levels will be decreased |
| A．The Sound of Silence | B．Symphony of Fate |
| C．Moonlight on the Second Spring | D．Jingle Bells |
| A．By making analyses | B．By giving definitions |
| C．By giving examples | D．By making comparisons |
| A．The ways of strengthening our immune system |
| B．The advantages of improving our cognitive function |
| C．The benefits of listening to music after waking up |
| D．The methods of speeding up the stress recovery time |
【推荐1】For 63 percent of Americans, coffee is one of their daily essentials. This number has been this high since 2017, according to the National Coffee Association. The rise of coffee is due to its numerous benefits like preventing DNA damage, but it works best if you do this simple thing first: Eat.
“Drinking coffee on an empty stomach, or early in the morning before you’ve had breakfast, can raise the level of cortisol (皮质醇) in your body. From the moment you open your eyes in the morning, your body starts releasing cortisol. It’s a hormone (激素) that’s responsible for ruling your immune response, metabolism (新陈代谢), and stress response,” says Dr. Nikola Djordjevic, MD.
“If you pump your body with caffeine(咖啡因) when your cortisol is at its peak,” Djordjevic says, “you’ll be forcing your body to bear even more stress.” In a study that evaluated preference for caffeinated drinks among medical students, it’s shown that 25 percent of students drank coffee in the morning on an empty stomach.
These students are at an increased risk of mood changes and possible long-term effects on their health, as explained in the study. “Drinking coffee on an empty stomach can greatly encourage the acid in your stomach, producing a more acidic environment,” says Dr. Jamie Long, a licensed clinical psychologist. Thus, a full stomach is important to control the amount of stomach acid produced.
Since coffee increases your stomach acid, you’re highly likely to experience heartburn and even develop gastric ulcers (胃溃疡), Djordjevic says. Clearly, drinking coffee on an empty stomach affects physical health. But it does harm to mental health, too. The overproduction of acid in the stomach can cause mood swings, nervousness, shaking and other withdrawal symptoms (症状). “And if you’ve already had the sign of experiencing anxiety, you’re even more possible to be attacked by the effects of coffee,” says Long.
Base line: Know your limits so you can fully experience what coffee can offer, because here’s exactly what happens to your body when you drink coffee daily.
1. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 1 refer to？| A．The coffee. | B．The DNA damage. |
| C．The stomach. | D．The National Coffee Association. |
| A．It can help to reduce our stress. |
| B．It will slow down our metabolism. |
| C．It might contain some kind of hormone. |
| D．It may increase the cortisol in our bodies. |
| A．Cortisol in the body is at a high level in the morning. |
| B．75 percent of the medical students dislike coffee. |
| C．Medical students usually suffer more stress. |
| D．Most people drink coffee in the afternoon. |
| A．be good for our hearts | B．make us feel less hungry |
| C．relieve our nervousness and anxiety | D．harm our physical and mental health |
| A．Why so many Americans are coffee lovers. |
| B．What you can do to keep your stomach healthy. |
| C．Why you shouldn’t drink coffee on an empty stomach. |
| D．How you can control the level of cortisol in your body. |
【推荐2】When I ( Country singer Clint Black ) was 14, I was hired for an after-school job selling subscriptions to my hometown paper, the Houston Post. I was sent to some of the city's worst neighborhoods to ask door-to-door. Even though I was often struggling around after dark in bad areas searching for some place for the night, I was thankful for the work.
It was a hard job because people didn't like a stranger knocking on their door, especially a boy trying to get them to buy something. One time, a man shut his door heavily in my face and shouted, "I don't want any paper." I forced myself to knock again and was able to tell him how great the paper was. I ended up selling him a subscription. I was soon among the top sellers and, like other successful salesmen, was asked to train newcomers.
Around this time I started playing some musical instruments. Before long I was playing in a band at some and other events. When I turned 18, I fixed my attention on becoming a professional musician. I never give up this dream. I'm sure my perseverance came from what I learned knocking on strangers' doors.
That experience helped me in many ways. Early in my music job I was locked in a lawful quarrel with a former manager. He forced me to give in, but I refused.
Having all those doors closed in my face as a boy gave me the strength to stand up to this frightening person. Except this time there was one difference: I was the one saying no. And I won.
