Open data-sharers are still in the minority in many fields. Although many researchers broadly agree that public access to raw data would accelerate science, because other scientists might be able to make advances not foreseen by the data's producers, most are reluctant to post the results of their own labours online (see Nature 461, 160-163; 2009). When Wolkovich, for instance, went hunting for the data from the 50 studies in her meta-analysis, only 8 data sets were available online, and many of the researchers whom she e-mailed refused to share their work. Forced to extract data from tables or figures in publications, Wolkovich's team could conduct only limited analyses
Some communities have agreed to share online - geneticists, for example, post DNA sequences at the GenBank repository, and astronomers are accustomed to accessing images of galaxies and stars from, say, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, a telescope that has observed some 500 million objects - but these remain the exception, not the rule. Historically, scientists have objected to sharing for many reasons: it is a lot of work; until recently, good databases did not exist; grant funders were not pushing for sharing; it has been difficult to agree on standards for formatting data and the contextual information called metadata; and there is no agreed way to assign credit for data.
But the barriers are disappearing in part because journals and funding agencies worldwide are encouraging scientists to make their data public. Last year, the Royal Society in London said in its report Science as an Open Enterprise that scientists need to shift away from a research culture where data is viewed as private preserve. Funding agencies note that data paid for with public money should be public information, and the scientific community is recognizing that data can now be shared digitally in ways that were not possible before. To match the growing demand, services are springing up to make it easier to publish research products online and enable other researchers to discover and cite them.
Although exhortations to share data often concentrate on the moral advantages of sharing, the practice is not purely altruistic. Researchers who share get plenty of personal benefits, including more connections with colleagues, improved visibility and increased citations. The most successful sharers - those whose data are downloaded and cited the most often - get noticed, and their work gets used. For example, one of the most popular data sets on multidisciplinary repository Dryad is about wood density around the world; it has been downloaded 5,700 times. Co-author Amy Zanne, a biologist at George Washington University in Washington DC, thinks that users probably range from climate-change researchers wanting to estimate how much carbon is stored in biomass, to foresters looking for information on different grades of' timber. "I would much prefer to have my data used by the maximum number of people to ask their own questions," she says "It's important to allow readers and reviewers to see exactly how you arrive at your results. Publishing data and code allows your science to be reproducible ".
1. What do many researchers generally accept?| A．It is imperative to protest scientist' patents |
| B．Repositories are essential to scientific research |
| C．Open data sharing is most important to medical science |
| D．Open data sharing is conducive to scientific advancement |
| A．Opposed |
| B．Ambiguous |
| C．Liberal |
| D．Neutral |
| A．The fear of massive copying |
| B．The lack of a research culture |
| C．The belief that research is private intellectual property |
| D．The concern that certain agencies may make a profit out of it |
| A．is becoming increasingly popular |
| B．benefits sharers and users alike |
| C．makes researchers successful |
| D．saves both money and labor |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】As we become more involved with social media, it often seems that the gap between human connections is widening. But Rob Lawless has proved the opposite. Every day for the last six years, Lawless has made a point of sitting down to have an-hour-long face-to-face conversation with at least one stranger. And even in just one hour, they can reach a deep, satisfying place in their exchanges.
“When I graduated with my finance degree in 2013 and became a business analyst, I missed the feeling of familiarity I used to have with the people around me,” he said. He was hungry to meet people organically, not in the serious environment where there was always an agenda (议事日程). So in November of 2015, he decided to launch (发起) his 10KFriends project with the goal of using it to meet 10,000 new people.
Lawless devotes himself to the project. He says that after talking to the strangers, he can find out about their current life situation, their hobbies and so on. Sometimes, he feels like he has become their close friend. Seeing people’s smiles after the conversation, he thinks everything has paid off. Usually, the conversations are more random, such as simply talking about football matches or a newly shown film. But they can also be a place for Lawless and the strangers to become closer. He told GNN, “My conversations are more like two old friends talking about their old days and daily life.”
