Imagine you made plans with a new friend to talk on the phone. You called but there was no answer-and you didn’t get a call back. What happened? Perhaps they got held up by a work obligation. Perhaps they didn’t want to meet but didn’t bother to cancel. Or perhaps they had a busy week and simply forgot to write down your appointment time.
In social situations like this, our minds can produce various explanations, ranging from ones that are more understanding to ones that put blame to the other party. Psychologists refer to this as our attributional style. Past research has found that individuals with a “hostile” attributional style tend to be less satisfied with their relationships.
According to a new study, they’re also less happy overall. The researchers can’t say for sure whether seeing people as hostile directly lowers our happiness, or whether unhappy people are just more likely to make hostile attribution in the first place. However, this study does suggest the possibility that giving people the benefit of the doubt is a practice to improve our relationships and well-being.
Dorota Jasielska, lead researcher of the study, suggests that we start by developing positive and trusting social relationships. When we find ourselves surrounded by warmth and support, it can help us see the social world in a kinder light. Another important strategy is to have open and direct communication. Instead of letting your anxieties get worse, it may be better to simply talk to people about their confusing behavior.
So the next time a friend cancels plans or forgets to text back, consider giving him the benefit of the doubt and waiting to hear his side of things before jumping to conclusions. Assuming others have good intentions will make the world seem like a friendlier place.
1. How does the author introduce the topic of the text?| A．By giving an example. | B．By asking a question. |
| C．By giving a definition. | D．By telling a story. |
| A．To show an understanding of one’s mistake. | B．To imagine a particular social situation. |
| C．To find out the cause of social phenomena. | D．To make assumptions on uncertain things. |
| A．Finding common interests with others. | B．Making positive excuses for others. |
| C．Improving social communication. | D．Being friendly to others. |
| A．Importance of reaching out and making friends. | B．Strategies for having effective communication. |
| C．Advice on handling confusing social behavior. | D．Methods for improving our social relationships. |
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【推荐1】As the hot tears rolled down her face, I knew I had asked the wrong question. The words reverberated ( 回 响 ) in my mind: Widowed or divorced?
“Well, you could call me widowed,” she replied. “My husband died five months ago today.”
“I’m so sorry,” I said. “I needed it to fill out your credit application.”
“Don’t worry about it, honey,” she said. “If I never thought about it, I would not remember the love and the memories we shared. Even after 50 years of marriage, each passing moment would bring a deeper meaning to the word ‘love’.”
I began to deal with her credit application, words hung in the air. My mind was not focused on the task, and I was unsuccessful in my first few attempts. After I finally completed it, she continued in a heart-to-heart. I couldn’t believe someone could open up to a perfect stranger.
“Have you ever been married?” she asked.
I couldn’t help but laugh. I hadn’t even thought about getting married. Besides, I looked nothing like a married woman.
“Ah, no,” I replied. “I’m only 16.”
“Sixteen?” she murmured (嘟囔).“That’s a great age, an age of lessons. There’s so much worth learning.”
She then spoke in a whisper, sharing the one lesson that I will carry with me the rest of my life. “Never, ever take anyone for granted . If you are in love with someone, let it be known as often as you feel it. Otherwise, life may pass you by. Don’t spend your life angry. The ridiculous arguments you think are important won’t even be remembered in a short time.”
I have never seen that woman again, but her words of inspiration still live in me.
1. The author asked the woman the question out of______.| A．necessity | B．kindness | C．curiosity | D．respect |
| A．She broke up with her husband. | B．She got married 50 years ago. |
| C．She was angry with the author. | D．She was thankful to the author. |
| A．she was regretful for asking the question |
| B．she was not very familiar with her job |
| C．she was thinking about what the woman said |
| D．she was wondering what the woman would say next |
| A．Take others seriously. | B．Never speak to a stranger. |
| C．There is so much worth learning | D．There is nothing more important than love. |
【推荐2】Communicating with elderly parents is an important part of making sure they’re doing okay.
It’s important to set aside time every week to call up or drop by and see how your parents are doing.
Your parents might be slower and less active than before.
