【推荐1】Store owners have been inventing new tricks to get consumers into their stores and purchasing their goods. Even as we find new strategies to resist, neuroscientists (神经科学家) are employed at marketing agencies across the country to best figure out what is going through a consumer’s brain at each point in the decision process.

We consumers overspend due to the fact that we have a fear of missing the really good deal or having to pay more for the same thing and lose money. Normally, the prefrontal cortex ( 前 额皮 层 ) controls our emotional reactions to things, and keeps us from acting unreasonably by calming down our fears. But an advertiser can disturb our prefrontal cortex just by displaying flashy deal signs, encouraging it to do math on how much money we might save now by buying more of something we don’t actually need yet.

Nostalgia, that regretful affection for past events, is another strong influencer during the holiday season, and it’s shaped by emotion. Emotion—whether good or bad—enhances the formation of memories, engaging more parts of the brain. So hearing a nephew singing a carol, for instance, might reawaken memories associated with that particular song in a much more powerful way than hearing that same nephew sing another song. These kinds of memories are brought back even more easily by sensory input. This might be why we are often greeted by a sensory reminder everywhere we go in a month.

Wherever you purchase gifts, there are social influences on what you buy as well. The holidays are a time when we are especially conditioned to pay more for the label because we’re buying gifts. Receiving a brand-name gift sends the message that “this person has spent more on me, so he or she must value me more.” And it makes sense. If two things seem pretty much the same, how do I know which to choose? Humans have survived as a social species, and we have to rely on each other. So when our brains are trying to make decisions, one of the shortcuts is to assume that if a lot of other people prefer something (and higher cost is often a predictor of that), then there must be a reason.

Much of our holiday spending is driven by unplanned purchases. Plan ahead, resist the urge to purchase in the moment, make notes for comparison shopping, and if the deal is actually good, then it will hold up to inspection and you’ll feel good about your purchases later. Before you blow your budget this season, remember that your brain might be fooling you into that next purchase.

1. From Paragraph 2, we learn that ______.

A．the prefrontal cortex is the calculation center

B．the common consumers always act unreasonably

C．the sight of flashy deal signs may fill consumers with fear

D．the advertisers make consumers pay more for the same thing

2. According to Paragraph 3, which of the following can work on consumers?

A．Creating a festival atmosphere.	B．Following the current fashion.
C．Preparing more free samples.	D．Offering a bigger discount.

3. Why do we buy brand-name gifts during the holiday?

A．They are more reliable.	B．They are a sign of social status.
C．They make people feel valued.	D．They are favored by most people.

4. To avoid overspending, the author suggests we ______.

A．buy in the moment	B．reduce our budget
C．return unnecessary products	D．make a plan in advance

【推荐3】Do you like shopping? Or does the thought of wandering round the shops fill you with terror? For some of us, shopping is an enjoyable way of spending our spare time and our money. For me, it’s something I would rather avoid. Thank goodness for the Internet! It’s more convenient to buy CDs, electrical items, and even food from the comfort of your sofa. But that’s not the only reason: price is an important factor. We can buy goods and services cheaper online. But sometimes the problem is knowing what to buy. This has led to a type of shopping called “showrooming”.

Showrooming is something I’ve done. I will go to a shop to see, touch and try out products but then go home and buy them online at a knock-down price. I’m not alone in doing this. Research by a company called Foolproof found 24% of the people showroomed at Christmas in 2013.

Amy Cashman, Head of Technology at TNS UK, says the reasons for this new shopping habit are that people are lacking time, lacking money and they want security about the products they are buying. She explains that consumers are not only shopping online at home but they are using the Internet in store or on their smart phones to shop around.

But does this mean technology will kill shops? Certainly shops will change. They will have to offer more competitive prices or encourage people to buy more by giving in-store discounts or free gifts.

We mustn’t forget that buying in a shop means you can get expert advice from the sales assistant and you can get good aftercare. It’s good to speak to a real human rather than look at a faceless computer screen, but at least by showrooming, you get the best of both worlds.

1. The two questions in Paragraph 1 are raised to ________.

A．introduce the topic

B．give two examples

C．compare different opinions

D．get answers from readers

2. What does showrooming mean in the text?

A．Trying in shops and buying online.

B．Showing products in a room.

C．Buying something in a store.

D．Shopping on the Internet.

