You' re rushing to work and a man ahead of you suddenly falls down. Do you stop to help? In a study of bystanders, it was found that some people look away or keep on walking rather than stop and get involved.
“There is an inclination(倾向) to decide that no action is needed," says Ervin Staub, a psychologist(心理学家) at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, who studies the role of bystanders.“The first thoughts that come into your mind often keep you from offering help."
Time and again, good and caring people fail to come to the aid of others. They know they should act and yet, for reasons they themselves don't understand, people sometimes don't respond. Longtime researchers of bystander behavior continue to struggle with the question,“Why?"
One thing we do know is that the more ambiguous a situation is, the less likely people are to help. Let's say you see vapors(水汽) coming out of a building. You ask yourself,“Is it steam or smoke?" If you are not sure, you look to other people for a clue about how to react.If you see other people doing nothing, you think,“Of course, that's just team." You don't want it to be smoke, because then you would have to do something about it.
Another one is known as“the bystander effect": This says that the more people there are observing an emergency(突发事件)，the less responsible each one of them personally feels. For example, if you are the only person in the world who can act to save someone in a dangerous situation, you are more likely to act. However, if you are one of 100,000 people who could save the situation, you would be happier if one of the other 99,999 people did it!
"If you notice trouble, force yourself to stop and judge the situation instead of walking on," says Ervin Staub. Then try to involve other people; you don't have to take on all the responsibility of being helpful According to Staub, it is sometimes just a matter of turning to the person next to you and saying,“It looks like we should do something," Once you take action, most people will take their cues(提示) from you and also help.
1. According to Ervin Staub, when accidents happen, people's first thoughts______.| A．force them to give a hand | B．prevent them from helping |
| C．often lead to embarrassment | D．depend on others' reaction |
| A．difficult | B．dangerous | C．unclear | D．unpleasant |
| A．many people have the same ideas |
| B．more people carry out more responsibility |
| C．people usually think a lot before difficulties |
| D．people tend to behave in the same way as most other people do |
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The expression was first used in 1913 by a young American called Arthur Momand. He told this story about himself. He began earning $ 125 a week at the age of 23. That was a lot of money in those days. He got married and moved with his wife to a very wealthy neighbourhood outside New York City. When he saw that rich people rode horses, Momand went horseback riding every day. When he saw that rich people had servants, Momand and his wife also hired a servant and gave big parties for their new neighbours.
It was like a race, but one could never finish this race because one was always trying to keep up. The race ended for Momand and his wife when they could no longer pay for their new way of life. They moved back to an apartment in New York City.
Momand looked around him and noticed that many people do things just to keep up with rich life--style of their neighbours. He saw the funny side of it and started to write a series of short stories, He called it ‘Keeping up with the Joneses’ because ‘Jones’ is a very common name in the United States.’ Keeping up with the Joneses’ came to mean keeping up with rich lifestyle of the people around you. Momand’s series appeared in different newspapers across the country for over 28 years.
People never seem to get tired of keeping up with the Joneses. And there are ‘Jonses’ in every city of the world. But one must get tired of trying to keep up with the Joneses because no matter what one does, Mr. Jones always seems to be ahead.
1. Some people want to keep up with the Joneses because they ______.
| A．want to be as rich as their neighbours |
| B．want others to know or to think that they are rich |
| C．don’t want others to know they are rich |
| D．want to be happy |
| A．live outside New York City | B．live in New York City |
| C．live in apartments | D．have many neighbours |
| A．a person who lives near another | B．people living in an area |
| C．an area near the place referred to | D．an area in another town or city |
| A．an important name | B．a popular name in the United States |
| C．his neighbour’s name | D．not a good name |
| A．correct | B．interesting | C．impossible | D．good |
The Great Wall of China is one of Beijing’s biggest draws for tourists; despite its fame and ubiquity in postcards across the world, it rarely fails to attract tourists at the first proper sight.Yet the authorities open only certain sections of the wall as fit for viewing, and few get to visit the unauthorized sections. Fewer still are aware of the existence of at least one part of the Wall that remains in almost original condition, nearly 1,500 years after construction of legendary fortification began. But there’s a good reason for this – it’s underwater.
