Insects rarely worry me. Mosquitoes annoy me, but only because I don’t like the unavoidable itching (痒) that follows. I don’t get spooked by spiders or terrified by white ants. Bedbugs (臭虫), though, are my big exception. I’ve never seen one, but I religiously check for them when I travel. And I’ve woken up from nightmares of them moving across my bed and up my legs.
While they aren’t disease carriers, a large number of bedbugs can eat away at your mental health as well as your pocketbook. Ultrasonic (超声波的) devices marketed to drive bedbugs away don’t have any effect. Bug bombs don’t work. Bedbugs are developing resistance to a common insecticide that once killed them. Even if the chemicals work, they can be dangerous for the humans exposed to them. High heat can be effective, but that’s not always a practical solution.
Some studies have indicated that cold might kill bedbugs after as little as one hour of exposure. But new research published in Journal of Economic Entomology finds that’s not the case. Cold can kill a bedbug, but only after days.
Joelle F. Olson and his colleagues froze bedbugs at various stages of life, fed and unfed, for varying lengths of time. The bad news was that the bugs didn’t die nearly as quickly as other studies had found. “In our study, bedbugs survived lower temperatures, with eggs surviving in short-term exposure to temperatures as low as -25℃,” the researchers write. But the bugs are not freeze-tolerant, the scientists found, and they can be killed—no matter what their stage of life or feeding status is. All it takes is 80 hours in temperatures of -16℃.
The finding confirms a standard practice for museum collections and food products: potentially infested (被寄生的) items are frozen to kill any hidden insect pests. And it provides a completely safe method of control for people, at least for items they can fit into the freezer.
1. What’s the meaning of the underlined word “spooked” ?| A．Frightened. | B．Interested. |
| C．Surprised. | D．Impressed. |
| A．Bedbug eggs are more tolerant of cold. |
| B．Low temperature is the key to killing bedbugs. |
| C．The level of cold bedbugs stand varies with age. |
| D．Bedbugs survive cold, but not for too many days. |
| A．Improve the efficiency of freezers. |
| B．Overcome psychological fears of bugs. |
| C．Help people protect food from insect pests. |
| D．Find a standard practice for museum collections. |
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【推荐1】One of the greatest challenges in caring for such intelligent animals as chimpanzees(猩猩) is providing them with enriching experiences. Every day, the chimpanzees at Project Chimps receive morning and evening food-based enrichment devices, but caregivers are always looking for more ways to keep the chimps mentally engaged. With 79 chimpanzees, each with their distinctive personality, care staff often find that different chimps react differently to new enrichment.
Last year, we began inviting musicians to perform for chimps to see what they may respond. A violin performance received quite the response. Additional musicians were lined up to visit but the coronavirus has stopped the activities, which we hope to resume in the near future.
This past week, we brought an electric piano for the chimps to investigate. Some chimps, like twins Buttercup and Clarisse, were immediately interested and could not wait to tap out a few notes. Others, like Emma, were more interested in trying to take it apart.
29-year-old Precious has very little tolerance for the piano. She sat off to the side for a few minutes, but eventually she decided enough was enough. She called an end to the enrichment session by throwing a handful of waste at the piano. Receiving her message loud and clear, we removed the piano.
We could never have guessed how 33-year-old Luke would react to it. As with many retired lab chimpanzees, Luke has some anxiety issues. He seems particularly distrustful of anything new, including people, food, and enrichment. But when we presented the chimps with the piano, Luke was the first to investigate. We could not believe our eyes—this usually anxious chimpanzee bravely chose to explore something new!
To us at Project Chimps, this is what it is all about: giving chimpanzees the freedom to choose. We are honored to be part of their journey.
1. Why do chimpanzees respond differently to new enrichment?| A．They are of different skins. | B．They have natural curiosities. |
| C．They have their unique characters. | D．They are as intelligent as monkeys. |
| A．Buttercup. | B．Emma and Clarisse. |
| C．Luke. | D．Precious. |
| A．Postpone. | B．Continue. |
| C．Control. | D．Dispose. |
| A．Luke has cured his anxiety problems. |
| B．Luke was the first to get involved in the investigation of the piano. |
| C．Luke lost interest in all the instruments. |
| D．Luke was too old to learn anything new. |
【推荐2】Human beings are not alone in having invented vaccination, while honeybees got there first and they can run what look like vaccination programmes, which has been confirmed by Gyan Harwood of the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
Queen bees vaccinate their eggs before they are laid. But the question is how the queen receives her antigen supply, for she lives purely on royal jelly, a substance secreted by nurse bees when they are in the life stage of feeding the young. Dr Harwood wondered if the nurses combined the royal jelly they produced with pieces from pathogens they had consumed while eating something brought in from outside.