Accepting the generation gap (代沟) is also important.
| A．Bring happiness into your parents’ life. |
| B．Be clear when you explain anything to your parents. |
| C．However, they’re still able to make their own decisions. |
| D．Know their daily happenings and ask them what they’re doing. |
| E．Though life is busy, remember to stay in touch with your parents. |
| F．Your parents have been doing things a certain way for a long time. |
| G．Be prepared to find suitable advisers that your parents might need. |
【推荐3】As high school students, we must spend much of our time in class and reading books.
Being tolerant (包容的) is a good idea. No one is perfect.
Be honest.
We need to be open-minded. Whether you agree with them or not, listen to others’ ideas.
| A．A friend without faults will never be found. |
| B．However, spending time with friends is also necessary and good for us. |
| C．None are so deaf as those who will not hear. |
| D．We need to be responsible. |
| E．As is said, honesty is the best policy. |
| F．We must be careful. |
| G．We all tend to show our positive side to friends and hide our true feelings. |
【推荐1】China became the first country to clone a monkey using non-reproductive cells, reducing the need to breed lab monkeys and paving the way for more accurate, effective and affordable animal tests for new drugs, scientists said on Thursday .
By December, the Institute of Neuroscience of the Chinese Academy of Sciences had created two clone macaques(猕猴) named”Zhong Zhong” and “Hua Hua” by nuclear transferring of somatic cells(体细胞)-any cell in the organism other than reproductive cells.
Tetra, a monkey born in 1999, is the world's first cloned monkey, but it was done by using a simpler method called embryo splitting(胚胎分割); but it could only generate four cloned offspring at a time and cannot be genetically changed to suit the experimental need.
Cloning a monkey using somatic cells has been a world-class challenge because it is a primate(灵长类) that shares its genetic makeup, and therefore all of its complexity, with humans.
For drug and other lab tests, scientists have to purchase monkeys from all over the world, which is costly and bad for the environment, and produces inaccurate results because each monkey might have different genes.
By cloning monkey using somatic cells, we can massively cultivate large numbers of genetically identical offspring in a short amount of time, and we can even change their genes to suit our needs. This can save time, cut down experiment costs, and produce more accurate results, leading to more effective medicine.
Sun Qiang, director of the non-human primate research facility at the institute, said most of the drug trials are currently done on lab mice. However, drugs that work on mice might not work or even have severe side effects on humans because the two species are so different
“Monkeys and humans are both primates, so they are much closely related and testing on monkeys is supposed to be as effective as testing on humans,”he said. This is especially useful in testing drugs for neural(神经的) diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, metabolic syndrome(代谢综合症) and immune system diseases, and tumors, he added.
“This achievement will help China lead the world research in the international science projects related to neural mapping of primate brains, "he said. "However, bio labs from the United States, Japan, and European countries are also very capable, and they will quickly catch up with China after the monkey cloning technology is made public, "Sun added.
“This means we have to innovate continuously and work extra hard this year to stay ahead," he said.
1. Which of the following is the most important factor in cloning macaques named "Zhong Zhong" and "Hua Hua"?| A．Reproductive cells. | B．Somatic cells |
| C．Neural mapping. | D．Genetic makeup |
| A．Because it is bad for our environment. |
| B．Because each monkey might have different genes. |
| C．Because monkeys' genetic makeup is as complicated as humans. |
| D．Because it is too expensive to work on their genetic makeup. |
| A．The cure for neural diseases. |
| B．The process of cloning monkeys. |
| C．The significance of cloning monkeys. |
| D．The close relations between monkeys and humans. |
| A．More effective medicine will be produced. |
| B．Drug trials on lab mice will be abandoned. |
| C．China is the first country to have cloned monkeys. |
| D．China will stay ahead of the world in cloning. |
【推荐2】Since the last ice age, humans have cleared nearly half of the earth’s forests and grasslands for agriculture. With the world population expanding, there’s ever-increasing pressure on farmland to produce not only more food but also clean energy. In places such as Yakima County, Washington, it’s created competition for space as land-hungry solar panels (板) consume available fields. Last month, the state approved plans to cover 1,700 acres of agricultural land with solar panels, fueling concerns over the long-term impacts of losing cropland.