3. According to Amy Cashman, which is NOT the reason for showrooming?

A．The lack of time.

B．The comfort of the sofa.

C．The lack of money.

D．The security of the product.

4. What can be inferred from Paragraph 4?

A．Online shops will disappear.

B．Free gifts will surely promote sales.

C．Shops need necessary changes.

D．Shops will be replaced by online shops.

【推荐1】In order to help cope with the vast number of student questions in the online class, Knowledge-Based Artificial Intelligence, Professor Ashok Goel of Georgia Tech developed an artificially intelligent teaching assistant. This online course is a core requirement of Georgia Tech’s online Master of Science in Computer Science program. Professor Goel already had eight teaching assistants, but that wasn’t enough to handle the vast number of daily questions from students.

Many students drop out of online courses because of the lack of teaching support. When students feel isolated or confused and reach out with questions that go unanswered, their motivation to continue begins to fade. Professor Goel decided to do something to remedy this situation and his solution was to create a virtual assistant named Jill Watson, which is based on the IBM Watson platform.

Goel and his team developed several versions of Jill Watson before releasing her to the online forums. At first, the virtual assistant wasn’t too great. But Goel and his team sourced the online discussion forum to find all the 40,000 questions that had ever been asked since the class was launched. Then they began to feed Jill with the questions and answers. After some adjustment and ample time, Jill was able to answer the students’ questions correctly 97% of the time. The virtual assistant became so advanced and realistic that the students didn’t know she was a computer. The students, who were studying artificial intelligence, were interacting with the virtual assistant and couldn’t tell it from a real human being. Goel didn’t inform them about Jill’s true identity until April 26. The students were actually very positive about the experience.

The goal of Professor Goel’s virtual assistant next year is to take over answering 40% of all the questions posed by students on the online forum. The name Jill Watson will, of course, change to something else next semester. Professor Goel has a much rosier forecast on the future of artificial intelligence than, say, Elon Musk, Stephen Hawking, Bill Gates or Steve Wozniak.

1. What do we learn about Knowledge-Based Artificial Intelligence?

A．It is a robot that can answer students’ questions.

B．It is a high-tech device that revolutionizes teaching.

C．It is a course designed for students to learn online.

D．It is a computer program that aids student learning.

2. What does the underlined word “remedy” in the paragraph 2 mean?

A．Boycott.

B．Improve.

C．Evaluate.

D．Corrupt.

3. What do we learn about Jill Watson?

A．She was unwelcome to students at first.

B．She got along pretty well with students.

C．She turned out to be a great success.

D．She was released online as an experiment.

4. What does Professor Goel plan to do next with Jill Watson?

A．Assign her to answer more of students’ questions.

B．Upgrade her intelligence to the level of top scientists.

C．Launch different versions of her online.

D．Encourage students to interact with her more freely.

【推荐2】What may well be the oldest metal coins in the world have been identified at an ancient abandoned city known as Guanzhuang in China. Like many Bronze Age (青铜时代) coins from the region, they were cast in the shape of spades (铲) with finely carved handles. These ancient coins existed during an in-between period between barter (以物易物) and money, when coins were a novel concept, but everybody knew that agricultural tools were valuable.

Reading about this incredible discovery, I kept thinking about the way modern people represent computer networks by describing machines as having “addresses”, like a house. We also talk about one computer using a “port” to send information to another computer, as if the data were a floating boat with destination. It’s as if we are in the Bronze Age of information technology, grasping desperately for real-world reference to transform our civilization.

Now consider what happened to spade coins. Over centuries. metalworkers made these coins into more abstract shapes. Some became almost human figures. Others’ handles were reduced to small half-circles. As spade coins grew more abstract. people carved them with number values and the locations where they were made. They became more like modern coins, flat and covered in writing. Looking at one of these later pieces, you would have no idea that they were once intended to look like a spade.

This makes me wonder if we will develop an entirely new set of symbols that allow us to interact with our digital information more smoothly.

Taking spade coins as our guide, we can guess that far-future computer networks will no longer contain any recognizable references to houses. But they still might bring some of the ideas we associate with home to our mind. In fact, computer networks — if they still exist at all — are likely to be almost the indispensable part of our houses and cities, their sensors inset (嵌入) with walls and roads. Our network addresses might actually be the same as our street addresses. If climate change leads to floods, our mobile devices might look more like boats than phones, assisting us to land.