To test this idea, they collected about 150 nurse bees and divided them among six queenless mini hives equipped with the young to look after. They fed the nurses on sugar-water, and for three of the hives they added Paenibacillus larvae, a bacterium causing a disease, to sugar-water.
Dr Harwood and Dr Salmela labeled the bacteria with a certain dye, to make them easy to track. And, sure enough, microscope confirmed that Paenibacillus larvae were getting into royal jelly secreted by those bees which had been fed with the sugar-water. Moreover, examination of this royal jelly revealed higher levels of defensive substance, compared with royal jelly from bees that had not been mixed with Paenibacillus larvae. This substance is thought to help bee immune systems fight against bacterial infections.
All told, these findings suggest that nurse bees are indeed, via their royal jelly, passing antigens on to the queen, then into eggs. They also mean, because the young receive royal jelly for the first few days after they hatch, the nurses are giving the young the second antigens. Each young bee is therefore being vaccinated twice.
1. What puzzled Dr Harwood from paragraph 2?| A．What the royal jelly consists of. |
| B．Where nurse bees receive pathogens. |
| C．How the antigen come into the queen bees' bodies. |
| D．Whether honeybees run vaccination earlier than man. |
| A．By dividing bees into different roles. |
| B．By keeping track of the special bacterium. |
| C．By changing the components of royal jelly. |
| D．By observing nurse bees' different behaviors. |
| A．Nurse bees are the key to vaccination for bee group. |
| B．The nurse bees pass the antigen only to the queen. |
| C．Bacteria-used royal jelly has fewer defense substances. |
| D．Two vaccinations are given to young bees by caregivers directly. |
| A．A pet guide. | B．A social website. |
| C．An official document. | D．A medical magazine. |
【推荐3】Do Wild Animals Get PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)?
Every few years, snowshoe hare numbers in northwestern Canada climb to a peak. As hare populations increase, so do those of their predators. Then the hare population falls suddenly and predators start to die off. The cycle is a famous phenomenon among ecologists.
And it's not just snowshoe hares, as ecologists Liana Zanette and Michael Clinchy have shown. Zanette and Clinchy, both at the university of Western Ontario, study the ecology of fear. It combines the psychology of trauma with the behavioral ecology of fear in wild animals.
These findings add to a growing body of evidence which shows that fearful experiences can have long-lasting effects on wildlife. The work is also part of wider debate over whether PTSD is unique to humans.
Studies of the ecology of fear started in the 1990s. Before then, scientists believed that the impact of a predator on an individual animal was either deadly or fleeting.
The reasons to fear are clear. Recent studies have found that up to 25% of harbor porpoises in the southern North Sea have claw and bite marks from gray seals. Almost 100% of manta rays in some African waters bear multiple bite wounds from sharks.
Some of the most dramatic impacts of trauma have been observed in African elephants. Their populations have declined sharply due to poaching and habitat loss. Today, many surviving elephants have witnessed the cruel killing of their mothers and aunts. This has resulted in orphaned elephants running amok as they grow into adolescence.
| A．This fear is beneficial, because it keeps you alive to bred another day. |
| B．In recent years, however, researchers have come to an unusual conclusion. |
| C．These survivors may carry memories of terror along with their physical scars. |
| D．If a zebra escaped the claws of a lion, it would move on and live its life as before. |
| E．The same pattern has been shown in wild mice and in fish living with high levels of predator threat. |
| F．They've found that fear of predators can cause other wild animals to bear and raise fewer young, too. |
【推荐1】Which of your children is your favorite? Your response is probably “none of them.” What kind of parent would choose one child as his or her favorite? The truth might be surprising to you.
Years of research supports what many have suspected-most parents have a favorite child. Studies have explored reasons from birth order to gender (性别) and shared interests. Yet even with years of research that supports this idea, most parents tend to deny the fact that they have a favorite child. Even if there is no obvious parental favorite among siblings (兄弟姐妹), studies have shown that children often feel preferential treatment of their sibling by their parents. Favoritism often results in family conflicts and feelings of sadness among family members whether parents’ favoritism is real or only felt. Thus both the kids and their parents tend to be plagued by the favoritism.