A recent study from the University of California, however, shows how farmers may soon harvest crops and energy together. One researcher, Majdi Abou Najm, explains that visible light spectrum (光谱) can be separated into blue and red light waves, and their photons (光子) have different properties. Blue ones have higher energy than red ones. While that gives blue light what is needed to generate power, it also results in higher temperatures. “From a plant angle, red photons are the efficient ones,” says Abou Najm. “They don’t make the plant feel hot.”
A goal of the study is to create a new generation of solar panels. He sees potential in the organic solar cells, which come from carbon-based materials. Thin and transparent, the cells are applied like a film onto various surfaces. This new technology could be used to develop special solar panels that block blue light to generate power, while passing the red light on to crops planted directly below. These panels could also provide shade for heat-sensitive fruits during the hottest part of the day.
By 2050, we’ll have two billion more people, and we’ll need more food and more energy. By maximizing the solar spectrum, “we’re making full use of an endlessly sustainable resource,” says Abou Najm. “If a technology kicks in that can develop these panels, then the sky is the limit on how efficient we can be.”
1. What problem does the first paragraph focus on?| A．Losing cropland to solar panels. |
| B．Distribution of the world population. |
| C．Reduction in forests and grasslands. |
| D．Competing for land between farmers. |
| A．Generation of solar power. |
| B．Hot weather increasing efficiency. |
| C．Blue photons having higher energy. |
| D．Separation of visible light spectrum. |
| A．They make fruits heat-sensitive. |
| B．They can cool down in hot days, |
| C．They allow red light to pass through. |
| D．They can store carbon-based materials. |
| A．Limited. | B．Promising. |
| C．Uncertain. | D．Challenging. |
【推荐3】A new study of older adults finds excessive daytime napping (小睡) may signal an increasing risk of Alzheimer’s disease (阿尔茨海默症). Investigators from Brigham and Women’s Hospital report a relationship between daytime napping and cognitive (认知的) aging: excessive daytime napping predicts an increased future risk of Alzheimer’s, and a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s speeds up the increase in daytime napping during aging.
“Daytime sleep behaviors of older adults are often ignored, and a consensus for daytime napping in clinical practice and health care is still lacking,” said Peng Li of the Medical Biodynamics Program in Brigham’s Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders. “Our team calls for a closer attention to 24-hour sleep patterns — not only nighttime sleep but also daytime sleep — for tracking the health of older adults.”
Researchers at the Brigham recognized that all previous studies on Alzheimer’s disease assessed napping within a participant only once, and most of which were subjective and questionnaire-based. In the new study, more than 1000 individuals, with an average age of 81, were provided Actical, a watch-like device, to wear on their wrist for up to 14 days. After napping episodes were identified, the nap duration and frequency were calculated.
The results suggest that excessive daytime napping may signal an increasing risk of Alzheimer’s, and that faster yearly increase in daytime napping may be a sign of worsening or unfavored clinical progression of the disease.
Researchers acknowledge that although the method of the new study has been widely used in sleep field studies, they recognize that polysomnography (多导睡眠记录仪) is the gold standard for sleep scoring. Moreover, the participants studied were older, and therefore, the findings may not be easily translated to younger people. In addition, future studies should test whether a direct intervention in daytime napping can lower the risk of Alzheimer’s or cognitive decline.
“We hope to draw more attention to daytime sleep patterns and the importance of patients noting if their sleep schedule changes over time,” said co-senior author Kun Hu of the Medical Biodynamics Program. “Sleep changes are critical in shaping the internal changes in the brain.”
1. What is the new study about?| A．The link between Alzheimer’s and daytime sleep. |
| B．Causes of sleep disorders in older adults. |
| C．The symptoms of age-related cognitive decline. |
| D．Ways to prevent Alzheimer’s disease. |
| A．Encouraging elders to get enough rest at night. |
| B．Monitoring elders’ sleep patterns throughout the day. |
| C．Investigating the health of elders with poor sleep. |
| D．Providing good health care for elders with Alzheimer’s. |
| A．By interviewing a large number of older people. |
| B．By carrying out a survey with questionnaires. |
| C．By tracking sleep with a wearable device. |
| D．By referring to previous studies on Alzheimer’s. |
| A．Advice on adjusting sleep patterns. |
| B．Supporting evidence for the research results. |
| C．The potential value of the study findings. |
| D．Limitations of the present research. |
【推荐1】When learning a foreign language, most people use traditional methods: reading, writing, listening and repeating. But people can also remember the vocabulary better by making gestures while studying. Linking a word to brain areas that are responsible for movement can strengthen the memory of its meaning. "Our results provide evidence for why learning techniques”, Mathias said.