My point is that the metaphors (比喻) of the information age aren’t random. Mobile devices do offer us comfort after a long day at work. In some sense, our desire to settle on the shores of data lakes could change the way we understand home, as well as how we build computers. So as we cast our minds forward, we have to think about what new abstractions will go along with our information technology. Perhaps the one thing we count on is that humans will still appreciate the comforts of home.

1. Why were many Bronze Age coins made into the shape of a spade?

A．These coins also served as agricultural tools.

B．This stylish design made the coins valuable.

C．A lot of emphasis was put on agriculture.

D．The handles made the coins easily exchanged.

2. Why does the author relate computers to spade coins?

A．To show they both used to be new concepts when first invented.

B．To highlight their same importance in our civilizational transformation.

C．To suggest computers will experience dramatic changes as coins did.

D．To explain abstract digital worlds are different from concrete coins.

3. What does the underlined word “indispensable” in Paragraph 5 probably mean?

A．Flexible.

B．Wasteful.

C．Essential.

D．Alternative.

4. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?

A．How Agriculture Loses to Digital Industry

B．What Coins and Computers Bring Us

C．What Bronze Age and Information Age Have In Common

D．What Ancient Money Tells Us About the Future Digital World

【推荐3】The Amazon Echo, a voice-driven computer that sits on a table top and answers to the name Alexa, can call up music tracks and radio stations, tell jokes, answer simple questions and control smart appliances. Even before Christmas it was already resident in about 4% of American households. Voice assistants are being widely used in smart phones, too: Apple’s Siri handles over 2 billion commands a week, and 20% of Google searches on Android-powered handsets in America are input by voice. Dictating e-mails and text messages now works reliably enough to be useful. Why type when you can talk?

Simple though it may seem, voice has the power to transform computing, by providing a natural means of interaction. Windows, icons and menus, and then touch screens, were welcomed as much easier ways to deal with computers than entering complex keyboard commands. But being able to talk to computers abolishes the need for a “user interface(界面)” at all. Just as mobile phones were more than existing phones without wires, and cars were more than carriages without horses, so computers without screens and keyboards have the potential to be more useful, more powerful than people can imagine today.

Voice will not wholly replace other forms of input and output. Sometimes it will remain more convenient to converse with a machine by typing rather than talking (Amazon is said to be working on an Echo device with a built-in screen). But voice is sure to account for a growing share of people’s interactions with the technology around them, from washing machines that tell you how much of the cycle they have left to virtual assistants in corporate call centres. However, to reach its full potential, the technology requires further breakthroughs and a resolution of the tricky questions it raises around the trade-off between convenience and privacy.

Computer-dictation systems have been around for years. But they were unreliable and required lengthy training to learn a specific user’s voice. Computer’s new ability to recognise almost anyone’s speech dependably without training is the latest manifestation (证明) of the power of “deep learning”, an artificial intelligence technique in which a software system is trained to use millions of examples, usually selected from the Internet. Thanks to deep learning, machines now nearly equal humans in transcription accuracy, computerized translation systems are improving rapidly and text-to-speech systems are becoming less robotic and more natural-sounding. Computers are, in short, getting much better at handling natural language in all its forms.

Although deep learning means that machines can recognize speech more reliably and talk in a more natural manner, they still don’t understand the meaning of language. That is the most difficult aspect of the problem and, if voice-driven computing is truly to flourish, one that must be overcome. Computers must be able to understand context in order to maintain a coherent conversation about something, rather than just responding to simple, one-off (一次性的) voice commands, as they mostly do today (“Hey, Siri, set a timer for ten minutes”). Researchers in universities and at companies are working on this problem, building “bots” that can hold more detailed conversations about more complex tasks, from searching information to making travel arrangements.

Many voice-driven devices are always listening, waiting to be activated(激活). Some people are already concerned about the implications of internet-connected microphones listening in every room and from every smart phone. Not all audio is sent to the cloud - devices wait for a trigger phrase (“Alexa”, “OK, Google”, “Hey, Cortana”, or “Hey, Siri”) before they start passing the user’s voice to the servers that actually handle the requests - but when it comes to storing audio, it is unclear who keeps what and when.