The question isn’t whether or not you have a favorite child, since it’s pretty clear that many parents do. Typically, favoritism has little to do with loving one child more. It is more about how your personality resonates (产生共鸣) with one child’s personality more than the others’. Essentially, it’s a question of “like”. Still, why is it so hard for us to admit that one of our children might be our favorite? Some parents might worry about harming their children emotionally or psychologically. Some parents confuse liking one child’s personality with the love they show to each child. However, when recognizing that you might hold preferential feelings towards one child you are taking an important step towards creating a better relationship with all of your children.
Instead of denying the fact, you can reflect on how you relate to each of your children. Examining your feelings towards each of your children can provide a greater insight into your own personality and how you function in relationships -- and in fact, how you consider your children might reflect more about your thoughts and feelings of yourself than them. Increased awareness about your inner world can help you build and keep healthier relationships with your children.
1. How do most parents respond to the result of the research?| A．They’re quite concerned about it. | B．They’re unwilling to admit it. |
| C．They’re sensitive to it. | D．They’re regretful about it. |
| A．Encouraged. | B．Troubled. | C．Separated. | D．Confused. |
| A．Because the child is worth more love. |
| B．Because the child has a good personality. |
| C．Because the child has more in common with them. |
| D．Because the child knows how to please them |
| A．Is it OK to have a favorite child? |
| B．What kind of kids do parents prefer? |
| C．How can parents get along well with children? |
| D．Why do parents treat their kids differently? |
【推荐2】A new study says one part of the human brain may become smaller as the result of a condition known as jet lag(时差). People with jet lag feel extremely tired for several days. They may also have problems in thinking clearly and remembering.
Recently a researcher at the University of Bristol in Britain reported the findings of his jet lag study, which involved twenty women who worked for international airlines. They had served passengers on airplanes for five years. These flight attendants flew across many countries and at least seven time zones. In the study, the flight attendants had different amounts of time to recover from jet lag. Half the women spent five days or fewer in their home areas between long flights. The other half spent more than fourteen days in their home areas.
The researcher took some saliva (唾液) from the women’s mouths to measure levels of a hormone that increases during stress. He tested them to see if they could remember where black spots appeared on a computer screen. And he took pictures of their brains to measure the size of the brain’s temporal lobes (脑叶).
It was found that the women who had less time between flights had smaller right temporal lobes. This area of the brain deals with recognizing and remembering what is seen. The same group performed worse and had slower reaction on the visual memory test. And their saliva samples showed higher levels of stress hormones.
The researcher believes the brain needs at least ten days to recover after a long trip. He says airline workers told him their ability to remember got worse after working on planes for about four years. Other studies have shown that increased feelings of stress can cause a loss of cells in the part of the brain that controls memory.
Scientists say more tests are needed to study the effects of jet lag on the brain. They want to find out if too much jet lag could permanently affect memory.
1. It can be inferred from the text that ______.| A．the conclusion is refused by many scientists |
| B．scientists fear that this research is not done properly |
| C．every scientific conclusion needs the support from many tests |
| D．the women who were examined in the research were not healthy |
| A．the women who have longer rest at home perform better on the test. |
| B．the women who fly in short time have smaller right temporal lobes |
| C．the women who have longer flights fail the memory test |
| D．the women who rest more than 14 days produce more hormones |
| A．The cause of jet lag. |
| B．A story of a group of flight attendants. |
| C．The importance of having enough rest after flights. |
| D．A research about the effects of jet lag on the brain |
【推荐3】You might have heard about how honey bees are doing poorly these days. It’s different, though, from the situation many of the world’s vulnerable (脆弱的) animals find themselves in. We want them to live their lives and grow stronger, but are we willing to change our lifestyles to make it happen? The decrease in honey bees is a bit different, because if honey bees can’t live well, neither can people and, eventually people won’t eat as a result.
As happened in 2017, U.S. beekeepers lost 40 percent of their bees because of a disease. It’s really about the earnings of beekeepers and the reduced amount of bees. But it doesn’t stop there. Honey bees go around doing pollination (授粉). And do you know what need to be pollinated? That’s our crops. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) estimates bees pollinate about $15 billion worth of apples and peaches each year in the United States alone.
