Most parents are horrified the first time they catch their kid out in a lie. Just how worried should you be if your little one has started lying, and how can you encourage them to tell the truth?
According to child and teen psychiatrist Gayani DeSilva, MD, lying can actually be a sign of healthy development in young children.
“Kids lie for many reasons, and much of it is normal.” DeSilva says. “People are not born with the tools of interacting with others and getting their needs met. They must learn how to communicate those needs in appropriate ways, and they’ll experiment with different communication techniques until they find the ones that work best for them. Lying is one of those techniques.”
For instance, at age two or three, kids may lie as they experiment with pushing limits to see what behaviors are acceptable and what aren’t. As kids get older, they become more aware of how their actions affect others. Many lie less frequently because they know it could hurt someone else’s feelings or trust. Teens were most likely to consider lying an acceptable behavior if it was to help somebody or keep a personal secret, but not if it was likely to cause harm to somebody.
Just because lying is, in most cases, normal, doesn’t mean it should be ignored. If you know your child is lying, what should you do? When a child lies, look at them directly and ask, “What do you need?” After they tell you, gently remind them that telling you directly will be more effective than lying.
Also, it’s a good idea to model the behavior you want to see in your kids. In other words, don’t lie to your children. This will set you and your children on a course of open communication, trust, and satisfaction that needs and wants are understood and met.
Generally, a child who is neglected will lie more than a child who has attentive and responsive parents. By paying attention to the reasons behind a small lie, parents can figure out if there’s a need that’s not being met.
1. Why do kids lie according to DeSilva?| A．To get their needs met. | B．To improve their communication skills. |
| C．To avoid hurting someone else’s feelings. | D．To be aware of how their actions affect others. |
| A．They think lying limits their behaviors. | B．They realize the negative effects of lying. |
| C．They consider lying an acceptable behavior. | D．They want to help people who are neglected. |
| A．Give them whatever they need. | B．Pretend not to notice their lies. |
| C．Set a good example to them. | D．Remind them not to lie again. |
| A．Acceptable and appropriate. | B．Harmful and worrying. |
| C．Normal and understandable. | D．Healthy and effective. |
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【推荐1】In the 1950s, a plastic surgeon (整形外科医生) by the name of Maxwell Maltz began to notice that many of his patients took about 21 days before they got used to seeing their new face after an operation-like a nose job, for example.
These experiences finally led Maltz to publish a book in the 1960s, in which he stated that “ it requires a minimum of about 21 days for an old mental image to disappear and anew one to become clearer”. The book sold more than 30 million copies and is still in print today.
This “2l days” figure has been repeated countless times ever since. It has been republished in thousands of self-help books and TV shows.
There’s a problem though. The “21 days” time window for strengthening changes inhabit is less a statistical fact and more like a myth.
In 2009, researchers at the University of College London led by Phillippa Lally examined changes in the habits of 96 people over a 12-week period, Each person had to choose a new habit they wanted to internalize (使内在化) and reported each day on whether or not they had performed an activity related to the behavior and how routine it felt. After 12 weeks, the study came to a close and the researchers used statistical methods to interpret the data they had gathered, Their assessment blew Psycho-Cybernetics out of the water, showing that the time it took to form a new habit ranged from 18 to 254 days.
1. How did Maxwell Maltz set the “21 days” figure?| A．By asking questions. |
| B．By observing his patients |
| C．By counting his days |
| A．It’s out of date. | B．It’s a best seller. | C．It’s widely criticized |
| A．It’s hard to understand. |
| B．It’s set by a patient |
| C．It lacks scientific research. |
| A．How Long It Actually Takes to Make or Break a Habit |
| B．How Much Maxwell Maltz’s Book Influenced the World |
| C．How Long Scientists Can Correct the Mistakes in Discovery |
【推荐2】If you’ve ever passed the cockpit(驾驶舱)while boarding a flight and tried to pick up bits from your pilots’ conversation, you probably didn’t understand much of them. Do they want to keep something in the dark? For terms like “niner” to “Zulu”, pilot-speak may sound like all Greek to you. But in this way, what happens to pilots can be expressed clearly and briefly. That’s why it is well-recognized in this industry.