As Mathias and his colleagues described, they had 22 adults learn a total of 90 invented artificial words over four days. While these adults first heard the new vocabulary, they were shown a video of a person making a gesture that matched the meaning of the word. When the word was repeated, they performed the gesture themselves. Five months later, they were asked to translate the vocabulary they had learned in a multiple-choice test. The researchers found that the motor cortex contributed to the translation of the vocabulary learned with gestures. This applied to concrete words, such as "camera," as well as abstract ones, such as "thought."
“There have been quite a lot of studies showing that gestures play a role in learning. I think this study takes a step further as it is trying to understand why," says Susan Goldin-Meadow, a psychologist at the University of Chicago who studies the effects of gestures on learning. Research like this, as well as brain imaging, suggests the activation of the brain's motor areas could contribute.
Children — unlike adults — seem to benefit from pictures as much as gestures in the long run. In an experiment published in 2020, the Leipzig research group had young adults and eight-year-old children listen to new vocabulary for five days, sometimes paired with matching pictures or videos of gestures. After two months, the two methods were still tied. But after six months, the adults benefited more from the gestures than the pictures, while the children were helped equally by both.
1. What is the focus of Mathias and his colleagues' new study?| A．Functions of motor cortex. | B．Techniques of remembering vocabulary. |
| C．Reasons for the gestures' influence on learning. | D．Methods of learning a foreign language. |
| A．pictures were used in the Leipzig research |
| B．pictures are as helpful as gestures to adults |
| C．pictures and gestures may be both helpful to children |
| D．pictures should be used more often than gestures in learning |
| A．How Children Learn New Words | B．How Brain Works More Effectively |
| C．How People Learn Foreign Languages | D．How Gestures Help You Learn New Words |
【推荐2】Scientists recently discovered that our brains may be just as busy at night as they are during the day. While we sleep, our brains are doing much more than getting ready for the next day. Scientists found that the brain may be busy cleaning out harmful waste materials.
As with many studies, scientists turned to mice for help. They studied the mice brains as they slept and when they were awake. They saw that the brains of sleeping mice were hard at work.
Dr. Maiken led the study. The brain expert says our brains perform two very different jobs. It seems they have daytime jobs. Later they “moonlight” at a nighttime job. And this study says that is what our brains seem to be doing. “When we are awake, the brain cells are working very hard at processing all the information around us. When we are asleep, they work very, very hard at removing all the waste that builds up when we are awake.” The scientists say that the waste material includes poisons.
They also found that during sleep, the brain’s cells become smaller, which allows waste to be removed more successfully. Dr. Maiken says these poisons end up in the liver(肝脏). There, they are broken down and then removed from the body. “So we need to sleep because we have a cleaning system that removes many of the poisonous waste products from the brain.”
Dr. Maiken says the next step is to look for the process in human brains. She says the results show how important sleep is to health and fighting disease. The research may also one day lead to treatments to prevent or help fight mental disorders(精神疾病).
1. According to the scientists, when we sleep, our brains .| A．clean themselves | B．turn off for the night |
| C．process information | D．store energy for the next day |
| A．you work in the moonlight | B．you work hard |
| C．you work only at night | D．you have an extra job |
| A．breaking it down | B．sending it to the liver |
| C．building it up in order | D．removing it from the body |
| A．Opposed. | B．Indifferent. | C．Supportive. | D．Critical. |
【推荐3】Earth's longest artificial structure is usually said to be the Great Wall of China while the second-longest is not a wall, but a fence(栅栏). It stretches for 5,614km across eastern Australia and is intended to stop the country's wild dogs, the dingoes, from hunting sheep.
Australia's dingo fence does not stand alone. Millions of kilometres of fences wrap the world. Some are intended to limit the movement of animals, some the movement of people, and some merely to mark the boundary.
