There is no such thing as a "safe" level of drinking, with increased consumption of alcohol associated with poorer brain health, according to a new study.
In an observational study, researchers from the University of Oxford studied the relationship between the self-reported alcohol intake(摄入量)of some 25,000 people in the UK, and their brain scans. The researchers noted that drinking had an effect on the brain's gray matter—regions in the brain that make up "important bits where information is processed," according to lead author Anya Topiwala, a senior clinical researcher at Oxford.
"The more people drank, the less the volume of their gray matter," Topiwala said via email. "Brain volume(容量)reduces with age and more severely with dementia(痴呆). Smaller brain volume also predicts worse performance on memory testing," she explained. "While alcohol only made a small contribution to this(0.8%), it was a greater contribution than other 'changeable' risk factors," she said, explaining that changeable risk factors are "ones you can do something about, in contrast to aging."
The team also investigated whether certain drinking patterns, beverage(饮料)types and other health conditions made a difference to the impact of alcohol on brain health. They found that there was no "safe" level of drinking—meaning that consuming any amount of alcohol was worse than not drinking it. They also found no evidence that the type of drink—such as wine, spirits or beer—affected the harm done to the brain.
However, certain characteristics, such as high blood pressure, obesity or binge -drinking(酗酒), could put people at higher risk, researchers added.
1. How was the study developed?A.By comparing people and the researchers. |
B.By comparing brain and health. |
C.By comparing alcohol intake and brain scans. |
D.By comparing information and gray matter. |
A.Drinking alcohol can cause reducing of brain volume. |
B.Drinking alcohol can cause increasing of brain volume. |
C.Drinking wine have more impact on brain. |
D.Drinking spirits have more impact on brain. |
A.buying | B.drinking |
C.selling | D.making |
A.People drinking more types. | B.People forming some habits. |
C.People with less chance to drink. | D.People with high blood pressure. |
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【推荐1】Food experts say washing could spread the germs (细菌) on your turkey in the kitchen sink to nearby food. But it’s been a challenge trying to convince cooks to stop washing uncooked poultry (禽肉). Germs that can make people sick are common in the body of healthy poultry and are legally allowed to be on raw turkey and chicken. The assumption is that nobody eats their poultry raw, and that thorough cooking will kill the germ.
The do-not-wash raw poultry advice from the USDA is relatively new and perhaps hasn’t caught on because it goes against the common belief that washing makes things clean, said Chapman. Benjamin Chapman, a study author and food safety expert at North Carolina State University, said the natural tendency to wash raw poultry goes back at least decades when people relied more on visual clues to spot problems with poultry. Meanwhile, washing hands and surfaces are also important.
But food preparation is a complicated act, and germs from poultry can be spread even if it’s not washed, especially when birds are removed from packaging.
The USDA-funded study stresses that point. Researchers sprayed raw chicken with a harmless strain of E. coli (大肠杆菌) and watched volunteer cooks at test kitchens. Among those who washed their raw chicken, about a quarter ended up spreading the germ to their cabbage. But even some of those who did not wash the chicken got germs on the cabbage. And there are other opportunities for germs to survive on turkeys: melting and cooking.
To ensure a bird is thoroughly cooked, they say to use a thermometer (温度计) to check that the deepest and thickest parts of it have reached 165 degrees. Even after the meal is cooked, you aren’t out of the danger zone. To keep turkeys and other leftovers safe, experts say they should be refrigerated after two hours.
1. People don’t accept USDA’s advice because________.A.the advice is relatively new |
B.cooks clean the turkey before cooking it |
C.cleaning seems more trustworthy |
D.heat can kill most germs and no one eats raw food |
A.Germs from chicken can be spread if it is washed |
B.Germs from poultry can be spread even if it's not washed |
C.Hands and surfaces are easy to get E. coli. |
D.Multiple methods should be applied to food to get rid of germs. |
A.Use a thermometer to check the temperature of the turkey. |
B.Keep the turkey away from the cabbage and refrigerator. |
C.Wash hands and packages before taking out the turkey. |
D.Wash the turkey before it is heated. |
A.A diary | B.A novel | C.A guidebook | D.A magazine |
【推荐2】The Planting Hope Company Inc. has introduced a new kind of sesame (芝麻) milk to the market. The company has termed its new product as the world’s most planet-friendly and nutritious plant-based milk.