In the following months, Lawless will experience a road trip where he will meet strangers from all 50 states. Maybe he’ll even pick up a stranger or two hikers on the highway. If you want to learn more about Lawless’ project or participate in the project as one of his strangers, you can visit his website or Instagram page.
1. What has Lawless proved?| A．The people’s gap becomes wider. | B．People can have a close connection. |
| C．People should believe social media. | D．Social media have disadvantages. |
| A．Formally. | B．Politely. | C．Naturally. | D．Occasionally. |
| A．Daily topics. | B．Environmental protection. |
| C．The old days of his friends. | D．The present economic development. |
| A．To give tips on how to talk. | B．To persuade people to communicate. |
| C．To stress human relationships. | D．To introduce Lawless’ project. |
【推荐2】We’ve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence.
What’s the problem? It’s possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. It’s more likely that none of us start a conversation because it’s awkward and challenging, or we think it’s annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it’s an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits.
“Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn’t even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease(润滑剂) for social communication,” says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. “Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk,” he explains. “The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them.”
In a 2021 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互动) with its waiter; he other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. “It’s not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,” says Dunn. “But interactions with peripheral(外围的) members of our social network matter for our well-being also.”
Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. “Small talk is the basis of good manners,” he says.
1. What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci?| A．Showing good manners. |
| B．Relating to other people. |
| C．Focusing on a topic. |
| D．Making business deals. |
| A．It improves family relationships. |
| B．It raises people’s confidence. |
| C．It matters as much as a formal talk. |
| D．It makes people feel good. |
| A．Conversation Counts |
| B．Ways of Making Small Talk |
| C．Benefits of Small Talk |
| D．Uncomfortable Silence |
| A．Addiction to smartphones. |
| B．Inappropriate behaviours in public places. |
| C．Absence of communication between strangers. |
| D．Impatience with slow service. |
【推荐3】It is not so difficult to make friends after you move to a new neighborhood. As long as you are open and friendly, you will be able to make new friends after you move to a new area.
Smile and say hello to any neighbors you see. Smile to your neighbors from day 1.
Go for walks around your new neighborhood.
Throw a housewarming party at your new place. Parties are one of the quickest ways to enlarge your social circle. Have a small gathering at your new apartment and invite your neighbors over to get to know them.
| A．Ask some difficult questions. |
| B．Ask neighbors questions about the neighborhood. |
| C．Giving a friendly "hello" to them is also a good idea? |
| D．But first of all, you need to get to know your neighbors. |
| E．This will give you more chances to meet your neighbors. |
| F．However, you can improve your relationship in many ways. |
| G．You can invite them in person if you have already talked with them. |
【推荐1】People can write many things about this life. In this case, precious moments become the compositions of history. What about you? People should learn from each other, thus they need to read the latest news. It is really interesting to spend your spare time and start your day in the morning. How can you get the information? You will never run out of choices, since there are many different resources to read out there. You can say hello to the world by clicking the mouse on your computer and you can also read the daily newspaper in your patio (庭院).
However, Internet offers fast and effective solutions for the readers. Reading the news on the Internet is just a simple task to do. If you are a mobile person, it is impossible for you to bring the computer and mouse. So, several digital devices are accessible to meet your needs of latest information. You have iPad, smart phone and some other possible solutions. They are your best friends to gain the information about every single thing which has happened in certain part of the world.
Now, it's time to find the most reliable source. You can easily find the amount of websites on the Internet. They offer news and information about many different things, but only few of them will answer your questions. The reliable and accurate sources will let you read and think further about certain news and information. Definitely, you should find the site with various popular categories of news. There should be some categories such as business, sports and technology. Where should you go now?
You will find the answer at News Daily Spot and get the complete information about other issues. For you who love to know more about celebrity and biography, feel free to read the biography (传记) of several celebrities, such as Kourtney Kardashian. Read the news and see the face of the world today.
