This year’s Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine has been awarded to Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman for their work on mRNA vaccines,     1     crucial tool in limiting the spread of Covid-19. The Nobel Prize committee announced the extraordinary honor,     2    (see) as the summit (顶峰) of scientific     3    (achieve), in Sweden on Monday.

Karikó, a Hungarian-American biochemist, and Weissman, an American physician, are both professors at the University of Pennsylvania. The committee praised the scientists “groundbreaking findings”, which fundamentally changed our understanding of     4     mRNA and our immune system affect each other. They published their results in a 2005 paper    5     received little attention at the time, but later laid the foundation for     6     (critical) important developments that served humanity during the coronavirus pandemic,     7    (contribute) to the high rate of vaccine development.

Rickard Sandberg, a member of the Nobel Prize in medicine committee, said, “Because of mRNA vaccines and other Covid-19 vaccines, millions of lives     8    (save) in the past few years.” The revolutionary technology has opened a new chapter of medicine. It can potentially be made use of       9    (develop) vaccines against other diseases like malaria, RSV and HIV. It also offers a new approach     10     infectious disease like cancer, with the prospect of personalized vaccines.

Facial surgery (手术) is a serious business, especially on children     1     are not yet fully grown but Melbourne researchers are developing a technique that could change the face of children’s surgery.

This new     2     (develop) will allow doctors to work out a child’s normal face shape at different ages to predict (预测) future growth.

Researchers at the Murdoch Children’s Research Institute (MCRI) could soon replace the ruler currently     3     (use) to track changes in a child’s head and face with 3D images. By     4     (improve) the ability to predict normal growth and future changes in a child’s face, doctors will be able to    5     (well) complete their surgery than before.

MCRI’s Mr Harold Matthews said current     6     (method), including using patients’ photographs and X-rays were slow. Together     7     researchers in Belgium, Mr Matthews is pioneering a new tool that provides averages (平均值) for normal growth of the face throughout childhood.

The project intends     8     (take) some of the guesswork out of surgery. For example, in children with Pierre Robin Sequence, a serious condition which means they are born with an underdeveloped jaw(下颚), some doctors choose to fix it early while others wait to see if the child’s face will     9     (natural) correct itself as it grows. Without this new technology,     10     is difficult to know which method is better for each child.

We all know that a healthy life means     1     (get) both plenty of exercise and enough good-quality sleep,     2     reality often gets in the way. The new research indicates that doing enough exercise could make up     3     some of the unhealthy impacts of terrible sleep.

Cancer, for example, those at the unhealthiest end of the sleep and exercise scale had a 45 percent higher risk of dying from cancer    4     those with good sleep and doing exercise     5     (regular). However, that risk just about disappeared for those     6     didn’t have good sleep but kept regular physical activity.

The weekly amount of exercise     7     (recommend) by the World Health Organization (WHO) is 150 minutes of moderately intensive activity, or more than 75 minutes of vigorously intensive physical activity.

“Levels of physical     8     (active) at or above the lower threshold recommended by WHO appeared to cut out most of the associations of poor sleep and mortality,” write the researchers in their paper.

“Considering that physical activity     9     (be) perhaps more achievable than sleep, the study offers people more health     10     (reason) to be physically active; and provides health professionals with more reasons to recommend physical activity to patients with sleep problems.”