Psychologists who study moral judgments have found that when people are faced with moral dilemmas, they tend to respond differently when considering them in a foreign language than when using their native tongue.
In a 2014 paper led by Albert Costa, volunteers were presented with a moral dilemma known as the “trolley problem”: imagine that a runaway trolley bus is rushing toward a group of five people standing on the tracks, unable to move. You are next to a switch that can change the trolley to a different set of tracks, therefore saving the five people, but resulting in the death of one who is standing on the side tracks. Do you pull the switch?
Most people agree that they would. But what if the only way to stop the trolley is by pushing a large stranger off a footbridge into its path? People hesitate to say they would do this, even though in both situations, one person is sacrificed to save five. But Costa and his colleagues found that setting the dilemma in a language that volunteers had learned as a foreign tongue dramatically increased their stated willingness to push the sacrificial person off the footbridge, from fewer than 20% of respondents working in their native language to about 50% of those using the foreign one.
Why does it matter whether we judge morality in our native language or a foreign one? According to one explanation, such judgments involve two separate and competing modes of thinking: one of these, a quick “feeling” and the other, careful consideration about the greatest good for the greatest number. When we use a foreign language, we unconsciously sink into the more careful mode simply because the effort of operating in our non-native language reminds our brain to prepare for painstaking activity.
An alternative explanation is that differences arise between native and foreign tongues because our childhood languages are associated with greater emotion than those learned in more academic environment. As a result, moral judgments made in a foreign language are less filled with the emotional reactions that appear when we use a language learned in childhood.
What is a multilingual(多语言的) person’s “true” moral self? Is it my moral memories that taught me what it means to be “good”? Or is it the reasoning I’m able to apply when free of such unconscious restrictions? Or perhaps, this research simply indicates what is true for all of us: regardless of how many languages we speak, our moral compass is a combination of the earliest forces that have shaped us and the ways in which we escape them.
1. In the famous “trolley problem” experiment volunteers are asked to.| A．change the trolley to a different set of tracks |
| B．push a large stranger off a footbridge |
| C．sacrifice one person’s life to save another five people |
| D．get involved in making a moral judgment |
| A．Emotional feelings. |
| B．Careful consideration. |
| C．Academic environment. |
| D．The mode of thinking. |
| A．Moral memories. | B．Reasoning. |
| C．Unconscious restrictions. | D．A combination of more than one factor. |
| A．Native Spanish speakers with English as their foreign language are sure to push that person off the footbridge. |
| B．An Italian student may find the story of a morally bad person less wrong when it is told in English. |
| C．Faced with the same maths problem, one must make more mistakes in a foreign language than in his native one. |
| D．Representatives at the UN are supposed to base their decisions more on emotion than on reasoning. |
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【推荐1】There are two grand ambitions now for computer science truly intelligent machines and use for quantum computers recent developments suggest not only that these goals should be achievable but that they could be closer than we think.
Take the quest to develop artificial general intelligence (AGI) — AIs that go well beyond being good at one specific task, but can instead do anything a human can. Some people still think this is impossible. And yet analysis of AIs designed to master human language has prompted other experts to suggest that AGI might only be a matter of scaling up current technology. Build gigantic AIs and true, human-level intelligence will come, they say.
This “scaling hypothesis” has come to the fore largely thanks to GPT-3, an AI released by San Francisco-based OpenAI last year that generates remarkably fluent streams of human language on command. GPT-3 is just a scaled-up version of GPT-2, a similar predecessor. This new neural network boasts an order of magnitude more parameters, equivalent to the number of synapses linking neurons in real brains, than its forerunner.
Researchers who evaluate such language AIs have been surprised by just to know how much more advanced GPT-3 is than GPT-2. It can do things it wasn’t trained to do, for example, and there are hints that it might be capable of human-like reasoning.
Time will tell if the scaling hypothesis is right. In the meantime, it will be interesting to see if the AI players was the deepest pockets, such as DeepMind, following OpenAI’s focus on scaling.