1. What is the main idea of the passage?| A．Many ways exist for us to know about the world. |
| B．Newspaper plays an important part in our daily life. |
| C．The Internet shortens the distance between people. |
| D．The Internet helps people get more information about the world. |
| A．You must find the reliable and accurate information. |
| B．You can get all answers to any questions. |
| C．Various websites will offer the same things. |
| D．You should use your head to think over after reading. |
| A．to get us to know more about the usage of Internet |
| B．to advertise for News Daily Spot |
| C．to draw attention to News Daily Spot |
| D．to introduce more famous people |
| A．To stress he is the most famous in the world. |
| B．To introduce the all-sidedness of the website. |
| C．To give answers to the questions above. |
| D．To show off the celebrities of the world. |
【推荐2】Why I Got Rid of My Cell Phone
In 2017 I decided to take a break from my cell phone. Instead of shutting it off completely, I decided to turn it off for a month to see how it goes. By the end of the month I found that I could live without a cell phone. It has been seven months since I have lived without a cell phone. I would like to share with you the reasons why I decided to get rid of my cell phone.
When I owned a phone, I was constantly connected to it. I wasn’t taking enough time to see what was right in front of me. There was no end of the day when it came to work and there was not nearly enough time to relax. Instead, I was constantly going.
I was completely dependent on my cell phone.
I also found that my sleep wasn’t as good as it had been in the past. Screens stimulate (刺激) your mind and can affect your natural sleep patterns.
| A．It made me less social. |
| B．I found that I was addicted to my phone. |
| C．Having a cell phone split my attention in half. |
| D．I know that is not good for my health. |
| E．The answer to this is to turn off your phone a few hours before bed. |
| F．These phonefree travels were some of the most liberating moments of my life. |
| G．It was my watch, my alarm clock, my email, my maps, my wallet, and my way to talk with friends. |
【推荐3】Role of Mass Media in Education
In today’s advanced world, where everything is changing at lightning speed, mass media plays an important role.
Universal reach
Mass media has connected people like never before. Education is something which aims to have a universal reach. Mass media has helped to bridge that gap enormously.
Storage of information
Mass media allows storing information which can be accessed from anywhere at any time. It is literally accessible, at our fingertips, which saves a lot of time and energy.
No physical restrictions
Fruitful results
Another huge advantage of current technological innovations in mass media is the increased memory capability of students. Many scientific pieces of research have proven that delivering lectures via an audio-visual format (视听格式) is quite effective.
| A．This results in the reduction of false information. |
| B．That being said, education is also advancing day by day. |
| C．Therefore, it serves as a rather useful resource in the field of education. |
| D．One of the major disadvantages before mass media was a physical restriction. |
| E．Mass media consists of the tools used for communicating information and ideas. |
| F．In other words, it is now within everyone’s reach and making the world a better place. |
| G．It has a more positive impact on the memory power of the brain than an audio lecture. |
【推荐1】After years of research and testing, the hybrid car was developed and put on the market. It’s an interesting and exciting new improvement in today’s world as we look for better ways to protect the quality of the air we breathe and conserve our natural resources.
The quality of our air is affected by many different things. But one of the largest sources of air pollution is the burning of fossil fuels such as coal and gasoline which is used to power a car’s engine. The EPA has set national standards to help control the level of harmful pollutants sent off into the air, and the automobile industry has acted by producing a hybrid car that uses less gas and therefore causes less pollution.
A hybrid car is a combination of a regular car that runs on gasoline and an electric car that is battery powered. Some people tend to think that since the hybrid car is partially electric, you have to plug it in to charge it. But that’s not how it works. The 144-volt battery pack is actually recharged through the energy that is produced when the car’s brakes are used. This is referred to as “regenerative braking”, because it generates electricity.