So, we 21st-century humans not only take notice, but also start trying to fix the problem. It’s infeasible that we give every bee the treatment. We can’t imagine how huge the task is and how hard we carry on it! The most promising immediate solution seems to prevent the disease. That’s where the bee vaccine (疫苗) comes.
Scientists have long thought immunizing (使免疫) bees will be unworkable, but a 2015 study discovered that bees transfer immunity to their babies through protein. Vaccinating a bee won’t help that bee, but if you vaccinate the queen of bees, she can pass her immunity on to her later generations through her eggs.
The new vaccine will treat for American foulbrood (AFB), a serious disease that quickly destroys bees. It’s in the testing phases and most likely headed for bee boxes near you. And don’t worry, it doesn’t require a tiny doctor’s chair and needle to deliver the vaccine—the queen bee can drink the medicine in a little sugar water and pass it along to her later generations.
1. What does exactly the author intend to tell us through the 2017 beekeepers’ incident?| A．The beekeepers lead a terrible life. |
| B．The number of bees continues to decrease. |
| C．The decline of bees affects the production of grain. |
| D．The pollination work of bees is huge and complicated. |
| A．Practical | B．Impossible | C．harmful | D．Convenient |
| A．The bee vaccine is hard to develop. |
| B．Bees will learn skills from the queen. |
| C．Bees can transfer immunity to each other. |
| D．The bee vaccine can take effect in the long run. |
| A．It’s applied to all sick bees. |
| B．It will be delivered to bees by skilled doctors. |
| C．It works by allowing the queen of bees to take it. |
| D．It has been put into use and makes many bees survive. |
I．Basic Requirements for Volunteers
● Be willing to participate in voluntary services of Expo 2010;
● Age limit: Expo Site volunteers must be born before April 30, 1992 and Expo City Voluntary Service Station volunteers before April 30, 1994;
● Obey the laws and regulations of the PRC;
● Be able to participate in training and relevant activities before the opening of Expo 2010;
● Possess necessary knowledge and skills needed by the position;
● Be in good health to meet the requirements of corresponding voluntary positions．
II．Further Information for Volunteers
● Source
Residents of Chinese mainland, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, as well as overseas Chinese, and foreigners can all apply to be the volunteers．
● Signup methods
Applicants may log in onto the official websites for online signup．They may also consult or connect with the Expo Volunteer Stations．
● Time
May 1 - December 31, 2009
Ⅲ．Volunteer Training
Volunteer training includes general training, special training and position training．General training is carried out through internet, while special training and position training are provided through classroom lectures and field practice．
IV．Volunteer Types
● Expo Site volunteers refer to those offering voluntary services to visitors and the Organizer in the Expo Site, mainly including information, visitor flow management, reception, translation and interpretation, assistance for the disabled, and assistance in media service, event and conference organization and．volunteer management．
● Information booth volunteers are stationed in the Expo's information booths at key transportation centers, commercial outlets, tourist attractions, restaurants, hotels and cultural event places outside the Expo Site．They offer services including information, translation, interpretation and even first aid．
1. If you were born in April 1993, where can you be a volunteer?
| A．In the Expo City． | B．In the host country． |
| C．In the Expo Site． | D．In Chinese mainland |
| A．Position training． | B．General training． |
| C．Classroom training． | D．Special training． |
| A．Assistance in media service． | B．Helping the disabled |
| C．Emergency First aid． | D．Visitor flow management． |
【推荐2】Have you ever wondered where the chocolate in your favorite candy bar comes from? Chocolate comes from the cacao tree, which grows in warm, tropical areas of West Africa Indonesia,Malaysia, Mexico, and South America. And who eats the delicious chocolate made from the cacao grown in these places? The majority of chocolate is consumed in Europe and North America. This probably sounds like a familiar story-developing countries produce inexpensive raw materials that are manufactured and sold as finished goods in developed countries, and generally, that is what happens with chocolate. Large chocolate companies buy cacao beans at a low price and produce cocoa and chocolate products to sell at a relatively high price.
But the familiar story has a new chapter. Beginning in the 1980s, some consumers learned that cacao farmers were living difficult and uncertain lives. The farmers received money for their crops based on world markets and the market price for cacao was sometimes so low that farmers received less for their crops than the crops had cost to produce. In response, groups of consumers in Europe and the United State developed "fair trade" organizations to guarantee that farmers of cacao, as well as coffee and tea, would receive fair and consistent prices for their crops.