However when it comes to genuinely use for quantum computers there is no doubt that scaling is key— we are going to need machines with thousands of qubits, the quantum version of a classical bit. This is why the news that researchers have demonstrated a viable way to make sure those qubits don’t constantly fall prey to errors is a big deal. We might finally have a way to scale up the number of operational qubits to what we need.
There are still no guarantees. Even so, it seems that computer science is striding into the 2020s in rude health.
1. Which of the following has the closest meaning to “scaling up” underlined in Paragraph 2?| A．increasing | B．revising |
| C．upgrading | D．expanding |
| A．GPT-3 is way more advanced than GPT-2. |
| B．GPT-3 is totally different from GPT-2. |
| C．The number of operational qubits is not sufficient enough. |
| D．It won't be long before we see truly intelligent machines. |
| A．genuinely useful quantum computers could come earlier than expected. |
| B．experts firmly believe artificial general intelligence (AGI) is only a matter of time. |
| C．researchers have demonstrated a practical way to scale up the current technology. |
| D．it is guaranteed that the scaling hypothesis will prove right. |
| A．doubtful | B．optimistic |
| C．uncertain | D．pessimistic |
【推荐2】Nash equilibrium (纳什均衡) is named after John Nash, an American mathematician. It is a kind of concept, which attempts to determine mathematically and logically the actions that participants of a game should take to secure the best outcomes for themselves.
To find it in a game, one would have to model out each of the possible scenarios to determine the results and then choose what the most satisfactory strategy would be. In a two-person game, this would take into consideration the possible strategies that both players could choose. If neither player changes their strategy knowing all of the information, a Nash equilibrium has occurred.
Imagine a game between Tom and Sam. In this simple game, both players can choose strategy A to receive $1, or strategy B to lose $1. Logically, both players choose strategy A and receive a payoff of $l. If you revealed Sam’s strategy to Tom and vice versa (反之亦然), you see that no player’s choice is different from the original one. Knowing the other player’s move means little and doesn’t change either player’s behavior. Outcome A represents the Nash equilibrium.
Nash equilibrium helps a player determine the best payoff in a situation based on not only their decisions but also the decisions of other parties involved. It can also be used in many aspects of life, from economics to social behavioral sciences, from business strategies to a house sale and so on.
Unlike dominant strategy, Nash equilibrium doesn’t always lead to the most satisfactory outcome. In most cases, such as in war, whether that is a military war or a bidding war, an individual rarely knows the opponent’s strategy or what they want the outcome to be. It just means that an individual chooses the best strategy based on the information they have. Nash equilibrium can only occur if a player chooses to remain with their current strategy if they know their opponent’s strategy. Furthermore, in multiple games played with the same opponents, it does not take into consideration past behavior, which often predicts future behavior.
1. Which kind of concept does Nash equilibrium belong to?| A．Game theory. |
| B．Secrecy strategies. |
| C．Player information. |
| D．Participation qualifications. |
| A．By quoting sayings. | B．By drawing a parallel. |
| C．By making comparisons. | D．By giving an illustration. |
| A．Its elements. | B．Its drawbacks. |
| C．Its applications. | D．Its backgrounds |
| A．Resistant. | B．Objective. |
| C．Confused. | D．Curious. |
【推荐3】The nature vs. nurture (培养) debate has gained mixed reactions from scientists and psychologists through the years. Some believe that genetics has a more significant impact on your physical, emotional, and mental qualities, while others say that your upbringing has a great influence on your maturity (成熟) levels.
Emotional DNA falls to the side of the nature argument since the science involves understanding your inherited emotional responses. A study considers that your ancestors created a blueprint of decisions made during the events they encountered in their lives. This blueprint is then passed on to their descendants, and serves as pre-programmed responses when they face similar situations.
It’s been widely known that disorders like depression and anxiety have physical signs, and you also imitate the behavior of your parents as you grow up. However, emotional DNA goes deeper than that. The reason is that you inherit inborn traits (特征) that may prevent your psychological growth, especially if you aren’t aware of the unhelpful habits passed on to you by your ancestors.
As much as you may want to create objective decisions for your personal relationships or career, emotions have a significant influence in this process. Fortunately, you can rewire your emotional DNA through therapies and treatment programs.