Although the hybrid car still runs on gasoline most of the time, this helps it use less gas than a regular car. When the driver stops at a traffic light, the engine automatically shuts off to save fuel. Then, as soon as the driver puts the car in gear and touches the gas pedal, the engine starts back up.
Have you ever ridden in a car with someone who ran out of gas? That probably wouldn’t happen if you were riding in a hybrid car. It flashes a warning on its computer screen that says, “I am low on gas”. When it completely runs out, the warning reads, “YOU ARE NOW OUT OF GAS!” Then the electric power supply kicks in to let the driver travel a few more miles to a gas station.
1. Which of the following is true according to the passage?| A．The hybrid car will be put on the market. |
| B．Hybrid cars run faster than regular cars. |
| C．When the hybrid car stops at a traffic light, the driver will get a warning. |
| D．The burning of fossil fuels is one of the largest sources of air pollution. |
| A．a high-tech discovery | B．energy saving |
| C．a new invention | D．a combination of two things |
| A．it allows the car to come to a quick stop | B．it gives the driver a smoother ride |
| C．it produces energy to charge the battery | D．it can control the speed of the car |
| A．They designed hybrid cars. |
| B．They outlawed(宣布……为不合法) the burning of fossil fuels. |
| C．They set important guidelines that help control pollution. |
| D．Their main purpose is to protect endangered plants and animals. |
| A．They use less gas than regular cars. | B．They’re safer to drive than most cars. |
| C．They’re more modern than other cars. | D．They cost less than regular cars. |
【推荐2】Allan Pease has been known internationally as “Mr. Body Language” since his book on the subject became a multi-million best-seller all over the world.
Allan started his sales career at age10 selling rubber sponges(橡胶海绵) door to door after school to earn pocket money. He began writing and developing his own techniques of selling at age 18. By 21, he was the youngest person ever to sell over $1,000,000 of life insurance(保险) in his first sales year and at 24 achieved membership in “International Top 20” for multi-million dollar sales- the youngest ever to do it. At 29 he was a manager and partner in Australia’s largest Life Insurance Brokerage and was responsible for $103,000,000 of insurance sales in one year before becoming a full-time speaker.
For over 30 years Allan has taught others how to succeed. He teaches skills and techniques in a humorous way that people never forget. His addresses, books and videos are sought by business managers, Prime Ministers, TN presenters and stars. He has written six best-selling books and has appeared on TV and radio throughout the world including a TV and video series on body language which has been seen by over 100 million people.
In his classes, he teaches others to read between the lines of what others say and develop an understanding through “Body Language” signals. Dr. Blair Stone, from Macquarie University, said “Allan Pease is hilarious. He makes his class very humorous. Plus I never realized that I can laugh so much while learning so much, and his address was consistent (符合的) with the high standards as a university expects.”
1. According to the passage, Allan .| A．was an early success | B．became famous late in life |
| C．earned his living at the age of ten | D．had a sudden rise in his sales career |
| A．influence on famous people | B．great achievements |
| C．best-selling books | D．teaching methods |
| A．brave | B．strange |
| C．noisy | D．funny |
【推荐3】Robotic surgery is one thing, but sending a robot inside the body to car you tan operation is quite another, which has long been a goal of some researchers to produce tiny robotic devices. These devices are capable of traveling through the body to deliver drugs or to make repairs without the need for a single cut, the possibility of which has just got a bit closer.
However, unlike the plot of one film — which featured a microscopic crew and submarine traveling through a scientist’s bloodstream this device could not be put into blood vessels (血管) because it is too big. While other types of miniature robots that can be swallowed were developed in the past, their role has mostly been limited to capturing images inside the body. In a presentation this week to the International Conference, Daniela Rus and Shuhei Miyashita of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology described a robot they have developed that can be swallowed and used to collect dangerous objects accidentally taken in.