Pan-pan. Airline passengers likely won’t ever hear their pilot use this term, which is reserved for communication with air traffic controllers. When pilots notice something unusual with their aircraft that stops short of an immediate emergency, they use “pan-pan”. For example, if one of a multi-engine aircraft’s engine has failed, pilots might say “pan-pan” to get controllers’ attention and request an emergency landing.
George is flying the plane now. There is a “George” on nearly every commercial aircraft. Pilots often allocate George to command the plane when it reaches cruising(巡航)altitude or when they’ve flown for more than 10 hours, when they’re required to rest according to rules for two-pilot planes.
We’re flying through an air pocket. “Air pocket” is a more acceptable expression for the word “turbulence”, a sudden and violent changes in the direction that air is moving in. This term might ease the sudden and strong impact on ears and causes less panic among passengers in an emergency.
There are 155 souls on board. The number of “souls” on an aircraft refers to the total living bodies on the plane, including every passenger, pilot, flight attendant and crew member. Pilots report the number of “souls” only when declaring an emergency to avoid confusion between the number of passengers and the number of the crew.
“A lot of the ways we say things to be meaningful to other pilots is kind of monkey-see, monkey-do,” says Ferdi Mack, senior manager at the Pilot Information Center. “But the most important part of the challenge is that a smooth flight can be thus ensured.”
1. Why do pilots prefer to use pilot-speak?| A．It is a good way to keep talks secret. |
| B．Short terms are much easier to understand. |
| C．It makes for clear and brief communication. |
| D．Pilot-speak helps promote Greek language. |
| A．Passengers expect the pilots to use Pan-pan often. |
| B．Pan-pan only takes place between the two pilots. |
| C．Pan-pan serves as a signal of urgency and attention. |
| D．Ground controllers use Pan-pan for a crash landing. |
| A．Every plane employs a George on board. |
| B．Air pocket is only used for an emergency landing. |
| C．The term “souls” is frequently used during the flight. |
| D．Pilot-speak can be pleasant to the ear and cause less panic. |
| A．Doubtful. | B．Ridiculous. |
| C．Objective. | D．Favorable. |
【推荐3】“All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.” But now scientists have given us another warning: too much play with smart phones or computers makes you dull too.
“Many focus on the benefits of digital devices in education but ignore the costs,” said Patricia Greenfield from the University of California, "losing the ability to understand the emotions(情感) of other people is one of the costs."
Greenfield and her research team did an experiment. They worked with 105 children who spend about 4.5 hours in front of screens on a school day. The students were asked to describe the emotions towards the pictures and videos of people who were happy, sad, angry or scared. Then, half of them attended a five﹣day nature and science camp. There they had no smart phones, TV or computers. The other half stayed in school and spent the five days as usual. Five days later, all the children took the test again.
Students who had been to the camp got about 5 percent more answers correct than they had done before the camp. But the other group of students didn't show much improvement.
The study is not perfect in some sense, said the researchers. But scientists say that the study is still a warning for us. “Emotional skills develop in practice and the brain develops through real communication.” said Professor Taylor, a professor at the university of San Francisco.
Researchers talked to 2,000 parents of children aged 2—16 in the UK about what activities their children could do confidently. The results were surprising. Their children could use a tablet (平板电脑)(59%)and work a mobile phone (57%) more confidently than they could tie their shoe laces (鞋带)(53%)!
So, spend more time away from mobile phones and computers if you want to be an understanding friend, and not a member of what the Daily Mail called "Generation Helpless".
1. According to Professor Greenfield, using digital devices in education leads to .| A．getting along well with family members | B．failing to understand other peoples emotions |
| C．making more mistakes when taking exams | D．falling far behind others in all schoolwork |
| A．are far from perfect | B．are quite surprising |
| C．are worth considering | D．need to be improved |
| A．Students learned how to describe emotions in the experiment. |
| B．Students living without screens did much better in studies. |
| C．Too much play with digital devices raised some worries. |
| D．Most of the UK children couldn't tie their shoe laces. |
| A．Screens harm emotions | B．Here comes a digital world |
| C．Stay away from the Internet | D．How people become addicted? |
【推荐1】If you will take a vacation with your family or friends, renting a yacht (游艇) in Cabo is one of the choices you need to consider. A yacht is comfortable and gives you the freedom while on vacation.