Awareness is key to this aspect of your being since you should understand what causes your action or inaction. This way, you’ll be able to take full control of your future.
You tend to think that you can come to the point of full honesty and awareness of yourself. However, you’ll have emotional blind spots where you’re in denial that you have an issue with an aspect of your personality or you don’t feel that it’s a problem at all.
Sometimes, family and friends want to protect you from yourself by sugarcoating your unpleasant traits and habits. Seeking help from a psychologist or life coach can ensure that someone is willing to tell you the truth about your negative characteristics. Plus, they can teach you some techniques to deal with different emotions and situations.
1. What’s the function of Paragraph 1?| A．To give a background to the topic of emotional DNA. |
| B．To introduce the latest development in biology. |
| C．To show the complexity of scientific studies. |
| D．To generate an interest in learning science. |
| A．It may influence our physical development. |
| B．It is controlled by our growing environment. |
| C．It is independent of the experiences of our ancestors. |
| D．It comes from our ancestors’ ways of decision-making. |
| A．Release. | B．Review. |
| C．Reduce. | D．Regroup. |
| A．Ask our friends or family for advice. |
| B．Turn to psychologists or life coaches. |
| C．Learn some techniques from books. |
| D．Depend on your self-awareness. |
| A．To talk about emotional blind spots and solutions. |
| B．To discuss ways to get rid of emotional DNA. |
| C．To explain emotional DNA and its effects. |
| D．To provide tips on controlling emotions. |
According to a recent study, however, if you really think about it, something about that simple answer doesn’t quite make sense. In fact, it turns out that sometimes it’s having will power that really gets you into trouble.
Think back to the time you took your very first sip (啜饮) of beer. Disgusting, wasn’t it? When my father gave me my first taste of beer as a teenager, I wondered why anyone would voluntarily drink it. And smoking? No one enjoys their first cigarette — it tastes awful. So even though smoking, and drinking alcohol or coffee, can become temptation (诱惑) you need will power to resist, they never, ever start out that way.
Just getting past those first horrible experiences actually requires a lot of self-control. Ironically (讽刺的是), only those who can control themselves well, rather than give in to them, can ever come to someday develop a “taste” for Budweiser beer, Marlboro cigarettes, or dark-roasted Starbucks coffee. We do it for social acceptance. We force ourselves to consume alcohol, cigarettes, coffee and even illegal drugs, in order to seem experienced, grown-up, and cool.
These bad habits aren’t self-control failures — far from it. They are voluntary choices, and they are in fact self-control successes. Self-control is simply a tool to be put to some use, helpful or harmful. To live happy and productive lives, we need to develop not only our self-control, but also the wisdom to make good decisions about when and where to apply it.
1. What do most people think causes bad behavior?
| A．Being forced by others. | B．Enjoying their first experiences. |
| C．Not having enough will power. | D．Following the examples of their friends. |
| A．will power helps develop bad habits sometimes |
| B．drinking beer is harmful to the health of teenagers |
| C．self-control should be developed when one is young |
| D．everyone can be challenged by different temptations |
| A．without self-control, no one can succeed |
| B．applying self-control correctly is important |
| C．bad habits don’t always lead to bad results. |
| D．people can develop wisdom from bad behavior |
| A．My First Sip of Beer | B．Do You Have Will Power ? |
| C．Will Power Benefits Us | D．Dark Side of Self-control |
So far as the brain is concerned, it can work as well and swiftly at the end of eight or even twelve hours f efforts as at the beginning. The brain is totally tireless. So what makes us tired.
Some scientists declare that most of our fatigue come from our mental and emotional(情感的) attitudes. One of England’s most outstanding scientists. J. A. Hadfield,says,“The greater part of the fatigue from which we suffer is of mental origin. In fact,fatigue of purely physical origin is rare.” Dr. Brill, a famous American scientist, goes even further. He declares,“One hundred percent of the fatigue of a sitting worker in good health is due to emotional problems.”
What kinds of emotions make sitting workers tired?Joy?Satifaction?No!A feeling of being bored,anger,anxiety,tenseness,worry,a feeling of nt being appreciated---those are emotions that tire sitting workers.Hard work by itself seldom causes fatigue.We get tired because our emotions produce nervousness in the body.