American journalist Steven Schwankert has been diving since age 10. It was though his setting – up of a diving school that Schwankert came to explore some of lesser – known areas of China’s lakes – and discovered the underwater Wall under a reservoir. “The most fascinating piece of diving I ever did in China must be the Great Wall. I managed to find out about it via the Internet. It wasn’t difficult to get to Pan Jiakou in Hebei Province, near the East Qing Tomb about 4 hour’s drive from Beijing. Why do I want to dive the Great Wall? Why do people want to walk on the Great Wall? It’s the same answer.”
There are, however, advantages of visiting the Great Wall in a diving suit over being on foot. The water acts as a preservative by preventing the kind of mass tourism that has brought trouble on other parts of the Wall. “Unlike the people who walk in the Wall, we as divers never need to actually touch it. I’ve dived twice there, the last time in July. I found that the water then was much deeper than it was before – 13 meters deep.” When he first dived, parts of the Wall were visible above the surface. Now even the guard tower is completely submerged. “It’s better that the Wall is deep under water, as there are lots of boats coming in and out around that area. Their wave action could potentially damage the brickwork. So, the deeper, the better.”
1. Steven Schwankert is most interested in .
| A．collecting photos of the Wall | B．walking along on the Wall |
| C．diving the underwater Wall | D．visiting some famous lakes |
| A．Damaged by water. | B．Washed by water. |
| C．Preserved by water. | D．Covered by water. |
| A．Advantages of walking on the Great Wall. |
| B．Advantages of visiting the underwater Wall. |
| C．The reasons why the Wall is deep under water. |
| D．The reasons why the underwater Wall is protected. |
| A．The underwater Wall will sink deeper year by year. |
| B．Diving the Wall is popular with divers all over the world. |
| C．Diving is a good way to visit the Wall without causing much damage. |
| D．More and more tourists will come to visit the underwater Wall in China. |
【推荐3】Feeling overwhelmed by your to-do list can certainly make you unhappy, but new research suggests that more free time might not be the magic elixir many of us dream it could be.
In a new study released last week, researchers analyzed data from two large-scale surveys about how Americans spend their time. Together the surveys included more than 35,000 respondents. The researchers found that people with more free time generally had higher levels of subjective well-being — but only up to a point.
People who had up to two hours of free time a day generally reported they felt better than those who'd had less time. But people who had five or more hours of free time a day generally said they felt worse. So ultimately the free time "sweet spot" might be two to three hours per day.
Most people know that being too busy can cause stress. However, no evidence shows more free time will actually bring people happiness. For example, some adults struggle with the "retirement blues, "which can be due to lacking stimulation(刺激)and structure.
Part of finding the "sweet spot" has to do with how people spend the extra time they have, the researchers behind the new study argue.
They conducted several smaller online experiments. In one they asked participants to imagine having 3.5 to seven free hours per day. They were asked to imagine spending that time doing "productive" things (like exercising) or to imagine doing "unproductive" activities (like watching TV) Study participants believed their well-being would suffer if they had a lot of free time during the day—but only if they used it unproductively.
Of course, what feels "productive" is up to you. If watching two hours of "Real Housewives" in your free time increases your happiness, you should do that. Even some traditionally productive or purposeful activities like walking, knitting, reading or cooking, which helps burn stress and put people in a state of flow, can be easy and beneficial.
1. What does the underlined word "elixir" mean in Paragraph 1?| A．Solution. | B．Achievement. | C．Purpose. | D．Outcome. |
| A．To show the "sweet spot" helpful. | B．To prove more free time might harm. |
| C．To confirm the retired lack stimulation. | D．To suggest the old keeping exercising. |
| A．How to spend free time matters. | B．Watching TV is unproductive. |
| C．Being active lessens anxiety. | D．Reading is a purposeful activity. |
| A．What will you do in free time? | B．What's the free time "sweet spot"? |
| C．How much free time makes you happier? | D．What's better, productive or unproductive? |
【推荐1】Greenhouse-gas emissions have produced the planet more than 1°C (1.8°F) warmer than it was in the pre-industrial days. Its atmosphere is producing heavy weather in ways both predicted and surprising. And, with emissions continuing, it will get worse.