The milk is produced from sesame seeds, a development that has been made possible by the company. For over five years, Planting Hope has invested in the development of the product, which is now taking the vegan milk market by storm.
“Planting Hope has brought important breakthrough innovation to plant-based milk, opening a whole new category, sesame milk, that unlocks the good nutrition of the extremely sustainable and planet-friendly sesame seed,” said Julia Stamberger, CEO and cofounder of Planting Hope. “We’re very excited to bring our innovative sesame milk line, in our eye-grabbing, colorful new packaging, to Canadian consumers.”
Sesame milk is not the first plant-based milk product in the world. The plant-based milk market is currently worth $38.9 billion globally. According to Data Bridge, plant-based milk’s market value is 7.7 times larger than that of plant-based meat.
One of the main factors driving demand for plant-based milk is intolerance to dairy milk (牛奶). Almost 70% of the world’s population is intolerant to dairy proteins. Besides the concern about allergic (过敏的) proteins, there is concern about greenhouse pollution. Raising livestock (牲畜) contributes heavily to greenhouse gases like methane and CO2. This has seen more people shifting to plant-based alternatives.
On the other hand, the journey to plant-based milk is not all plain sailing. Some types of plant-based milk such as almond (杏仁) milk have been found to be equally stressful to the planet. Almond farming uses plenty of water and harms bee populations. However, more friendly milk options such as sesame are now popping up.
With rising consumer awareness about climate change, the growth of the sesame milk market is unlikely to desist. In addition, it is important that the globe finds the type of plant-based milk that offers value without serious disadvantages.
1. What is one selling point of Planting Hope’s sesame milk?A.It is incredibly rich in nutrition. | B.It is easily affordable to customers. |
C.It is packaged with planet-friendly materials. | D.It is the world’s first plant-based milk product. |
A.The popularity of dairy milk. | B.The huge market for plant-based milk. |
C.The public concern about raising livestock. | D.The reasons behind the rise of plant-based milk. |
A.It is easier to produce. | B.It is more eco-friendly. |
C.It is more delicious. | D.It is less likely to cause allergies. |
A.Delay. | B.Continue. | C.Stop. | D.Return. |
【推荐3】English playwright Arthur Wing Pinero said, “Where there's tea, there's hope.” Similarly, a Chinese saying goes that “Firewood, rice, cooking oil, salt, sauce, vinegar and tea are the seven necessities to begin a day. ”
In order to celebrate the popular drink, the United Nations General Assembly has named “May 21”as International Tea Day.
“Apart from its cultural significance, tea is also a medicine.” Tea is cold and lowers the fire, Chinese Ming Dynasty herbalist Li Shizhen once said.
A.Avoid drinking too much though it is beneficial. |
B.Tea is, without doubt, welcomed all over the world. |
C.The health benefits of tea are still being discovered today. |
D.Hot or cold, bagged or loose-leaf, tea is more than a drink. |
E.It has become a big part of many cultures around the world. |
F.China, the homeland of tea, is a leading producer and consumer. |
G.Meanwhile, afternoon tea is an important part of the British culture. |
【推荐1】Most people can not think of staring their busy day at work without a hot cup of tea. If you are one among such people, you might consider giving up this habit for your own good. According to a recent study, published in the Annals of Internal Medicine, drinking hot tea can increase the risk of cancer if people also smoke and drink alcohol.