1. According to Paragraph l, the Amazon Echo ________.

A．has been sold out before Christmas

B．has been used by most American families

C．came on the market later than Apple’s Siri

D．is more useful than smart phones in dictating e-mails

2. What can we learn about computers’ deep learning from the passage?

A．It is vital to accurate identification of human voices.

B．It is almost the same as the computer-dictation system.

C．It has helped machines understand the meaning of language.

D．It has helped machines beat humans in accuracy and reliability.

3. What are some users of voice-driven devices concerned about?

A．The devices will be in charge of their life.

B．The devices need to be activated before working.

C．They are in the dark about their data’s ownership.

D．Their voices can be recognized by every smart phone.

4. What’s the author’s attitude towards voice-driven technology?

A．Worried.	B．Doubtful.
C．Supportive.	D．Objective.

【推荐2】Revenge is one of those things that everyone enjoys. People don’t like to talk about it, though. Just the same, there is nothing more satisfying or more rewarding than revenge. The purpose is not to harm your victims but to let them know that you are upset about something that they are doing to you. Careful planning can provide you with relief from annoying coworkers, gossiping friends or talkative family members.
Coworkers who make comments about the fact that you are always fifteen minutes late for work can be taken care of very simply. All you have to do is get up extra one day. Before the sun comes up, drive to each coworker’s house. Reach under the cover of your coworker’s car and disconnect the center wire that leads to the distributor（配电盘）cap, the car will be unharmed, but it will not start, and your friends at work will all be late for work on the same day. If you’re lucky, your boss might notice that you are the only one there and will give you a raise.
Gossiping friends at school are also perfect targets for a simple act of revenge. A way to trap either male or female friends is to leave false messages on their lockers(柜子). If the friend that you want to get is male, leave a message that a certain girl would like him to stop by her house later that day. With any luck，her boyfriend will be there. The girl won’t know what’s going on, and the victim will be so embarrassed that he probably won’t leave his home for a month.
When Mom and Dad and your sisters and brothers really begin to annoy you, harmless revenge may be just the way it makes them quiet down for a while. The dinner table is a likely place. Just before the meal begins, throw a handful of raisins (葡萄干) into the food. Wait about five minutes and, after everyone has begun to eat, cover your mouth with your hand and begin to make strange noises. When they ask you what the matter is, point to a raisin and yell. “Bugs!” They’ll throw their food in the dustbin, jump into the car, and head for McDonald’s. That night you’ll have your first quiet, peaceful meal in a long time.
A well-planned revenge does not have it hurt anyone. The object is simply to let other people know that they are beginning to bother you.
1. According to the passage, a harmless revenge is ________.

A．to amuse the victim

B．to hurt nobody emotionally

C．to react to those who bother you

D．to prevent one from disturbing others

2. As a harmless revenge, you might come first and get a raise by ________.

A．pleasing your boss

B．destroying your colleagues’ cars

C．making your colleagues come late

D．getting up earlier than your colleagues

3. The family members threw their food in the dustbin because ________.

A．they wanted to eat out

B．they didn’t like the food with raisins

C．they wanted to have a peaceful meal

D．they thought their food had been ruined

4. The topic of the passage is how to ________.

A．make a harmless revenge

B．silence gossiping friends

C．avoid talkative family members

D．deal with annoying coworkers

【推荐3】The question of what children learn, and how they should learn, is continually being debated and redebated. Nobody dares any longer to defend the old system, the learning of lessons parrot­fashion, the grammar­with­a­whip system, which was good enough for our grandparents.The theories of modern psychology have stepped in to argue that we must understand the needs of children. Children are not just small adults; they are children who must be respected as much.

Well, you may say, this is as it should be, a good idea.But think further.What happens? “Education” becomes the responsibility not of teachers，but of psychologists.What happens then? Teachers worry too much about the psychological implications of their lessons, and forget about the subjects themselves. If a child dislikes a lesson, the teacher feels that it is his fault, not the child’s. So teachers worry whether history is “relevant” to modern young children. And do they dare to recount stories about violence? Or will this make the children themselves violent? Can they tell their classes about children of different races, or will this encourage racial hatred? Why teach children to write grammatical sentences? Verbal expression is better. Sums? Arithmetic? No, real­life mathematical situations are more understandable.