Unfortunately, 2021 will probably be one of the 21st century’s coolest years. If temperatures rise by 3°C above pre-industrial levels in the coming decades — as they might even if everyone manages to honour today’s firm promises — large parts of the tropics risk becoming too hot for outdoor work. Coral reefs and the livelihood that depend on them will disappear and the Amazon rainforest will become a ghost of itself. Severe harvest failures will be commonplace. Ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland will shrink (缩小) past the point of no return, promising sea rises measured not in millimetres, as today’s are, but in metres.
Six years ago, in Paris, the countries of the world committed themselves to avoiding the worst of that nightmare by removing greenhouse-gas emissions quickly enough to hold the temperature rise below 2°C. Their progress towards that end remains seriously inadequate. Yet even if their efforts increased dramatically enough to meet the 2°C goal, it would not stop forests from burning today; prairies (草原) would still dry out tomorrow, rivers break their banks and mountain glaciers disappear.
Cutting emissions is thus not enough. The world also urgently needs to invest in adapting to the changing climate. The good news is that adaptation makes political sense. People can clearly see the need for it. When a country invests in flood defenses, it benefits its own citizens above all others — there is no free-rider problem, as there could be for emissions reduction. So All the governments should make a broader move to increase investment in adaptation. More such efforts are vital.
1. What can we infer from Paragraph 1?| A．The weather will become better in the future. |
| B．The earth in the pre-industrial days was warmer. |
| C．Bad weather is often caused by greenhouse gases. |
| D．The appearance of bad weather is always expected. |
| A．Crops will fail a little now and a little then. |
| B．The melting ice will cause a sharp rise in sea level. |
| C．People can still make a living by relying on coral reefs. |
| D．It will be too hot for people to work outdoors all over the world. |
| A．None of the investment money comes from the nation. |
| B．The disasters would be avoided if the 2°C goal could be met. |
| C．When a country invests in flood defenses, its own citizens benefits most. |
| D．All the countries are trying to avoid the worst result by reducing the emission. |
| A．To analyse the possibility of meeting the 2°C goal. |
| B．To introduce a new method to study greenhouse-gas emissions. |
| C．To assess the consequences of cutting greenhouse-gas emissions. |
| D．To call each country government to raise investment in adaptation. |
【推荐2】There are few things in the food world that bring about stronger opinions than spices like peppers (胡椒) and chilies (辣椒). Capsaicin (辣椒素) is the chemical in peppers that provides that burn you know and love.
Eating spicy food six or seven days a week — even just once a day — lowered death rates by 14 percent, according to a large 2015 study by Harvard and China National Center for Disease Control and Prevention.
“It seems to speed up the body’s fat-burning mechanisms,” says Patricia Bridget Lane, a registered dietitian/nutritionist. “That can help with weight loss and weight management.”
A 2012 review article published in the journal Chemical Senses mentioned that those who eat spicy foods like cayenne pepper noticed a reduction in their desire for fatty, sweet, and salty foods.
If you’re putting too much hot sauce in your food — or you’re eating entirely too many meals that are extremely-high in spice levels — you could be damaging your body as well.
According to one scientific study in the National Library of Medicine, capsaicin consumed in plenty can cause discomfort to the inner tissue of your stomach after you eat it. The resulting symptoms of too much capsaicin include “nausea”, “vomiting”, “abdominal pain”, and “burning diarrhea”.
Rebecca Tung, MD, a Florida-based dermatologist said, “When spicy food creates inflammation ( 炎症) in the gut — from an upset stomach, acid reflux, or other symptoms — sometimes this inflammation can also be seen on the skin with flushing, acne breakout, or even eczema.”
“Spicy foods can also kill sleep efforts because they cause heartburn. Lying down makes heartburn worse, and the discomfort from heartburn hinders sleep,” said the health experts at WebMD.