For regular smokers, drinking hot tea had been linked to a five-times higher risk of developing esophageal cancer (食道癌), mentioned the study. “We found that the relation between high - temperature tea consumption and esophageal cancer risk was dependent on alcohol and tobacco consumption, ” lead author Jun Lu, a professor at the Peking University, was quoted as saying by Time.
For the study, the researchers analyzed data on more than 456, 000 adults, between the age of 30 and 79, who did not have cancer at the beginning of the study. The people were studied for about nine years, during the course of which about 1, 700 people were seen to have developed esophageal cancer. The authors of the study conclude that hot tea may damage the esophagus, which could increase the chance of injury from other risk factors such as smoking and drinking. Another way hot tea could increase the risk of cancer was through the formation of inflammatory (引发炎症的) compounds, caused after repeated damage to the esophagus.
Earlier in 2016, the World Health Organization had also inferred that hot beverages. Including tea, which are above 149 degrees Fahrenheit (65 degrees Celsius), may increase the risk of esophageal cancer. However, the best way to stay safe, obviously, is to give up drinking hot tea or smoking.
1. According to a recent study, drinking hot tea while smoking and drinking may ________ .A.be good for people's health |
B.decrease the risk of cancer |
C.take more risks of suffering from cancer |
D.help people quit smoking and drinking |
A.Drink more hot tea |
B.Stop drinking hot tea |
C.Drink hot tea and alcohol at the same time |
D.Drink hot tea and alcohol at different times |
A.By doing experiments in labs |
B.By studying patients in hospitals |
C.By comparing differences between adults and children |
D.By studying information collected in 9 years |
A.To compare the differences of the two studies |
B.To stress the importance of the organization |
C.To prove the result of the recent study further |
D.To introduce the best way for people to stay safe |
【推荐2】6 Best Foods To Boost Brain Power and Improve Memory
Number 1 — Legumes
Legumes are an excellent source of complex carbohydrates! These complex carbohydrates are also mixed with fiber that slow down absorption, providing a steady supply of glucose (葡萄糖) to the brain without the risks of sugar spikes associated with many other sugar sources. Legumes are also rich in folate — a B vitamin critical to brain function!
Number 2 — Mint
Mint is a good source of vitamin A and vitamin C. Vitamin A can help boost learning skills and increase brain plasticity, while vitamin C is said to protect against cognitive decline. According to studies, even the scent of mint affects brain functioning by boosting alertness and memory. It also helps improve basic clerical skills, such as typing and memorization.
Number 3 — Broccoli
It’s rich in calcium, vitamin C, B vitamins, beta-carotene, iron, fiber, and vitamin K. These nutrients protect against free radicals, they maintain proper blood circulation, and remove heavy metals that can damage the brain. Research also suggests that broccoli can help contribute to the brain healing itself in the event of an injury! That’s pretty powerful stuff for a vegetable.
Number 4 — Beets
They’re high in nitrates (硝酸盐), which help increase blood flow in parts of the brain related to executive functioning. Beets also contain lots of vitamin B9, which can aid cognitive functioning and delay dementia. In addition, beets are rich in carotenoids, which can help boost brain functioning and stave off depression.
Number 5 — Seeds
They contain a rich mix of protein, omega fatty acids, and B vitamins. These seeds also contain tryptophan, which the brain converts into serotonin to boost mood and combat depression. Eating a handful of seeds daily will also provide your daily recommended amount of zinc, which can help enhance memory and thinking skills! Soaked and sprouted seeds are even healthier!
Number 6 — Nuts
Nuts are a great source of omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids, vitamin B6; and vitamin E, which has been shown to improve brain power and prevent many forms of dementia by protecting the brain from free radicals. Though it is worth noting, nuts contain some anti-nutrients - such as phytic acid, so it’s much healthier if you soak them overnight before you eat them.