Until recently, data on the effects of fences on wildlife have been inadequate. That has changed with the publication of a report by professor Alex McInturff. One discovery he has made is that more than half of published fence research focuses on just five countries—America, Australia, Botswana, China and South Africa. A second is that only a third of these studies examined the impact of fences on anything other than the target species involved, meaning the animals purposely intended to be kept in or out.
Non-target species, however, are often those that have their fortunes most greatly reshaped by the appearance of poles and wire. Australian fences intended to keep out dingoes are also barriers to long-necked turtles, which travel great distances over land when moving between nesting sites. In Botswana fences built to spare cattle from wildlife-borne disease result in serious interference with wildebeest(角马)migrations.
Not every creature fares badly. Hawks(鹰)in Montana gladly sit on newly built livestock fences to hunt small animals, while fence-based spiders in South Africa outperform their tree-based cousins when it comes to catching insects.
Often, though, the winners are creatures that cause trouble for existing ecosystems. Keeping dingoes out of large parts of Australia has allowed aggressive red foxes to multiply. Native rodents(啮齿类动物)have suffered as a result. Some have been brought to the edge of extinction.
1. What is an original purpose of the fences?| A．To expand the boundary of a country. |
| B．To protect wild animals from being hunted. |
| C．To keep livestock like sheep and cattle out. |
| D．To prevent people from moving around freely. |
| A．50% of the studies focus on just five countries. |
| B．About two-thirds of the studies focus on the target animals. |
| C．Non-target animals shouldn't be involved in the studies. |
| D．The studies have reshaped the fortunes of some species. |
| A．Long-necked turtles in Australia. | B．Cattle in Botswana. |
| C．Tree-based spiders in South Africa. | D．Red foxes in Australia. |
| A．Cautious. | B．Objective. |
| C．Disapproving. | D．Favorable. |
【推荐1】Located just steps from the Downtown Disney District, the Disneyland Hotel is a short walk to both Disneyland Park and Disney California Adventure Park.
Want to Visit Star Wars: Galaxy’s Edge?
Guests staying at one of the three Disneyland Resort hotels between May 31 and June 23, 2019 will receive a reservation to visit Star Wars: Galaxy’s Edge during their stay (one reservation per guest); valid (有效的) theme park admission is required.
During the reservation period, access to the experiences in Star Wars: Galaxy’s Edge is subject to capacity. If the hotel reservation is cancelled, the Star Wars: Galaxy’s Edge reservation will be cancelled.
Modern Accommodation with a Magical Touch
Rooms at the Disneyland Hotel are both traditional and creative, paying loving tribute (致敬) to the classic years of Disneyland Park. Special Disney decoration provides a stay that your entire family will enjoy.
Themed Pools with Waterslides
Make a splash (溅水) at our two towering waterslides — themed after the classic park attraction and featuring a fun water play area.
For a more peaceful swim, cool off in the E-Ticket and D-Ticket pools — and then stretch out on a nearby chaise longue (躺椅). Or soak up the sun in the Mickey Spa and Minnie Spa pools and enjoy an even more comfortable experience. For an additional fee, spend the day in a private cabin next to the pools.
Dining for Every Taste
Fine dining and fantastic themed restaurants are all on the menu at the Disneyland Hotel. Dine at Steakhouse 55, where tasty steaks, seafood and an impressive selection of wines are yours to taste nightly. Wanting something more magic? Meet Goofy for breakfast at Goofy’s Kitchen, a delightful all-you-care-to-enjoy buffet (自助餐) with character.
Why Stay at a Disneyland Resort Hotel?
Guests with valid theme park tickets can enjoy early admission to Disneyland Park or Disney California Adventure Park and experience the well-known quality and service of Disney.
1. When can guests get a reservation for Star Wars: Galaxy’s Edge from the hotel?| A．On April 23rd | B．On June 3rd |
| C．On May 23rd | D．On July 31st |
| A．Sunbathe in the Minnie Spa pools. |
| B．Have tasty steaks on a chaise longue. |
| C．Stay at a private place all day for free. |
| D．Make a splash in the E-Ticket and D-Ticket pools. |
| A．Getting a reservation for Star Wars movies all year around. |
| B．Staying in a room decorated with Disney characters. |
| C．Eating together with Goofy at Steakhouse 55. |
| D．Entering Disneyland Park without a ticket. |
【推荐2】“What are you?” they ask. “Guess,” I say. Some suggest I have Japanese eyes. Others think I’m Filipino, maybe Indian. Few guess the truth: I am Mexican American. But it’s not like I’ve ever worn that name alone. I’m part of a younger generation of Americans whose identity is shaped neither by where we came from nor where we ended up.