To test their latest version, Dr. Rus and Dr. Miyashita designed a robot as a battery hunter, which might seem to be an odd task. However, more than 3,500 people in America alone, most of them children, swallow the tiny button cells used in small electronic devices by accident every year. To start with, the researchers created an artificial esophagus (食道) and stomach made out of silicone (硅胶). It was closely modeled on that found in a pig and filled with medical liquid; the robot itself is made from several layers of different materials, including pig intestine (肠), and contains a little magnet (磁铁). This is folded up and wrapped in a 10mmx27mm capsule of ice. Once this reaches the stomach, the ice melts and the robot unfolds which is moved and guided with the use of a magnetic field outside the body. In their tests, the robot was able to touch a button battery and draw it with its own magnet, and during dragging it along, the robot could then be directed towards the intestines where it would eventually be gotten rid of through the anus. After it, the researchers sent in another robot loaded, with medication to deliver it to the site of the battery to speed up healing.
The artificial stomach being transparent on one side, the researchers can see the batteries and visually control the robots. If not, that will require the help from imaging system, which will be a bit more of a challenge, but Dr. Rus and Dr. Miyashita, are determined to succeed.
1. According to the passage, the robot operation will probably be able to .| A．travel through a scientist’s bloodstream |
| B．photograph the body to convey it to the doctor |
| C．enter the body to deliver drugs or make repairs |
| D．operate on a person outside the body completely |
| A．the researchers did the experiment on a chosen animal |
| B．the robot took necessary drugs besides a little magnet |
| C．digesting the swallowed batteries is difficult for children |
| D．the actual size of the robot maybe larger than the capsule of ice |
| A．The surgeries will cost patients much money. |
| B．Patients will suffer less for some surgeries. |
| C．Fewer children will swallow the button cells. |
| D．A robot will be invented traveling blood vessels. |
| A．An Experiment on Robot | B．Tiny Robot, Significant Role |
| C．The Robotic Voyage in Body | D．The Exploration of Robot Technology |
【推荐1】Children who use screens for seven hours or more a day are showing signs that their brain cortex（大脑皮层）is thinning prematurely（过早地）, according to a new major US study.
The ongoing $300 million research is funded by the National Institute of Health and shows results of the effects of technology on children. The aim of the study, called Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development, is also to show how screen time affects emotional development and mental health. The researchers also determined that children who spend more than two hours of daily screen time score lower on thinking and language tests.
Researchers made the early findings by scanning the brains of 4, 500 children.
The brain cortex is the outermost layer of neural（神经中枢的） tissue that processes information from the physical world. It is critical for cognitive functions such as perception（直觉）, language, memory and consciousness but thins as we mature into old age.
Though the difference was significant from participants who spent less time using smart devices, the study director cautioned against drawing a conclusion.
Dr Gaya Dowling, an NIH doctor working on the project, cautioned against drawing a conclusion because they aren’t completely sure it’s being caused by the increased use of modern technology. They won’t be able to draw a definitive outcome until they follow them over the course of several years.
Dr Dowling said: “It won’t be until we follow them over time that we will see if there are outcomes that are associated with the differences that we’re seeing in this single snapshot.”
A 2014 study showed that there is a direct correlation between the thickness of the brain cortex and IQ score. The cortex begins to thin after the age of five or six as part of the normal aging process.
The findings showed that people with a significant increase in IQ did not have the expected cortical thinning and people with a significant decrease in IQ had exaggerated（夸张） cortical（皮质的）thinning.
A major data release of the initial data is scheduled for early 2019.