1. Relatively speaking, which food works better in helping the brain to recover after being wounded in an accident?A.Legumes. | B.Broccoli. | C.Beets. | D.Nuts. |
A.Both are effective in increasing blood circulation. |
B.Both are known to elevate mood and combat depression. |
C.Both are rich in zinc, an element good at enhancing memory. |
D.Both will be at their most effective after being soaked overnight. |
A.The elements in legumes help us absorb food slowly, causing rapid rise of sugar. |
B.The free radicals contained in broccoli can help the brain recover from injuries. |
C.Our brain functioning is likely to be boosted by just smelling mint. |
D.Though containing some anti-nutrients, nuts are much healthier to be consumed without being soaked for a long time. |
【推荐3】Maintaining good health doesn’t happen by accident.
A healthy diet is rich in fiber, whole grains, fresh fruits and vegetables, and omega-3 fatty acids (不饱和脂肪酸). These dietary components turn down inflammation (炎症), which can damage tissue, joints, and organs.
Finally, establish a good relationship with a primary care physician. A primary care physician is a healthcare professional who helps you manage your health. He or she is the first person you talk to when you have any medical problem that is not an emergency. If something happens to your health, a physician you know-and who knows you-is in the best position to help.
A.Omega-3 fatty acids are of vital importance. |
B.Physical activity is also necessary for good health. |
C.Talking to trusted family members and friends can help a lot. |
D.Going easy on processed foods is another element of healthy eating. |
E.It requires smart lifestyle choices, workout and the occasional checkup and test. |
F.He or she will also recommend tests to check for hidden cancer or other conditions. |
G.Only a few lifestyle choices have as large an impact on your health as physical activity. |
【推荐1】The world’s largest study about sleep was launched in June 2017 and within days more than 40,000 people from around the world participated in the online scientific investigation, which includes a questionnaire and a series of cognitive (认知的) performance activities.
“We really wanted to figure out the sleeping habits of people around the world. Obviously, there have been many smaller sleep studies of people in labs but we wanted to find out what sleep is like in the real world,” says Adrian Owen. “People who logged in gave us a lot of information about themselves. They told us things like which medicine they were on, how old they were, where they were and what kind of education they’d received because these are all factors that might have contributed to some of the results.”
About half of all participants reported typically sleeping less than 6.3 hours per night, about an hour less than the study’s recommended amount. One shocking fact was that most participants who slept four hours or less performed as if they were almost nine years older.
Another surprising discovery was that sleep affected all adults equally. The amount of sleep associated with highly functional cognitive behavior was the same for everyone, regardless of age. Also, the harm associated with too little, or too much, sleep did not depend on the age of the participants.
“We found that the best amount of sleep to keep your brain performing its best is 7 to 8 hours every night. We also found that people who slept more than that amount were equally harmed as those who slept too little.” says Conor Wild, Owen Lab Research Associate and the study’s lead author.
1. Where did the study take place?A.In a hospital. | B.In a university. | C.In a lab. | D.On the Internet. |
A.Professions. | B.Education. | C.Hobbies. | D.Diet. |
A.Sleeping too much is as bad as sleeping too little. |
B.Sleeping too little can make people look older. |
C.Different people need different sleeping hours. |
D.People must sleep for eight or nine hours every day. |
A.Most people have sleeping problems in the world. |
B.Owen and Wild were the first experts to study sleep. |
C.Lack of enough sleep is a common problem. |
D.People attach great importance to having enough sleep. |
【推荐2】The Forbidden City is well known for being full of Chinese cultural and historical relics. But Masters in the Forbidden City(《我在故宫修文物》)does not just focus on the stories of the past.
Instead, the documentary movie, which came out in Chinese cinemas on Dec. 16, focuses on ordinary people-the restorers(修复者)of relics and antiquities(古董).
The stories are told at a slow and relaxed pace, reflecting the restorers’ work. Restoration of cultural relics and antiques can be time-consuming, and sometimes boring. Yet these restorers’ patience and peace of mind are especially precious in a society where everything is changing so fast.