1. What surprised the scientists a few years ago?
| A．Fatigue toxinscould hardly be found in a labour’s blood. |
| B．Albert Eistein didn’t feel worn out after a day’s work. |
| C．The brain could wrk for many hours without fatigue. |
| D．A mental worker’s blood was filled with fatigue toxins. |
| A．Challenge mental work. |
| B．Unpleasant emotions. |
| C．Endless tasks. |
| D．Physical labor. |
| A．He agrees with them. |
| B．He doubts them |
| C．He argues against them. |
| D．He hesitates to accept them. |
| A．have some good blood |
| B．enjoy their work |
| C．exercise regularly |
| D．discover fatigue toxin |
【推荐3】It is widely accepted that being overweight definitely poses a danger to our health. According to a new study, obesity may even damage the brain’s ability to recognize the sensation of fullness and be satisfied after eating fats and sugars.
Further, those brain changes may last even after people considered medically obese lose a significant amount of weight — possibly explaining why many people often regain the pounds they lose.
The study, published Monday in Nature Metabolism, was a controlled clinical trial in which 30 people considered to be medically obese and 30 people of normal weight were fed sugar carbohydrates (glucose), fats (lipids) or water (as a control). Each group of nutrients was fed directly into the stomach via a feeding tube on separate days.
The night before the testing, all 60 study participants had the same meal for dinner at home and did not eat again until the feeding tube was in place the next morning. As either sugars or fats entered the stomach via the tube, researchers used functional magnetic resonance(磁共振) imaging and single-photon emission computed tomography(断层扫描技术) to capture the brain’s response over 30 minutes.
In people with normal weight, the study found brain signals in the striatum(纹状体) slowed when either sugars or fats were put into the digestive system — evidence that the brain recognized the body had been fed. At the same time, levels of dopamine rose in those at normal weight, signaling that the reward centers of the brain were also activated. However, when the same nutrients were given via feeding tube to people considered medically obese, brain activity did not slow, and dopamine levels did not rise.
Next, the study asked people with obesity to lose 10% of their body weight within three months — an amount of weight known to improve blood sugars, reset metabolism and boost overall health.
Tests were repeated as before — with surprising results. Losing weight did not reset the brain in people with obesity.
Much more research is needed to fully understand what obesity does to the brain, and if that is triggered by the fat tissue itself, the types of food eaten, or other environmental and genetic factors.
1. What aspects did the researchers mainly focus on in the research?| A．Blood sugars and metabolism. | B．Diet and environmental factors. |
| C．Nutrients and the digestive system. | D．Brain activities and dopamine levels. |
①Providing participants with the same nutrients separately.
②Classifying participants in different groups by weight.
③Repeating the test on those who lost required weight.
④Detecting the brain’s reaction of the participants.
| A．①④③② | B．④①②③ |
| C．②①④③ | D．②①③④ |
| A．Weight loss had no impact on the brain’s response to food. |
| B．The level of dopamine was closely related to people’s brain activity. |
| C．Nutrients taken by participants affected their digestive system rather than brain activity. |
| D．The sum of dopamine released varied slightly among participants with different weights. |
| A．Effective Strategies for Weight Loss in Obesity |
| B．The Persistent Effects of Obesity on the Brain |
| C．Exploring the Brain’s Response to Sugars and Fats |
| D．How Obesity Harms the Brain’s Fullness Sensation |
【推荐1】Most online fraud(诈骗) involves identity theft Passwords help. But many can be guessed. Newer phones, tablets, laptops and desktop computers often have strengthened security with fingerprint and facial recognition. But these can be imitated. That is why a new approach, behavioural biometrics(行为生物识别) is gaining ground.
It relies on the wealth of measurements made by today’s devices. These include data from sensors that reveal how people hold their phones when using them, how they carry them and even the way they walk. Touchscreens, keyboards and mice can be monitored(监测) to show the distinctive ways in which someone’s fingers and hands move. These features can then be used to determine whether someone attempting to make a deal is likely to be the device’s habitual user.