It allows you to explore different destinations.
It allows you to enjoy your privacy and personal service. Renting a yacht for a vacation guarantees (保证) privacy and provides an opportunity to spend time with your loved ones.
These above are the reasons why you may consider renting a yacht when going for a vacation.
| A．Of course, there are many choices |
| B．Since you will visit many places in Cabo |
| C．It allows you to experience total relaxation |
| D．Because exploring and privacy are the most important |
| E．Besides, you have the chance to request personal service |
| F．Here are some other benefits of renting a yacht for your trip |
| G．Renting a yacht will, thus, make you get away from the busy world |
【推荐2】As temperatures drop, leaves begin to turn for us to enjoy glorious autumnal colors. When temperatures rise again in spring, the growing season for trees starts again. Throughout the warmer months, trees take carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store it, releasing oxygen as a byproduct. This is the process of photosynthesis (光合作用). The more photosynthesis, the more carbon is locked away.
Carbon dioxide is a major driver of climate change, so the more is taken out of the atmosphere by plants, the better. With the warmer climate leading to a longer growing season, some researchers have suggested more carbon dioxide would be absorbed by trees and other plants than in previous times. But a new study has turned this theory on its head.
The researchers, led by Deborah Zani at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, studied the degree to which the timing of colour changes in autumn tree leaves was determined by the growth of the plant in spring and summer.
Traditionally, temperature and day length were accepted as the main factor determining when leaves changed colour and fell, leading some scientists to assume that warming temperatures would delay this process until later in the season. However, in a new study about deciduous (落叶的)European tree species, researchers recorded how much carbon each tree absorbed per season and how that finally affected when the leaves fell. They found that as the rate of photosynthesis increased, leaves changed colour and fell earlier in the year.
In a world with increasing levels of carbon in the atmosphere, these new findings imply that warmer weather and longer growing seasons will not allow deciduous trees to take in more carbon dioxide. The study's predictive model suggests that by 2100, when tree growing seasons are expected to be between 22 and 34 days longer, leaves will fall from trees between three and six days earlier than they do now.
1. In which column of a newspaper is the passage likely to appear?| A．Education. | B．Economy. | C．Nature. | D．Tourism. |
| A．changed the theory completely |
| B．raised questions about this theory |
| C．stressed the significance of the theory |
| D．provided some evidence for the theory |
| A．There is a limit to the amount of carbon dioxide trees can take in. |
| B．With the rate of photosynthesis increasing, less oxygen is produced. |
| C．By the year 2100, trees will take in more carbon dioxide to grow stronger. |
| D．The longer the spring and summer are, the later leaves change color and fall. |
| A．giving examples | B．listing some data |
| C．analyzing the causes | D．making a comparison |
| A．Carbon dioxide tends to help plants grow faster and stronger. |
| B．The longer growing seasons are, the better effects trees bring. |
| C．Warmer climate is making autumn leaves change color earlier. |
| D．Photosynthesis plays an important part in leaves changing color. |
【推荐3】When elderly people stay active, their brains have more of a class of proteins that enhances the connections between neurons (神经元) to maintain healthy cognition (认知), a UC San Francisco study has found.
“Our work is the first that uses human data to show that synapse protein regulation (突触蛋白质调节) is related to physical activity and may drive the beneficial cognitive outcomes we see,” said Kaitlin Casaletto, PhD, an assistant professor of neurology and lead author on the study. The beneficial effects of physical activity on cognition have been shown in mice but have been much harder to demonstrate in people.
The project tracked the late-life physical activity of elderly participants, who also agreed to donate their brains when they died. Maintaining the integrity of these connections between neurons may be vital to fighting against mental disorder, since the synapse is really the site where cognition happens. Physical activity—a readily available tool—may help boost this synaptic functioning.
Casaletto found that elderly people who remained active had higher levels of proteins that facilitate the exchange of information between neurons. This result agreed with the earlier finding that people who had more of these proteins in their brains when they died were better able to maintain their cognition late in life.
“It may be that physical activity generates a global sustaining effect, supporting the healthy function of proteins that facilitate synaptic transmission throughout the brain,” Casaletto said.