You see, you can go too far. Influenced by educational theorists, who have nothing better to do than to write books about their ideas, teachers leave their teacher­training colleges filled with grand, psychological ideas about children and their needs.They make elaborate (精心的), sophisticated (复杂的) preparations and try out their “modern methods” on the long­suffering children. Since one “modern method” rapidly replaces another, the poor kids will have had a good bellyful by the time they leave school. Frequently the modern methods are so sophisticated that they fail to be understood by the teachers, let alone the children; even more often, the relaxed discipline so essential for the “informal” feelings the class must have, prevents all but a handful of children from learning anything.

1. People do not dare to defend the old system mainly because under the old system________.

A．too much grammar was taught to children

B．children were spoiled

C．children were treated as grown­ups

D．children were made to learn passively

2. What view do the modern psychologists hold?

A．Children must be understood and respected.

B．Children are small adults and know what they need.

C．Children are better off without learning lessons.

D．Education of children is the responsibility of psychologists.

3. What happens when teachers pay too much attention to the psychology of their lessons?

A．They find that the children dislike the lessons.

B．They tend to blame students for their failure.

C．They do not pay enough attention to the actual lessons.

D．They no longer want to teach children history.

4. Grammatical sentences are regarded as unimportant because_____.

A．it is better to use verbal expression only

B．words are said out of natural feelings only

C．talking freely and naturally without sentences is a better form of expression

D．it is felt that formal grammar rules might cause unnatural expressions

5. According to the passage, the modern methods are understood by________.

A．neither teachers nor pupils

B．only a handful of teachers and pupils

C．the more sophisticated teachers

D．everyone who enjoys the relaxed discipline of the informal classes

【推荐1】Dutch designer Daan Roosegaarde has spent much of his time seeking artistic solutions(解决方案)to solve our environmental problems. His past projects include "Bioluminescent(生物发光)Trees" to light streets, a "Smog-Free Tower" to clean Beijing's polluted air. and "Gates of Light". which uses the headlamps of passing cars to light up the 60 floodgates of the Afsluitdijk, a major dam in the Netherlands. Now, he is hoping to use his skills to solve a pressing global problem-space junk!

Scientists guess that there are over 500，000 bits of large rubbish. To deal with the problem, Roosegaarde intends to achieve his goal by educating the public about the need of the situation and coming up with possible solutions. The plan. called the Space Waste Lab. started in October 2018 with a laser(激光)show in the Netherlands. The unique outdoor artwork of LEDs used real-time tracking information to point at pieces of space junk floating at altitudes of 200 to 20,000 kilometers. The experience was designed to make the public know more about how much space junk there are.

To find a solution, the designer has been thinking with experts. One of the projects being considered is "Shooting Stars"，which attempts to reintroduce the trash to the atmosphere in a controlled way. Upon reentry. the waste would burn in the atmosphere like a shooting star. Roosegaarde envisages that if successful .burning space trash could someday replace fireworks at large public events!

In September 2018。the RemoveDEBRIS satellite successfully sent a net to catch a target while orbiting at an altitude of about 300 kilometers(190 miles). Sometime this year. the capsule will set free a harpoon that has been designed to remove space trash. At the end of its task，RemoveDEBRIS will let go a sail to bring the satellite itself and hopefully some trash, back into the atmosphere where it will burn up.

1. What can we infer about Daan Roosegaarde?

A．He is too aggressive to put forward good plans.

B．He is creative in solving environmental problems.

C．He is fond of spending all of his time seeking art skills.

D．He is sensitive to art reflected in environmental projects.

2. Why was a laser show held in October 2018?

A．To confirm real-time information about space trash.

B．To show the great beauty of LEDs to common people.

C．To raise public awareness of the amount of space trash.

D．To inspire people to consider the solution to space trash.

3. What does the underlined word "envisage" in paragraph 3 probably mean?

A．Suspect.	B．Demand.
C．Advise.	D．Imagine.

4. What is the function of a sail?

A．Bringing the satellite to atmosphere to burn.

B．Keeping trash traveling along its own orbit.

C．Taking the satellite away from atmosphere.

D．Removing space trash out of the capsule.

【推荐2】The American Thanksgiving holiday is on Thursday. Many people will get together with family members for a big meal. It is a time to celebrate family, friends and everything there is to be thankful for.