“Behavioural biometrics make it possible to identify an individual’s unique motion fingerprint”, says John Whaley, head of Unifyid, a firm in Silicon Valley that is involved in the field. When coupled with information about a user’s finger pressure and speed on the touchscreen, as well as a device’s regular places of use—as revealed by its GPS unit—that user’s identity can be pretty well determined.
Used wisely, behavioural biometrics could be a great benefit. In fact, Unifyid and an unnamed car company are even developing a system that unlocks the doors of a vehicle once the pace of the driver, as measured by his phone, is recognized. Used unwisely, however, the system would become yet another electronic spy on people’s privacy, permitting complete strangers to monitor your every action, from the moment you reach for your phone in the morning, to when you throw it on the floor at night.
1. What is behavioural biometrics for?| A．To identify network crime | B．To ensure network security. |
| C．To track online fraud. | D．To gather online data. |
| A．By limiting and discovering users’ passwords. |
| B．By spotting and revealing where a device is regularly used. |
| C．By offering and analyzing users’ facial features. |
| D．By monitoring and comparing how users interact with devices. |
| A．Doubtful. | B．Concerned | C．Favorable. | D．Objective. |
| A．Science and technology. | B．Health and wealth. |
| C．Finance and economics | D．Books and arts |
【推荐2】In a recent announcement, Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology（MIT）said that they have joined forces to offer free online courses in an effort to attract millions of online learners worldwide.
Beginning this fall, a number of courses developed by teachers at both universities will be offered online through a new $60 million program, known as edX. “Anyone with an Internet connection anywhere in the world can use our online courses,” Harvard President Drew Faust said during a meeting to announce the plan.
MIT has offered a program called OpenCourseWare for ten years that makes materials from more than 2,000 classes free online. It has been used by more than 100 million people. In December, the school announced it also would begin offering a special certificate, known as MITx, for people who complete certain online courses. Harvard has long offered courses to a wider population through a similar program.
The MITx will serve as the foundation for the new learning platform.
MIT President Susan Hockfield said more than 120,000 people signed up for the first MITx course. She said Harvard and MIT hope other universities will join them in offering courses on the open-source edX platform.
“Fasten your seatbelts,” Hockfield said.
Other universities, including Stanford, Yale and Carnegie-Mellon, have been experimenting with teaching to a global population online.
The Harvard-MIT program will be monitored by a not-for-profit（非盈利的）organization based in Cambridge, to be owned equally by the two universities. Both MIT and Harvard have provided $30 million to start the program. They also plan to use the edX platform to research how students learn and which teaching methods and tools are most successful.
1. According to this text, edX is _______.| A．a part of the free MIT OpenCourseWare |
| B．a free computer program by MIT and Harvard |
| C．a Harvard-MIT platform of free online courses |
| D．a free program online for universities worldwide |
| A．Universities have been trying online courses. |
| B．About 2,000 online courses have been offered. |
| C．Over 100 million people have finished courses online. |
| D．Stanford and Yale together have courses similar to edX. |
| A．Get ready for the difficulties |
| B．Get ready for this educational change |
| C．Get prepared to complete the online courses |
| D．Get prepared to make materials for the edX courses |
| A．It is first offered as part of the edX learning program. |
| B．It is another free MIT-Harvard online learning program. |
| C．It is a standard to recognize online learners’ achievement. |
| D．It is a new kind of free online course of Harvard and MIT. |
【推荐3】Welcome to The Metropolitan Museum of Art
The Met, which is short for The Metropolitan Museum of Art, presents over 5,000 years of art from around the world for everyone to experience and enjoy. Millions of people take part in The Met experience online or offline.
Since it was founded in 1870, The Met has always tried to be more than a storeroom of rare and beautiful objects. Every day» art comes alive in the Museum’s galleries and through its exhibitions and events, revealing both new ideas and unexpected connections across time and across cultures.
Notes：
I. How can I obtain permission to film or photograph at The Metropolitan Museum of Art? Please email a detailed request to communicatiom@nietmuseum.org.
II. How can I obtain suitable images to reproduce in a magazine, newspaper, or website? To view and request press images for the Museum’s current and upcoming exhibitions and news stories about the Met, please sign in or register for a press account in the Press Images section of the online Press Room.