Fair trade organizations benefit farmers by buying cacao beans or other products from them directly at higher-than-market prices and eliminating "middle men" such a exporters. Fair trade organizations also encourage farming techniques that are not harmful to the environment or to farm workers, for example, growing cacao without chemical pesticides or fertilizers in the shade of rain forest trees. One organization Equal Exchange, helps farmers set up farming cooperatives in which they can share resources and work on projects such as community schools. Another, Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International(FLO), guarantees that products bearing its label meet standards that improve the lives of growers and producers.
The results of fair trade are a better standard of living for some farmers and nicer chocolate bars made with organically produced cocoa that consumers don't feel guilty about buying. And although fair trade chocolate is somewhat more expensive than other chocolate and now makes up only 1% of chocolate sold, the fair trade idea is spreading quickly. You may soon see fair trade chocolate right next to the more famous bars in your favorite store.
1. The underlined word "that"in Para. l refers to________.| A．the unfair trade between countries |
| B．the high price of chocolate products |
| C．the traditional production of raw materials |
| D．the major consumption of the finished food |
| A．promote chocolate sales |
| B．increase the production of chocolate |
| C．reduce the cost of growing crops |
| D．offer support to the farmers |
| A．There will be more fair trade chocolate in the future. |
| B．Fair trade chocolate is not as tasty as other chocolate. |
| C．Consumers feel guilty about buying fair trade chocolate. |
| D．There is probably no reason to worry about cacao farmers. |
| A．give tips on how to undertake fair chocolate trade |
| B．advise people to join in Fair trade organizations |
| C．encourage farmers to adopt organic farming |
| D．inform people of fair trade chocolate |
【推荐3】In addition to being open to opposite opinions, here are some techniques that could help broaden the way you think.
Respect Difference
The mere presence of individuals from different backgrounds with different points of view in your everyday life creates an atmosphere in which people can better respond to change.
Change Environments
A change in your everyday life may provide the force needed to change the direction of your thinking. For some people, small changes might help reorganize your desk or take a new route to work, whereas for others, more adjustments are required.
Shirt into Positivity
Unlike negative emotions that bring about specific reactions, positive emotions prompt us to broaden our attention, explore our environment, and open ourselves to absorbing information. Take a few moments to think about the things in your life that are going well and for which you are grateful; this will automatically brighten your mood-and free your brain.
Look as if You’ve Never Seen
A Zen Buddhist concept for approaching even routine situations as if you were encountering them for the first time, “beginner’s mind” allows you to remain open to new experiences despite any expertise you may have. For instance, when you brush your teeth, take a moment to look at the toothbrush as if you’ve never laid eyes on such an object and notice its color and shape. Think about the flavor of the toothpaste and notice how your mouth feels as you move the brush back and forth.
1. What may be the benefit of small changes in life?| A．Reducing one’s workload. | B．Focusing one’s attention. |
| C．Leading to adjustments. | D．Better responding to changes. |
| A．By shifting into positivity. | B．By respecting difference. |
| C．By changing environments. | D．By looking as if you’ve never seen. |
| A．To introduce skills of broadening one’s thinking. |
| B．To compare the attitudes to thinking. |
| C．To give advice on thinking positively. |
| D．To explain the reasons for being open. |
【推荐1】Welcome to Teaching English-a site for teacher educators who are working in schools，colleges，universities or language academies. On Teaching English you'll find lesson plans，tools and activities for your classroom. We have a range of resources to help with your professional development. Our site is free of charge.
Here are two ways to find a page where you can get started：
*Use the menu links at the top of every page to see what materials we have.
*Use the search button at the top-right of every page to find topics of interest to you.
Where to start Explore the site. Our practical teaching resources are divided into three main areas，which you'll see in the top menu: Teaching kids，Teaching teens and Teaching adults.
Resources for teachers of primary
There are more than 100 teachers lesson plans and activities for the primary classroom. All our lesson plans and activities are divided by level and you'll find a range of topics-from seasons and festivals to ideas for using flashcards and a focus on grammar.
In our teaching tools section for primary，we have classroom rule posters in four different designs，badge builders and star charts to motivate your students and a range of board games.