1. The underlined word “that” in Paragraph 1 refers to ___.| A．food | B．opinions |
| C．chemical | D．pepper |
| A．Eating spicy food will increase death rate. |
| B．Spicy food may be helpful in losing weight. |
| C．Spicy food makes people want more fatty food. |
| D．The more spicy food, the better. |
| A．benefits | B．harm |
| C．advantages | D．property |
| A．Spicy food, good or bad? |
| B．The spicy food of great popularity. |
| C．Cook spicy food, so easy! |
| D．Capsaicin and science. |
【推荐3】There is a photo in my collection that I pull out from time to time to remind myself of an old vacation. It’s a picture of me from the late 1970s on a bench in London’s Victoria Station, my head resting against a wall, eyes closed with tiredness, and clothes messed up. I used to love that shot taken by my wife. It was evidence of my leisure time, of travel, of interruption from the office: miles covered, sights seen, train stations raced through, and goals achieved.
However, as I left work to hit the vacation road this summer, I took along something extra. This traveling companion had a habit of ruining trips with feelings of guilt — the guilt that came from attempting to vacation with work in mind.
The conflict between the time we want off and the guilt we feel when we actually give in to leisure is a long-running battle that has gone too far, driven by an over-scheduling enthusiasm. It has made many feel as if their free moments are a form of truancy. It’s hard to take it easy when you’ve been programmed not to. We have been taught for generations that work is the only goal. Time that is unfilled is bad, we are led to believe, and unplanned enjoyment should be avoided. This is stressed today by a workplace culture that wants you to believe that advancement depends on your staying on the job.
Research now shows, however, that leisure time can do something job advancement and money can’t. Leisure activities increase your desire to work; leadership skills, your sense of awareness and your ability to change. Free time also promotes a positive mood and sense of well-being, because it develops self-worth. Deep down, everyone knows we need time off to make our lives better.
On holiday, using your productive output as a measure of yourself doesn’t work. This is because a vacation isn’t about output; it’s about input — exploring, learning, reflecting. The magic of a holiday is in the experience itself. This is the same as life satisfaction; it can’t be measured, only felt. The best part of a vacation isn’t going somewhere else; it’s being where you are, fully involved in the experience.
1. Why does the author look at that photo from time to time?| A．It brings back his memory of leisure travel. | B．It describes his tired appearance on vacation. |
| C．It gives evidence of his running away from work. | D．It records a life goal achieved during his holiday. |
| A．The tight schedule. | B．Not staying on the job. |
| C．The unplanned journey. | D．Not reaching the expected goal. |
| A．It promotes job advancement. | B．It improves your productive output. |
| C．It is good for your personal development. | D．It helps you see your goals in life more clearly. |
| A．Reflect on their work. | B．Avoid unplanned activities. |
| C．Enjoy the experience of travelling. | D．Ignore job advancement and money. |
【推荐1】Since you can't get to theaters, museums, galleries, music venues or opera houses during these difficult days due to coronavirus, instead they'll come to you. Here's a list of some of Europe's best-known museums.
Louvre Museum in Paris
As the most visited museum in the world, it offers virtual tours online. It also has a number of "Visitors Trails" in different themes, designed to give an overview of the scope and wealth of the museum's collections. Each trail is based on a selection of works that characterize a period, an artistic movement or a theme, including the artworks from JAY-Z and Beyoncé's music video.
Schirn Museum in Frankfurt
It has digitally opened its current exhibition, now closed due to the virus, called "Fantastic Women" (scheduled from February 13 to May 24), highlighting the works of 34 women artists and their contributions to Surrealism (超现实主义), including Frida Kahlo, Leonora Carrington, Leonor Fini, Dorothea Tanning and Dora Maar.
Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam
Are you looking for ways to entertain your children with an educational twist? Then the Van Gogh will bring the great artist to you and also invite you to a virtual visit inside the Museum. The museum explores the painter's life, his relationship with his brother Théo, his passion for Japan and also his mental illness. Everything is in high definition.
Of course, a range of recent opera and ballet productions are also available, with the hope to give pleasure to as many people as possible. Please get more information at www. forbes. com.
1. The works in "Visitors Trails" are chosen according to ________.| A．Periods | B．Collections | C．Sites | D．Artists |
| A．JAY-Z's. | B．Leonardo Da Vinci's. |
| C．Van Gogh's. | D．Leonora Carrington's. |
| A．A report. | B．A website. | C．A magazine. | D．A textbook |
【推荐2】Sweetest Day is always the third Saturday in October. This holiday is much more important in some regions than in others (Detroit, Cleveland and Buffalo being the biggest Sweetest Day cities). It is a holiday that is gaining in popularity every year throughout the country.