The brains of most older adults store poisonous proteins that are the marks of mental illnesses, and the proteins can cause synapses and neurons to fall apart. “In older adults with higher levels of the proteins associated with synaptic integrity, this effect that leads to mental diseases appears to be weakened,” she said. “The study shows the potential importance of maintaining synaptic health to support the brain against mental diseases like Alzheimer’s.”
1. What helps elderly people keep cognitive ability according to the study?| A．Proteins produced during physical activity. |
| B．Body tissues with healthy chemical substances. |
| C．A certain connection between the brain regions. |
| D．A type of neuron formed while they’re thinking. |
| A．Mental diseases may affect synaptic health. |
| B．Low levels of proteins help to prevent Alzheimer’s. |
| C．Synaptic integrity safeguards brains against mental illnesses. |
| D．The brain can automatically break down the poisonous proteins. |
| A．To present a research result. | B．To give practical advice. |
| C．To tell an interesting story. | D．To solve an academic problem. |
| A．Breakthroughs Have Been Made in the Field of Neurons |
| B．Casaletto Makes Achievements in Studying Human Brains |
| C．Ways Are Created to Ensure the Physical Health of the Old |
| D．Exercise Changes Brain Chemistry to Protect Aging Synapses |
【推荐1】A new study has found no evidence that sunscreen, commonly used to reduce the risk of skin cancer, actually increases the risk.
Researchers from the University of Iowa based their findings on a review of 18 earlier studies that looked at the associstion between sunscreen use and melanoms(黑素瘤). They said that they found flaws in studies that had reported associations between sunscreen use and higher risk of melanoma.
Most health experts believe that by protecting the skin from the harmful effects of the sun, sunscreen helps prevent skin cancer, which is increasing in incidence (发生率) faster than any other cancer in the United States.
But questions have been raised about sunscreen and whether it may have the opposite effect, perhaps by allowing people to remain exposed to the sun longer without burning.
The researchers said that among the problems with some earlier studies is that they often failed to take into account that those people most at risk for skin cancer—people with fair skin and freckles（雀斑）, for example—are more likely to use sunscreen. As a result, it may appear that sunscreen users get cancer more often.
The studies, which generally relied on volunteers to recall their sunscreen use, were also unable to prove how well the products had been applied, said the new study.
1. What is the meaning of the underlined word “flaws” in the 2nd paragraph?| A．Evidences | B．Facts | C．Faults | D．Failures |
| A．They seldom use sunscreen. |
| B．They are more in danger of skin cancer. |
| C．They can be free from the harm of the sun. |
| D．They often expose themselves to the sun. |
| A．Sunscreen users get skin cancer more often. |
| B．The volunteers have proved the effect of sunscreen. |
| C．The new study was based on the experiences of volunteers. |
| D．The number of skin cancer patients is increasing in America. |
| A．Sunscreen to Prevent Skin Cancer |
| B．Sunscreen to Increase Skin Cancer |
| C．Skin Cancer Caused by Sunscreen |
| D．Skin Cancer Caused by Freckles |
There have been many myths about safety belts ever since their first appearance in cars some forty years ago.The following are three of the most common.
Myth Number One：It’s best to be “thrown clear” of a serious accident.
Truth：Sorry，but any accident serious enough to “throw you clear”is also going to be serious enough to give you a very bad landing.And chances are you’ll have traveled through a windshield(挡风玻璃) or door to do it.Studies show that chances of dying after a car accident are twenty-five times greater in cases where people are “thrown clear”．
Myth Number Two：Safety belts “trap” people in cars that are burning or sinking in water.
Truth：Sorry again，but studies show that people knocked unconscious(无知觉的) due to not wearing safety belts have a greater chance of dying in these accidents.People wearing safety belts are usually protected to the point of having a clear head to free themselves from such dangerous situation，not to be trapped in them.
Myth Number Three：Safety belts aren’t needed at speeds of less than 30 miles per hour(mph).
Truth：When two cars traveling at 30 mph hit each other，an unbelted driver would meet the windshield with a force equal to diving head first into the ground from a height of 10 meters.