“If you choose this job, you have to stand hours of work sitting on a chair. You need to be quiet and get used to being quiet,” says Wang Jin, an ancient clock repair expert.
A touching part of the documentary is the spirit of craftsmanship(工艺)in the restorers. “Years of humdrum work requires not only skill, but also faith and spirit,” China Daily commented. “Looking for preciseness and perfection, devoting yourself to work, patience, endurance(忍耐), loneliness…All these qualities come from the craftsman spirit. ”
But unlike the popular idea of serious experts who sit around being serious, the documentary shows off the enthusiasm of the restorers. They play their guitars and make jokes about each other after a long day of restoration work.
One scene that has been very popular with Internet users features a young female restorer riding a bicycle through the empty Forbidden City on a Monday. While she is doing this, a narrator says, “The last person to do this was Puyi, the last emperor of the Oing Dynasty.”
Masters in the Forbidden City has proved wrong many people’s ideas about antique restorers, allowing them to realize that they are not old, dull professors, but people in their 40s, 30s and even 20s who can be quite pleasing to the eye.
1. According to the text, what’s the main purpose of the documentary Masters in the Forbidden City?A.To show people how antiques are restored |
B.To display relics seldom seen by ordinary people |
C.To draw attention to Chinese antique restorers’ lives |
D.To praise the craftsmanship of Chinese antique restorers |
A.He often gets tired with his work | B.There is no need to do restoration work fast |
C.Antique restorers need to be patient and peaceful | D.It takes years of hard work to adapt to antique restoration |
A.Boring | B.Different | C.Relaxing | D.Unusual |
A.To remind the audience of the last Qing emperor |
B.To show the strange hobbies of young antique restorers |
C.To encourage the young to consider a career in antique restoration in the future |
D.To show that the documentary breaks from the old, dull image of antique restorers |
【推荐3】Scientist in Colombia have trained a team of rats to help remove landmines from the countryside. Landmines are small bombs hidden in the ground and designed to explode when someone steps on them.
When trained, the rats can smell special metals in the mines and then signal to their human team. Then why use rats for such an important job?
In the past, dogs have been used to find bombs. Rats have a good sense of smell and can respond to orders, just like dogs do. But rats are much lighter than dogs. They stand less of a chance of setting off the mines, which explode under a certain amount of weight. What’s more, the best rats are cheaper to keep than dogs. It costs about the same amount of money to take care of one dog as it does 70 rats.
The rats have already been used in Tanzania, an African country with many landmines. Luisa Fernanda Mendez and her team in Colombia are training the even lighter Wistar rats. These are the white rats with red eyes that scientists often use in laboratory experiments. ''They even train their babies to perform their jobs, which saves us a lot of time, '' Mendez said.
Colombia has the second-highest rate (比率) of deaths from landmine accidents in the world. Last year, land mines killed 695 people—56 of whom were children. A criminal(犯罪) group called the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, or FARC, as well as other organizations, have placed the mines. FARC are strongly against Colombia's government. The group has placed mines all around its own bases and in many places in the countryside.
In the past, the Colombian government hired peasants and poor farmers to find mines. Many of them died trying to find the well-hidden bombs.
Colombian police official Erick Guzman hopes the team of rats can come to the rescue. ''These rats will be a great help, '' he said.
1. How do rats help to find land mines?A.By their excellent hearing. | B.By their sense of smell. |
C.By their special sight. | D.By their light weight. |
A.They are cleverer than dogs. | B.They run faster than dogs. |
C.They don't make mines explode as easily. | D.they have a better sense of smell. |
A.In the past, dogs have been used to find bombs. | B.Rats are much lighter than dogs. |
C.It costs less money to take care of a rat than a dog. | D.Dogs have a better sense of smell than rats. |
A.A new way to clear land mines—specially-trained rats . |
B.People in Tanzania are suffering from land mines. |
C.Dogs are no longer used to find land mines. |
D.Land mines have become a great danger to Colombians. |