III. All other image requests should be directed to Art Resource through its website (http://www.artres. com), by telephone at 212-505-8700, or email at requests@artres.com. You may also submit your request using the Image Request Form available on the Met’s website.
IV. If you have any other questions, please contact the Museum’s Digital Department:
Digital Department
The Metropolitan Museum of Art
1000 Fifth Avenue
New York, New York 10028-0198
Telephone: 212-650-2550
Email: prtvacypolicy@metmuseum.org
1. What type of writing is this text?| A．A business guide. | B．An art survey. |
| C．A research report. | D．An advertisement. |
| A．The Met has a history of 5,000 years. |
| B．People started to visit the Met online to buy objects. |
| C．The Met stops collecting arts right now. |
| D．People cannot take a photo without the permission of the Met. |
| A．Email to communications@metmuseum.org. |
| B．Telephone at 212-505-8700. |
| C．Write an application at the online Press Room. |
| D．Contact the Museum’s Digital Department. |
【推荐1】Reading is good for more than just entertainment Sparing part of everyday to read printed books can make you a smarter, kinder, more relaxed individual. Involving kids in books, magazines, and more at an early age is a great way to encourage them to be lifelong readers, which means they'll reap these benefits for years to come.
Reading helps understand another personas feelings. Reading books doesn’t just make you smartest can make you a kinder person as well： According to a study in 2013,People who consume literary fiction have an easier time sensing and relating to emotions in other people. Great literature forces readers to step outside themselves and empathize with the characters they’re reading about.
Reading can lower stress. Feel stressed at the end of a long day? Cracking open a book is a good way to wind down. A 2009 study found that reading for just 30 minutes has similar stress-reducing effects to doing 30 minutes of yoga.
Reading is an excuse to put your phone away at night. Reading a physical book before going to bed is a great alternative to scrolling through your phone-something most of us admit to doing. Research has shown that smart phone use at night makes it harder for people to fall asleep and leads to an overall decline in sleep quality, Some experts say reading books, on the other hand ,can have relaxing effects, making it the ideal bedtime activity.
Reading helps families bond. When parents read out loud to their children ,they can pass on the benefits of reading and encourage meaningful interactions. To help kids get the positive effects of reading, parents should stick to physical picture books, A recent study found that printed books, unlike tablets and e-readers, can deepen connections between caretakers and children.
1. What is probably the beat title for the text?| A．Benefits of Reading Printed Books. |
| B．Stress-reducing Effects of Reading. |
| C．Connections between Parents and Kids. |
| D．Significance of Reading Great Literature. |
| A．search. | B．reduce. |
| C．obtain. | D．resist. |
| A．put your phone away |
| B．relax by reading on the smart phone |
| C．read a physical book before bedtime |
| D．do bedtime activities through your phone |
| A．Tablets and e-reader should be made* use of in reading. |
| B．Kids should read aloud to get positive effects of reading. |
| C．Meaningful interactions should be encouraged in games. |
| D．Printed books should be read to improve family connections. |
【推荐2】Children moving from primary to secondary school are ill-equipped to deal with the impact of social media, as it is playing an increasingly important role in their lives and exposing them to significant emotional risk, according to a recent report by the Office of the Children’s Commissioner for England.
The report shows that many children in year 7 -- the first year of secondary school, when almost all students will have a phone and be active on social media -- feel under pressure to be constantly connected.
They worry about their online image, particularly when they start to follow celebrities on Instagram and other platforms. They are also concerned about “sharenting” -- when parents post pictures of them on social media without their permission – and worry that their parents won’t listen if they ask them to take pictures down.
The report, which was created with data from focus group interviews with 8 to 12-year-olds, says that although most social media sites have an official age limit of 13, an estimated 75 percent of 10 to 12-year-olds have a social media account.
Some children are almost addicted to “likes”, the report says. Aaron, an 11-year-old in year 7, told researchers, “If I got 150 likes, I’d be like, that’s pretty cool, it means they like you.” Some children described feeling inferior(差的) to those they follow on social media. Aimee, also 11, said, “You might compare yourself because you’re not very pretty compared to them.”