1. Which of the following statements is untrue according to paragraph 1 ?| A．He sold subscriptions in his spare time. |
| B．The places he went to was not good. |
| C．He found it hard to look for a place for the night. |
| D．He was not satisfied with the work. |
| A．he began to do the job much earlier than newcomers. |
| B．he had been asking door to door. |
| C．he was refused many times. |
| D．he was one of the best sellers. |
| A．devote his life to music. |
| B．knock on strangers’ doors. |
| C．play some musical instruments very well. |
| D．be the head of a famous band. |
| A．Because he thought he was stronger than the manager. |
| B．Because he used to knock strangers’ doors. |
| C．Because he became brave while working. |
| D．Because the manager was much older than he. |
【推荐3】As a child, Jane Goodall had a natural love for the outdoors and animals. And at age 23, she left for Nairobi, Kenya. There, Jane met famed Dr. Louis Leakey, who offered her a job at the local natural history museum. She worked there for a time before Leakey decided to send her to the Gombe Stream Game Reserve in Tanzania to study wild chimpanzees. He felt her strong interest in animals and nature, and her knowledge as well as high energy made her a great candidate to study the chimpanzees.
In December 1958, Jane returned home to England and Leakey began to make arrangements for the expedition(考察), securing the appropriate permissions from the government and raising funds. In May 1960, Jane learned that Leakey had gained funding from the Wilkie Brothers Foundation.
Jane arrived by boat at the Gombe Stream Game Reserve on the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika with her mother. The early weeks at Gombe were challenging. Jane developed a fever that delayed the start of her work. Finally, an old chimpanzee named David Greybeard began to allow Jane to watch him. As a high-ranking male of the chimpanzee community, his acceptance meant other group members also allowed Jane to observe. It was the first time that Jane had witnessed David Greybeard using tools. Excited, she telegraphed Dr. Leakey about her observation. He wrote back, "Now we must redefine 'tool' and 'man' or accept chimpanzees as humans."
Jane continued to work in the field and, with Leakey's help, began her doctoral program without an undergraduate degree in 1962. At the University of Cambridge, she found herself at odds with senior scientists over the methods she used—how she had named the chimpanzees rather than using the more common numbering system, and for suggesting that the chimps have emotions and personalities. She further upset those in power at the university when she wrote her first book, My Friends, the Wild Chimpanzees, aimed at the general public rather than an academic audience. The book was wildly popular, and her academic peers were outraged. Dr. Jane Goodall earned her Ph. D. on February 9, 1966, and continued to work at Gombe for the next twenty years.
1. Why did Leakey appoint Jane to Tanzania?| A．Jane asked to change her workplace. |
| B．Jane was not suitable for her previous job. |
| C．Jane's abilities and talents were discovered. |
| D．The natural history museum was out of business. |
| A．Agree. | B．Disagree. | C．Resemble. | D．Coincide. |
| A．A new direction of knowledge. |
| B．A common achievement. |
| C．Worth farther discussion. |
| D．Absolute nonsense. |
| A．Challenging senior scientists is a must in gaining fame. |
| B．Cooperation is the only key to making significant discoveries. |
| C．Passion and hard work can make a difference in scientific research. |
| D．The ability to raise funds counts for achieving great success. |
【推荐1】A cheap printed sensor could transmit wildfire warnings. Wildfires have recently destroyed regions across the world, and their gravity is increasing. Hoping to reduce harm, researchers led by Yapei Wang，a Chinese chemist of Renmin University, say they have developed an inexpensive sensor to detect such fires earlier with less effort.
Current detection methods rely heavily on human watchfulness, which can delay an effective response. Most wildfires are reported by the general public, and other alerts come from routine foot patrols and watchtower observers. Passing planes and satellites also occasionally spot something，but “the fire first appears on the ground,” Wang says. “When you see the fire from the sky, it is too late.”
The team says its new sensor can be placed near tree trunks' bases and send a wireless signal to a nearby receiver if there is a dramatic temperature increase. That heat also powers the sensor itself, without replacing batteries. The team printed the substances onto ordinary paper to create a sensor for just $ 0.40.
But improving coordination among the different agencies involved in firefighting is even more crucial to address, says Graham Kent, an earthquake expert at the University of Nevada, Reno, who was not part of the study. Kent is director of ALERTWildfire, a network that uses cameras and crowd sourcing to watch for fires in California, Nevada and Oregon. “The whole way that you respond to a fire until it's put out is like a ballet,” he says. “You'd have to choreograph (设计) it just so, with resources precisely allocated at the right time and place from detection to confirmation to assignment to extinguishment (熄灭). Fire detection is just step one.”
Wang says his team's next steps are to extend the device's signal range beyond the current 100 meters, which can limit practical use, and to develop a protective shield for it. The Transmitter’s effectiveness, he notes, will also need to be tested in the field ahead.