But some people do not look forward to spending a lot of time with their family. It can be stressful. Family members can start arguments with each other. Some people at the meal may have conflicting (冲突的) political beliefs. Conflict can even find its way into the kitchen, where all the cooking takes place. There is a saying called “too many cooks in the kitchen.” This means that sometimes, if many people are trying to do a project together, it does not turn out as well as it could have if only one person were in charge. That is why people are offering Thanksgiving survival ideas on Twitter.

Rick Irwin had one. “Say that you’re letting the dog out and use it as an excuse to disappear for several hours.” Tracy Brooks had a suggestion for limiting Thanksgiving dinner responsibilities. She wrote: “Be the last to arrive and the first to leave.”

Since there is so much food at the Thanksgiving meal, Christine Turner suggested forgetting about your diet and wearing loose clothing. But, one fitness expert said people do not have to give up on their diets during the big meal. They can prepare foods that have few calories (卡路里). For example, they could bake some foods instead of frying them in oil.

But other people are looking forward to the holiday. Sara Marie Brenner wondered why people need to “survive” Thanksgiving, at all. She wrote: “I enjoy the holiday.”

1. Why do some people dislike having Thanksgiving with their family?

A．Some disagreements may arise.

B．They live far away from each other.

C．They have distant family relationships.

D．The traditional cooking takes up too much time.

2. Which of the following is an example of “too many cooks in the kitchen”?

A．Many friends came to help but ruined my plan.

B．Nobody is willing to help me when I’m in trouble.

C．I don’t know who to choose from the many helpers.

D．Many cooks don’t know more about cooking than I.

3. What advice does Christine offer on Thanksgiving diet?

A．Preparing low-calorie foods.	B．Limiting food intake.
C．Enjoying the food.	D．Baking foods.

4. What is Sara’s attitude towards Thanksgiving?

A．Worried.	B．Positive.
C．Critical.	D．Uninterested.

【推荐3】Depending on what language you speak, your eye perceives colours — and the world — differently than someone else.

The human eye can physically perceive millions of colours. But we don’t all recognise these colours in the same way. Some people can’t see differences in colours — so called colour blindness — due to a defect or absence of the cells in the retina that are sensitive to high levels of light: the cones. But the distribution and density of these cells also varies across people with ‘normal vision’, causing us all to experience the same colour in slightly different ways.

Language affects our colour perception too. Different languages and cultural groups also categorize colours differently. Some languages like Dani, spoken in Papua New Guinea, and Bassa, spoken in Liberia and Sierra Leone, only have two terms, dark and light. Dark roughly translates as cool in those languages, and light as warm. So colours like black, blue, and green are glossed as cool colours, while lighter colours like white, red, orange and yellow are glossed as warm colours. Other cultural groups have no word for “colours” at all.

Remarkably, most of the world’s languages have five basic colour terms. As well as dark, light, and red, these languages typically have a term for yellow, and a term that refers to both blue and green. That is, these languages do not have separate terms for “green” and “blue” but use one term to describe both colours. Also, Russian, Greek, Turkish and many other languages have two separate terms for blue — one referring exclusively to darker shades, and one referring to lighter shades.

The way we perceive colours can also change during our lifetime. Greek speakers, who have two fundamental colour terms to describe light and dark blue, are more likely to see these two colours as the same after living for long periods of time in the UK. There, these two colours are described in English by the same fundamental colour term: blue.

Different languages can influence our perceptions in all areas of life, not only colour. Scientists are now investigating how different languages changes the way we perceive everyday objects. Ultimately, this happens because learning a new language is like giving our brain the ability to interpret the world differently.

1. What is mainly discussed in paragraph 2?

A．The medical causes of people’s colour blindness.

B．The different types of colours that people can see.

C．The physical causes of variation in people’s vision.

D．The cultural reasons for differences in colour perception.

2. What colours are commonly referred to using the same word by many language groups?

A．Yellow and red.

B．Warm and cold.

C．Dark and light.

D．Blue and green.

3. What do we know about the Russian language?

A．It classifies colours as either warm or cold.

B．It has more than one word for the colour blue.

C．It mainly describes objects in terms of their colour.

D．It has only five basic terms to describe colours.

4. Why does the author mention Greek speakers living in England?

A．To illustrate how social context can affect our senses.

B．To provide an example of cultural miscommunication.

C．To highlight the variation in the words used to describe colour.

D．To demonstrate how languages can combine to produce new words.