Resources for teachers of teenagers
There are more than 200 lesson plans and activities with different levels. You'll find a range of topics-from a series of plans to develop higher level thinking skills to online safety.
In our teaching tools section for teens，we have classroom rules posters in four different designs，badge builders to motivate your students and a range of skills posters with top tips.
Resources for teachers of adults
There are more than 150 graded lesson plans and activities for adult learners of English. You'll find a range of topics-from a series of activities around rants and raves to cooking！
Our English for business section has 15 lesson plans to help you with your business English classes. With lesson plans around the themes of meetings，negotiations and socializing，you are sure to find what you need.
1. When you get started on Teaching English，what should you pay much attention to？| A．All the lesson plans，tools and activities are designed specially for your classroom. |
| B．The menu links can help you know of every detail of the site efficiently. |
| C．The search button can help you locate what you are interested in. |
| D．There are only three areas in the top menu on every page. |
| A．The number of their lesson plans and activities are similar. |
| B．Their lesson plans and activities are all divided by level. |
| C．They share a range of similar topics with each other. |
| D．They all have classroom rule posters as their teaching tools. |
【推荐2】The Gloria Barron Prize for Young Heroes celebrates inspiring, public-spirited young people from diverse backgrounds all across North America. Here are some of our 2019 winners.
Adorn Appiah
Media Coverage:
WSPA-TV - 09/27/2019
Adom Appiah founded BalWGood, a non-profit that supports communities through sports. In the past three years, he has inspired and led numerous people in raising more than $70,000 for 16 local non-profits. Ball4WGood’s signature annual event, the Celebrity Basketball Games, draws sold-out crowds to watch community leaders take on Adorn and his peers. The 2019 games raised more than $30,000 for children.
Anna Du
Media Coverage:
Andover Townsman - 10/03/2019
Merrimack Valley Magazine - 09/22/2019
Anna Du created the Deep Plastics Initiative campaign (DPI) to educate others about preventing and cleaning up ocean plastics pollution. Through her DPI presentations around the world, Anna is encouraging scientists to work together in an open-source manner to develop creative technologies. She has written a children’s book, Microplastics and Me.
Jamie Margolin
Media Coverage:
The New York Times - 09/20/2019
Jamie Margolin founded Zero Hour, an international youth climate justice movement. Her non-profit provides training, resources, and entry points for young people who want to take concrete action against climate change and environmental injustice.
Grace Callwood
Media Coverage:
Cecil Daily-09/27/2019
Grace Callwood founded The We Cancerve Movement, a non-profit that creates ways for youth to help other children who are homeless and sick. Her group has donated more than $15,000 in cash and another $50,000 in products to youth-serving organizations across Maryland, Delaware, and Ohio.
1. What’s the purpose of Ball4Good’s signature annual event?| A．To raise money for those in need. | B．To attract assistants for Ball4Good. |
| C．To inspire children’s interest in sports. | D．To select players for Adom’s basketball team. |
| A．Both wrote a children’s book. |
| B．Both care about the future of our planet. |
| C．Both have worked for the good of the homeless. |
| D．Both have encouraged scientists to work together. |
| A．Anna Du. | B．Adom Appiah. | C．Grace Callwood. | D．Jamie Margolin. |
For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of distraction, and brought news of the outside world．
The tough realities of the border also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest settler agent. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or only a charitable impulse (冲动） on the part of the settlers. It reflected the hardship of daily life: if you didn't take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation．
Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the exhausted traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist routes. "I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner, amazing." Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be understood neither as superficial（表面的）nor as artificial（虚伪的）, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.
As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals and customs is the basis of all social inter-relationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to "translate" cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example when an American uses the word "friend", the cultural meanings of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor's language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to tell polite customs from individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue （美德） that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.
1. In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, ________．
| A．rude taxi drivers are hardly seen in the US |
| B．small-minded officials deserve a serious comment |
| C．Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors |
| D．most Americans are ready to offer help |
| A．culture has an influence over social inter-relationship |
| B．polite customs and individual interest are inter-related |
| C．various virtues shows themselves only among friends |
| D．social inter-relationships equal the complex set of cultural customs |
| A．to improve their hard life | B．in view of their long-distance travel |
| C．to add some taste to their own daily life | D．out of a charitable impulse |
| A．tends to be superficial and artificial |
| B．is generally well kept up in the United States |
| C．is always understood properly |
| D．has something to do with the busy tourist route |