1. What does the underlined word “gravity” in paragraph 1 probably mean?| A．Pull. | B．Extinction. |
| C．Popularity. | D．Seriousness. |
| A．Its price remains high. | B．Its batteries are replaceable. |
| C．It can reduce firefighters' pain. | D．It can detect fires earlier and easier. |
| A．Firefighting is easy but crucial. |
| B．Technology is the key to extinguishing a fire. |
| C．Putting out a fire is a cooperative and orderly activity. |
| D．The resources of fire detection are precisely allocated. |
| A．Limiting its use. | B．Reducing its signal range. |
| C．Improving and testing it. | D．Getting it on the market ahead of time. |
【推荐2】Here are some wonderful festivals around the world that happen in spring. If you want to know more about them, please click here or visit http://www.buddhanet.net!festival.htmν.
SongKran-- Thailand
Dates: 13th -15th , April
In Thailand, people celebrate a festival called Songkran, when people head out to the streets with water guns to spray(喷，洒) everyone who walks past.
Naghol-- Vanuatu
Dates: Every Saturday , May
Every year, villagers come together to celebrate the harvest of yams(番薯), an important part in the people’s diet in Vanuatu. The festival is most famous for its “land diving ceremony". During the ceremony men and boys dive to the ground from high wooden towers with only two thin vines(藤) attached to their ankles .
Cherry Blossom Viewing --Japan
Dates: The cherry blossom season is different from year to year depending on the weather forecast.
The festival is well-known. Japanese celebrate the days when the flowers finally blossom. Only a few days later, the petals(花瓣) fall to the ground, like pink snowflakes. That means the traditional festival only lasts for several days. In Japan , almost everyone has picnics in the parks to view the flowers.
Sinhalese New Year--Sri Lanka
Dates: 13th or 14th，April
Just like in many other countries in South and South East Asia, this is the time when the Sinhalese celebrate the traditional New Year, an ancient celebration which marks the end of the harvest season and is one of two times of the year when the sun is straight above Sri Lanka. There are a lot of delicious foods during the celebration.
1. What will happen to a tourist walking in the street during the festival in Thailand?| A．He will get wet. | B．He will hurt your ankles. |
| C．He will enjoy delicious foods. | D．He will see some petals falling. |
| A．It is a traditional festival. |
| B．It is a very famous festival. |
| C．It changes with weather conditions every year. |
| D．It makes visitors eat foods during the festival |
| A．On TV | B．In a report |
| C．On the Internet | D．In the newspaper |
【推荐3】One argument for why robots will never fully measure up to people is because they lack human-like social skills. But researchers are experimenting with new methods to give robots social skills to better interact with humans. Two new studies provide evidence of progress in this kind of research.
One experiment was carried out by the researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT. The team developed a machine learning system for self- driving cars that is designed to learn the social characteristics of human drivers and how they act. The researchers studied driving situations to learn how human drivers on the road were likely to behave. Since not all human drivers act the same way, they meant to teach the driverless car to avoid dangerous situations.
The researchers say the technology uses tools borrowed from the field of social psychology (心理学). In this experiment, scientists created a system that attempted to decide whether a person's driving style is more selfish or selfless. In road tests, self-driving cars equipped with the system improved their ability to predict what other drivers would do by up to 25 percent.
In one test, the self-driving car was observed making a left-hand turn. The study found the system could cause the car to wait before making the turn if it predicted the oncoming (迎面驶来的) driver acted selfishly and was dangerous. But when the oncoming car was judged to be selfless, the self-driving car could make the turn because it saw less risk of unsafe behavior.
The researchers say they believe the technology could also be used in cars with human drivers. It could act as a warning system against other drivers judged to be behaving badly. The research suggests that humanoid robots have the ability to affect people socially just as humans do. Fang says this ability could become more important in the future when machines and humans are expected to interact regularly.
1. What was the machine learning system designed to do?| A．Teach social psychology. | B．Increase driving pleasure. |
| C．Remind drivers to drive quickly. | D．Learn about human drivers' behaviour. |
| A．It found the car itself was broken. | B．It predicted the oncoming driver was selfish. |
| C．It realized the oncoming driver was selfless. | D．It observed the oncoming driver make a turn. |
| A．It is actually useless in the future. | B．It has the ability to control people. |
| C．It causes human drivers to behave badly. | D．It can warn other misbehaving human drivers. |
| A．Science. | B．Nature. | C．Diet. | D．Sport. |