1. Why did Elizabeth say to her father, “But，Dad，you can’t be healthy if you’re dead.”？
| A．He was driving at great speed. |
| B．He was running across the street. |
| C．He didn’t have his safety belt on. |
| D．He didn’t take his medicine on time. |
| A．wasn’t feeling very well |
| B．hated to drive in the dark |
| C．wanted to take some exercise |
| D．didn’t want to be caught by the police |
| A．may be knocked down by other cars |
| B．may get seriously hurt being thrown out of the car |
| C．may find it impossible to get away from the seat |
| D．may get caught in the car door |
| A．the belt prevents them from escaping in an accident |
| B．they will be unable to think clearly in an accident |
| C．they will be caught when help comes |
| D．cars catch fire easily |
【推荐3】World Book Day falls on April 23 every year. The UNESCO set it up （设立） in 1995 to help people, especially teenagers, to enjoy reading. It is also the day to remember great writers, for example, William Shakespeare, born or dead on that day.
Many countries celebrate World Book Day. Take UK as an example. On that day, millions of schoolchildren can buy half-price books in any bookshop. It has been done every year since 1998. We also celebrate World Book Day in China. Wen Jiabao, Premier of China, is so interested in reading that he does reading every day though he is very busy. On World Book Day of 2009, he called on（号召）people to do more reading. He told us that we could change the world by changing ourselves through reading.
Reading can help people in many ways. Reading helps us know a lot and become smarter. It helps us to follow the latest developments of science and technology. It gives us information about other cultures and places of the world. When we read, we may find many things that we don’t understand well. We would have to think about them or do more reading to find out the answers. The more we read, the more we know. The more we know, the smarter we become. Reading is also one of the most important ways to learn a foreign language like English. We all know that it is difficult to learn everything in the classroom, for example, the ways English people are speaking and writing today.
All in all, reading can help us know more about the world and perfect ourselves. So it is necessary for us to do some reading every day.
1. Why did the UNESCO set up World Book Day?| A．To let people learn English. |
| B．To help people enjoy reading. |
| C．To make teenagers become writers. |
| D．To help teenagers know Shakespeare. |
| A．learning a foreign language | B．knowing more about culture |
| C．having more interesting hobbies | D．understanding about the world |
【推荐1】I took a deep breath and walked through the front door, my arms full of groceries. A challenge lay ahead of me, someone who could hardly boil water: cooking the Easter Sunday dinner. What if I made everyone sick? It could truly be our family’s last super meal.
Making the holiday meal was my brother’s job, not mine. I could never fill his shoes. Peter had died in September at the age of 45 from a heart attack, but he’d been a natural in the kitchen all his life. He planned every course in detail, from the crescent rolls to the Dutch apple pie.
My family was lost without him, and we went out to dinner for Thanksgiving and ordered pizza for Christmas. By the time Easter rolled around, though, I couldn’t bear the idea of another holiday surrounded by takeout (外卖食品) boxes. Peter would have hated that. To him, there was nothing more important than a meal made with love. So I convinced Mom that we should cook Easter dinner together. But we were terrible cooks.
I had been thinking what to cook for Easter dinner. I’d bitten off more than I could chew. No one could do this half as well as Peter.
I stepped into the family room. Mom was still at church, but her newspaper was opened on the coffee table, to the sports section, as usual. She was a huge Notre Dame women’s basketball fan, and the featured story was about the forward Devereaux Peters. I read the headline and nearly dropped my grocery bags, Filling Peters’ Shoes.
That afternoon, cooking in the kitchen, I didn’t feel so alone. Mom and I pulled together and the Easter feast was not that bad. The ham may have been a little dry, but it was all made with love— just like Peter would have wanted.
1. What would Peter have preferred to do if holidays had come?| A．To go out to have dinner. | B．To order pizza. |
| C．To show off his cooking skills. | D．To cook a big dinner for his family. |
| A．the Easter dinner was the family’s last dinner |
| B．Mom persuaded the author to cook the Easter dinner |
| C．Peter enjoyed cooking a dinner with love |
| D．their Easter dinner this year was a complete failure |
| A．she wasn’t confident in cooking the Easter dinner |
| B．she was not able to eat a lot of food |
| C．the Easter dinner made her sick |
| D．she couldn’t cook the dinner alone |
| A．Cooking in the Kitchen | B．Filling Peter’s Shoes |
| C．Happy Easter Day | D．Terrible Cooks |
【推荐2】Hop On Hop Off(随上随下) London Bus tour24- hour Ticket
Description
Have an unforgettable tour of London on our hop-on hop-off bus through the heart of the city with only £34. Taking you to the doorstep of the capitals most iconic(标志性的)locations, you’ll get to discover the best that one of the most famous cities in the world has to offer! Whether you decide to stay, on the open top bus and appreciate views of London’s most iconic landmarks or hop-off at any of the 70 stops across the city, there is much to see and discover.