Sweetest Day is celebrated on the third Saturday in October as a day to make someone happy. It is an occasion which offers all of us an opportunity to remember not only the sick, aged, and orphaned, but also friends, relatives and associates whose helpfulness and kindness we have enjoyed.
Over 60 years ago, a Cleveland man, believing that the city’s orphans and shut-ins (卧病在床的人) too often felt forgotten and neglected, formed the idea of showing them that they were remembered. He did this through the distribution(分发) of small gifts. With the help of his friends and neighbors, he distributed these small remembrances on a Saturday in October. During the years that followed, other Clevelanders began to participate in the celebration ceremony, which came to be called “Sweetest Day”. In time, the Sweetest Day idea of spreading cheer to the underprivileged(弱势群体)was broadened to include everyone, and became an occasion for remembering others with a kind act or a small remembrance. And soon the idea spread to other cities all over the country.
Sweetest Day is not based on any single group’s religious belief or on a family relationship. It is a reminder that a thoughtful word or deed enriches life and gives it meaning. Because for many people remembering takes the form of gift-giving, Sweetest Day offers us the opportunity to show others that we care, in a practical way.
1. Which of the following is TRUE according to the first paragraph?| A．More and more people are now celebrating Sweetest Day in the whole country. |
| B．Sweetest Day is a holiday which always falls on the Saturday in October. |
| C．Sweetest Day is much more important in big cities than in small cities. |
| D．Only a few religious have the tradition to celebrate the holiday. |
| A．the city’s orphans and shut-ins | B．a city named Cleveland 60 years ago |
| C．a man who cared orphans and shut-ins | D．a man’ s friends, relatives and associates |
| A．a kind act | B．a family party | C．gift-giving | D．a small remembrance |
| A．it is the people in Cleveland who spread Sweetest Day to other cities |
| B．only with the help of the man’s friends and neighbors, he got a small remembrance |
| C．over 60 years ago, a man too often felt forgotten and neglected |
| D．all people loved to be remembered by others on Sweetest Day in Cleveland |
【推荐3】We moved away from my grandmother when I was eight years old. I missed her a lot. I was her favorite granddaughter and she was my favorite grandma.
Two years later my mother and father separated and soon divorced. I felt as if my world was falling apart. I lived with my mother for a time, next door to my grandma and grandpa in an apartment while my father was away during World War II.
Grandma never had much in the way of money or material things. But it was the little things she gave me that let me feel warm, like letting me dip my fingers in the sugar bowl, letting me sip the coffee from her cup or allowing me to sit on the table as I had meals.
Though she didn’t have much, she did something for my brother and me. I will always remember she saved her coins in a glass jar. I thought my grandma could have used these coins herself, but she saved them to give us when we came to visit her.
I don’t remember how much we collected on our visitor was the amount important. It was the idea that she remembered us, and cared about us when we were away from her.
1. What happened to the writer when she was eight years old?| A．She moved away from her grandma. | B．She moved away from her parents. |
| C．She lived with her grandparents. | D．She lived with her aunt. |
| A．The writer could dip her fingers in the sugar bowl. |
| B．The writer was allowed to sip the coffee from her grandma’s cup. |
| C．The writer could sit on the table while having meals. |
| D．The writer was allowed to collect coins in a glass jar. |
| A．For her son. | B．For her grandchildren. |
| C．For the poor. | D．For herself. |
| A．The writer disliked her childhood. | B．The writer complained about her parents. |
| C．The writer missed her grandma so much. | D．The writer wanted to have her grandma’s money. |
【推荐1】We have introduced solo (单独的) holidays for anyone travelling on their own without children. Now solo travelers can enjoy fantastic group holidays in beautiful locations hosted by a member of our staff.
Beach Break in Istria, Croatia: 7 to l1 May 2019
A 4-night solo beach holiday on the pretty Croatian peninsula. Relax by the pool or on the beach of our superior 4-star adult only hotel, complete with a wonderful spa. This solo trip is offered with a varied programme, including boat trips to the ancient city of Rovinj and the pretty coastal town of Porec and a visit of the historic seafront city of Pula. Read more.