My parents know the California immigrant experience first-hand. They grew up picking fruit in the San Joaquin Valley, knowing what it was to be poor, but also knowing what it was to be Mexican. Wanting a better life for their children, they went to college and got professional jobs. By the time I was born, they were fully accepted into the middle class. I grew up in the racially mixed zones of Sacramento, and when my parents talked of their years in the fields it was hard to connect those stories to where we found ourselves now.
By the time I reached my teens, difference had announced itself. We were all struggling for a sense of individuality, looking everywhere but where we came from. Identity became goods. Wearing certain clothes and liking certain kinds of music created social categories.
I became a junkman, sorting through the ruins of pop culture past looking for the pieces of myself. In love with the Beatles, I linked myself to England. Fascinated by Japanese cartoon, I took language classes at the local Buddhist temple.
I grew up American to a fault, rarely considering my own people’s culture and humanity. I left Sacramento and moved to San Francisco’s Mission District to put myself together again. There I first saw my people living in a separate community that had its own language, one I’d never learned. My brown face led people to ask me for directions in Spanish. I could only respond with a universally understood shrug.
“This is what I am,” I said to myself, looking at a street full of newly arrived immigrants. No, that wasn’t quite it. I corrected myself: “This is where I come from.”
Is it tragic that I grew up far from my mother culture, discovering it so late in life? I prefer to think that my American upbringing has taught me to apply insights from many different cultures to my everyday life. I am a product not just of Mexico or the U.S. but of the world as a whole.
1. Where does the writer grow up?| A．In Sacramento. | B．In a Mexico town. |
| C．In the San Joaquin Valley. | D．In San Francisco’s Mission District. |
| A．To promote mother culture. | B．To adapt to new surroundings. |
| C．To clearly express individuality. | D．To learn from different cultures. |
| A．liked to play sports | B．wanted to learn Spanish |
| C．was interested in different cultures | D．did not like living in San Francisco |
| A．the growing pains of immigrants | B．the culture differences in America |
| C．the author’s exploration of his identity | D．the problems of immigrants in America |
【推荐3】The smilodon (剑齿虎) died out probably about ten thousand years ago. Although it is also known as the saber-toothed tiger, it was not a close relative of the modern tiger. The more scientists study the two big cats, the more differences they find.
Tigers are not sociable animals. They generally travel by themselves. The smilodon, on the other hand, probably lived in groups. Tigers run fast while hunting their prey. But the smilodon, with much shorter tails than today’s tigers, did not have the balance to run at top speeds. It probably caught its prey by hiding quietly until an animal came near.
Another main difference between today’s tiger and the smilodon is the size of the smilodon’s teeth. It is known as a saber-toothed cat because of two huge teeth that grew from the top of its jaw(颌). These teeth grew up to nearly 18 cm long and were easily broken and damaged. The smilodon probably used the teeth to bite into soft parts of its prey’s body, such as its stomach. A modern tiger’s teeth are much smaller, but they are stronger.
The smilodon lived in North and South America from about two million years ago until about ten thousand years ago. Tigers, of course, still exist today and live in eastern and southeastern Asia. No one knows for sure why the smilodon disappeared.
1. Why does the smilodon run slower than tigers?| A．Because of their big body. | B．Because of their shorter tail. |
| C．Because of their huge teeth. | D．Because of their living habits. |
| A．No exact reason found. | B．Human activities. | C．The changes of living places. | D．Natural disasters. |
| A．The smilodon died out about 10,000 years ago. |
| B．The smilodon was a relative to modern tigers. |
| C．Modern tigers have more chances to get prey. |
| D．People have known the importance of protecting tigers. |
| A．Why the smilodon died out. | B．The study of the smilodon. |
| C．How to protect modern tigers. | D．The smilodon and the tiger. |