1. What belongs to the findings of the new major US study?| A．Screen time can result in a smaller brain. |
| B．The brain cortex gets thinner as we mature into old age. |
| C．Too much exposure to screen can lead to a poorer health. |
| D．Children who are interested in computer are academically poor. |
| A．There are some doubts about their findings. |
| B．He thinks that further study is needed. |
| C．The number of the participants is not large enough. |
| D．They should ask for the government’s permission. |
| A．The brain cortex has much to do with IQ score. |
| B．The brain cortex’s thickness is determined by IQ. |
| C．Different people have different cortical thinning. |
| D．Aging is a natural process for creatures. |
| A．His IQ score will get higher and higher. |
| B．He will be more addicted to modern technology. |
| C．He will show more interest in modern technology. |
| D．His brain cortex will become thinner and thinner. |
【推荐2】Large rainforests are extremely important ecosystems on our planet. They are home to a large number of animal and plant species, and they absorb vast amounts of carbon dioxide, which helps reduce global warming. These biggest ones in the world are a sight to observe.
Daintree Rainforest
The main river of the rainforest is the Daintree River, and it also includes the Daintree National Park. If you are wondering why everything seems to share the name, the reason is simple-Richard Daintree was a famous Australian geologist and photographer. Plenty of options will take you there, including a ferry.
Valdivian Temperate Rainforest
This rainforest is known to be extremely foggy and humid, but some interesting species live there. Since it is on the coast, you can witness ice sheets and glaciers as well. Getting to the rainforest is most accessible from Santiago, the capital of Chile, and a train ride or a bus is a preferred option.
Congo Rainforest
This rainforest also features a large number of different plant and animal species, including gorillas, forest elephants, and lions. Visiting this rainforest is also recommended by using a tour company, preferably by finding one in the Republic of Congo.
Amazon Rainforest
It is estimated that we can find 16,000 different tree species in the Amazon rainforest.
When it comes to other plants, animals, and insects, the numbers are even more impressive. The especially interesting thing is that there is still a large number of undiscovered species. A tour guide is advised since going through the rainforest can be dangerous, with predatory creatures(食肉动物)running around.
1. Which of the following is named after a person?| A．Daintree Rainforest. | B．The capital of Chile. |
| C．The Republic of Congo. | D．Amazon Rainforest. |
| A．By ferry. | B．By train. |
| C．By plane. | D．By bike. |
| A．A diary. | B．A brochure. |
| C．A novel. | D．A report. |
【推荐3】Marian Wright Edelman, an American lawyer, educator and children’s rights activist, was born on June 6, 1939 in South Carolina, one of five children. Her father Arthur Wright was a preacher (牧师) who died when she was only 14 years old. In his last words to her, he advised her not to “let anything get in the way of your education.”
After high school, Edelman went on to study at Spelman College and later traveled to the Soviet Union. When she returned to Spelman in 1959, Edelman became involved in the civil rights movement. This work inspired her to drop her plans to enter the Foreign Service and study law instead. In 1973, Edelman set up the Children’s Defense Fund as a voice for poor and disabled children. She served as a public speaker on behalf of these children.
During a tour, Marian met Peter Edelman, an assistant to Kennedy, and the next year she moved to Washington, D. C. to marry him and to work for social justice in the center of America’s political scene. The couple had three sons: Joshua, Jonah and Ezra. Jonah is the founder of Stand for Children, a group that promotes children’s education, and Ezra is a documentary (记录片) filmmaker who won an Emmy for his film “O.J.: Made in America.”
Edelman is the author of many books for children and adults. Her titles for readers include I’m Your child, God: Prayers for Our Children, Guide My Feet: Prayers and Meditations for Our Children, Lanterns: A Memoir of Mentors, and The Measure of Our Success: A Letter to My Children and Yours, which was a surprising success.
1. What do we know about Edelman’s family?| A．She was the single child. |
| B．Her mother was a preacher. |
| C．They took education seriously. |
| D．The family had a poor life. |
| A．She wanted to study abroad. |
| B．She intended to be a lawyer. |
| C．She had little time for her work. |
| D．She was interested in civil rights. |
| A．In Washington D. C. | B．In the Soviet Union. |
| C．In South Carolina. | D．In Spelman. |
| A．They all worked for social justice. |
| B．They achieved something in career. |
| C．They won many awards in their lives. |
| D．They contributed to their mother’s books. |