Be driven through the famous Parliament Square, home to Westminster Abbey, Big Ben and the Houses of Parliament, go past the iconic London Eye as you enjoy London’s Southbank area, see the city’s biggest skyscraper, The Shard, and visit the golden gates of Buckingham Palace, the St Paul’s Cathedral and much more.
With audio commentary(解说音频) throughout giving you the chance to learn more about the capital, it’s the perfect way to get to know London, regardless of the time or your budget!
Additional Information
Included:
24 Hour Hop-on hop-off ticket
Free Walking Tour
Free River Thames boat ride valid for 24 hours
Not included:
Entrances to attractions
Tips
Food and drink
*Please Note:
Valid for 24 hours from when you first hop-on the bus.
Unlimited usage within this time.
The first bus stop departs from Westminster at 11 am- to view the full route including the last bus stop at St Katharine’s Pier, click here.
1. What does the author intend to show in paragraph 2?| A．Some places people want to go to. | B．Famous places you can see throughout the tour. |
| C．The route of the bus. | D．London is a famous city. |
| A．St Katharine’s Pier. | B．Lancaster Terrace. | C．London Hotel. | D．Lancaster Gate. |
| A．Visitors should stay on the bus to the last stop. | B．Visitors can go to all places in London. |
| C．visitors will know the trip is very famous. | D．Visitors can get on and off the bus at 70 stops. |
【推荐3】Devote yourself to the work you do, not the prize you might get. Hao Jingfang, a Tsinghua University alumna, is pursuing her passion for writing and education.
In 2016, she won the prestigious Hugo Award with her novella, Folding Beijing, which made her the first female writer in China to bring home this prize. Later on, the author turned to education. She set up Tongxing Academy for public welfare education and WePlanets to foster children’s creativity after school.
“The major task for society is to help people get better education, to improve their skill set in line with future technological advancements, and to broaden their horizons,” Hao said.
Since founding her company, Hao has been carrying out voluntary teaching programs in rural areas. “We really want these kids to have better education resources like kids from the cities,” she said. “We hope that the children from rural China, if one day they manage to live in the cities, can do more than car maintenance, for example. They will have the skills to take on other jobs.”
Different from the typical Chinese parents so ambitious for their children, Hao suggests giving kids more space for trial and error. “I do believe the best mentality for parents is to stand behind your children,” Hao said. “Let the child cope with the reality and decide for themselves. If they struggle with obstacles, you can offer them some guidance or encouragement.”
“I’ve had a wide variety of interests since childhood. I’ve got used to doing different things,” says the 35-year-old.
Being an economic researcher, a writer and entrepreneur herself, she encourages all women to discover their passions. “We live in a big, big world with boundless possibilities, various trades and different vocations. Don’t be too afraid to try something new. When you find the one thing that you want to commit to, you will become fearless to follow your dream.”
1. Why does Hao set up Weplanets?| A．To develop children’s creativity after school. |
| B．To offer better education resources to children. |
| C．To encourage children to face obstacles bravely. |
| D．To give suggestions on children education. |
| A．She is a professor in writing and education of Tsinghua Universtiy. |
| B．She is the first Chinese writer to win Hugo Award with her novella. |
| C．She is engaged in voluntary teaching programs in the countryside. |
| D．She is interested in limited aspects owing to her parents’ requirements. |
| A．They should encourage children to get better education. |
| B．They should urge children to form various habits. |
| C．They should help children to avoid the obstacles in reality. |
| D．They should inspire children to make decisions themselves. |
| A．A textbook. | B．A newspaper. | C．an autobiography. | D．A fiction. |