Short Break in Slovenia: 17 to 20 October 2019
A short solo holiday to show you the best of Slovenia in 3 days. It includes a wine tasting evening, a visit of Slovenia's elegant capital with its charming old town and a boat trip on Lake Bled and the ancient Predjama Castle. Our 4-star hotel is worth a visit in itself with its amazing inside and impressive views of Lake Bled. Read more.
City Break in Vienna, Austria: 28 November to 1 December 2019
Join us on a solo city break to Vienna where pretty squares turn into magical Christmas markets. Your local tour guide will take you around pretty cobblestone lanes and show you the historic highlights of Vienna, followed by evenings in Viennese restaurants, walks around the Christmas markets and a tasting of the best Austrian wines. Read more …
1. Who are the solo holidays intended for according to the passage?| A．Travelers of all ages. | B．Adults traveling alone. |
| C．Families with children. | D．Newly married couples. |
| A．Short Break in Slovenia. | B．Beach Break in Istria. |
| C．A coastal visit of Porec. | D．City Break in Vienna, Austria. |
| A．Boat trips. | B．4-star hotels. |
| C．Historic highlights. | D．Wine-tasting. |
【推荐2】I like my job. It may be my nature that draws me to this kind of job. I work at Izzy's Pizza Bar.
One day an elderly couple came in just after 3p. m. The first thing they said was, **Where is Nan?" Nan is my mother. She was not in that day. It was her day off.
Later that night, I waited on two men. It took some effort to get them to be friendly. I explained I was waitressing over the summer to make some extra cash for school.
Once all the customers had finished eating, I began my closing duties, using the time to reflect on my day, or rather, life. I rushed around getting everything done, thinking about those two men.
| A．I had always received a positive response from everyone else I had told |
| B．Everyone should have equal opportunities in getting a job |
| C．I also said I was grateful that my mom had trained me |
| D．On the contrary, I felt really proud |
| E．This couple got a lot of enjoyment out of eating in this restaurant |
| F．You could say they were very disappointed to know that |
| G．Your job doesn't have to state who you are as a person |
【推荐3】In many countries, people work five eight-hour days or 40 hours a week. But some companies now want their employees to work just four days a week and still pay them for five. Is it too good to be true?
Planio, a German company, offered a four-day week to its employees earlier this year Schulz-Hofen, the founder of Planio, first tested the four-day workweek on himself. He said，“It is much healthier and we do a better job if we’re not working crazy hours. I didn't get less work done in four days than in five because in five days, you think you have more time, you take longer. ” Also, another company, called Guardian in New Zealand, tested how its employees reacted to a 32-hour workweek earlier this year. It said the workers reported feeling less pressured and more focused on the business.
In Japan, the government is urging companies to let their workers have Monday mornings off. And in the UK, Trades Union Congress (TUC) is pushing for the country to move to a four-day week by the end of the century, thinking that a shorter workweek is a way for workers to share in the wealth made by new technologies like machine learning and robotics. TUC’s Kate Bell noted，“It would reduce the stress of juggling working and family life. ’’
A study of 3, 000 employees found that nearly half thought they could easily finish their work in five hours a day if they did not have to stop and restart. The workers were from eight countries, including the United States，Britain and Germany. Dan Schawbel, working in Future Workplace, which carried out the survey with Kronossaid，“Because you always have the technology, you are always working, so you are getting burned out. He expects more companies and countries will permit a four-day workweek.
1. What did Schulz-Hofen do?| A．He founded a company in the UK. |
| B．He tried out a new idea himself. |
| C．He made a study into Future Workplace. |
| D．He urged his employees to be more productive. |
| A．Stressful. | B．Beneficial. |
| C．Unnecessary. | D．Faultless. |
| A．Balancing. | B．Choosing. |
| C．Improving. | D．Controlling. |
| A．It is actually too good to be true. |
| B．It has some unavoidable disadvantages. |
| C．It is beneficial to both employees and companies. |
| D．It has become a common practice in many countries. |