Children’s Commissioner for England Anne Longfield is calling on parents and teachers to do more to prepare children for the emotional impact of social media as they get older. She wants to see the introduction of compulsory digital literacy and online resilience (适应力) lessons for students in year 6 and 7.
“It is also clear that social media companies are still not doing enough to stop under-13s using their platforms in the first place,” Longfield said.
“Just because a child has learned the safety messages at primary school does not mean they are prepared for all the challenges that social media will present,” Longfield said.
“It means a bigger role for schools in making sure children are prepared for the emotional demands of social media. And it means social media companies need to take more responsibility,” Longfield said.
1. What does this text mainly tell us?| A．Children are not entirely able to handle the impact of social media. |
| B．Social media occupies too much time for secondary school freshmen. |
| C．Many secondary school freshmen suffer from social media-related stress. |
| D．An increasing number of children in year 7 are being exposed to social media. |
| A．about becoming addicted to social media |
| B．about how they are seen on social media sites |
| C．that their parents won’t allow them to post pictures |
| D．that their parents will monitor their use of social media |
| A．their followers | B．children of the same age |
| C．their parents | D．celebrities they follow |
| A．parents monitor how their children use social media |
| B．social media companies set an official age limit of 13 |
| C．schools help equip students for the challenges of social media |
| D．social media companies create special sites for children under 13 |
【推荐3】We’ve all heard the dangers of helicopter parenting. Remaining too involved in a kid's life, especially throughout college, can lead to depression, lack of self-reliance and some other mental problems.
This wisdom seems sound. But some academics and educators now say they see signs of a troubling resistance. The concern: that too much of warnings and horror stories — the cover of Julie Lythcott-Haims’ bestseller How to Raise an Adult instructs moms and dads to avoid “the overparenting trap” — is discouraging parents from getting involved at all.
“Yes, parents can be intruders（unpopular people）,” says Marjorie Savage, a researcher in the University of Minnesota. “At the same time, there are increasing examples of parents refusing to step up when students genuinely need their family.” At Hofstra University, for example, parents now ask embarrassedly about mental-health and campus-safety resources, as if bringing up those topics were forbidden, says Branka Kristic, who heads the family-outreach programs. And Savage recalls talking to a mom who kept quiet about her son’s signs of depression until right before he failed a semester. She did not want to “helicopter in”.
That means colleges, which have spent the past decade learning to cope with parents who get too involved, now have a different problem. In recent years, hundreds of colleges have either launched or increased their parent offices, which serve as one-stop shops for moms and dads looking to make complaints, report problems and generally stay in touch.
Much of this began, of course, because schools were forced to cope with a generation of students connected with their parents like never before. On average, they communicate 22.1 times per week, according to research from Barbara Hofer, a psychology professor at Middlebury College. That’s more than twice the rate of a decade ago, before almost every student had a smartphone.
With some moms and dads thinking twice of contacting the school in the first place, some programs are being used to encourage a more balanced approach, often through email and other social media. Hofstra’s Kristic advises parents to “be a guide, while granting that the student owns the journey”. That means asking questions, listening to answers, being patient and trusting kids to resolve their own problems. But if issues persist, or if a student is in serious mental or physical danger, it also means hopping in the chopper, at least for a little while.
1. In paragraph 3, parents of Hofstra University students are mentioned to __________.| A．show that parents have gone to the other extreme of overparenting |
| B．provide educators with a new understanding of overparenting |
| C．give a further example of supportive overparenting |
| D．place emphasis on the necessity of overparenting |
| A．having trust in kids | B．stepping in to solve kids’ problems |
| C．joining a family-outreach program | D．turning to social media for help |
| A．Mental-health and campus-safety resources are forbidden topics among parents. |
| B．How to Raise an Adult encourages parents to get engaged in family education. |
| C．Overparenting is no longer a problem because of students’ self-reliance. |
| D．There was less student-parent communication in the past than today. |
| A．Why Colleges Need Helicopter Parents |
| B．How to Improve Parent-school Relations |
| C．Why Overparenting Is in Question |
| D．How to Communicate More as Parents |
