Chinese kung fu is a    1    ( tradition) Chinese culture. It is probably one of the    2    ( early) sports that use both strength and brain.

The theory of kung fu is based     3    classical Chinese philosophy. Over its long history it has developed as a unique combination of exercise,practical self-defense, self-discipline, and art. It can date back to ancient times    4     people used sticks to fight against wild animals and they gradually     5    ( gain) experience in self-defense.

Chinese kung fu is a large system of theory and practice,     6    ( combine) techniques of self-defence and health-keeping.In sports like track and field and boxing,an athlete       7    ( usual) has to retire from full participation(参与) in his 30s. That is because injuries suffered during years of active sport participation at a young age affect his ability     8    ( continue) exercising in later life. In Chinese kungfu. however, a difference     9     ( make ) between “external" and " internal" kung fu. It's said that in external kung fu, you exercise your muscles, bones and skin     10     in internal kung fu, you train your spirit, qi and mind. So the external body weakens later in life, but on the contrary, internal kung fu continues.

Elias is a poor black worker in South Africa. When he first     1     (meet) Nelson Mandela, he was in a very difficult period of his life. He began school at six,     2     he had to leave because his family could not continue to pay school     3     (fee) and the bus fare. When he got a job, he was worried about being out of work, because he didn’t have a passbook. Then Mandela, who offered     4     (guide) to poor black people on their legal problems, told him     5     to do and helped him. When Mandela organized the ANC Youth League, Elias joined     6     as soon as he could. At that time, black people couldn’t vote or choose their leaders. They couldn’t get the jobs they wanted and the parts of town in which they had to live     7     (decide) by white people. With the help of Mandela they chose     8     (attack) the laws, and fought against the white people with violence. In 1963 he helped blow up some government buildings, though it was very     9     (danger), because he knew it was to achieve their dream of     10     (make) black and white people equal.

Originally constructed around 356BCE by the State of Qin as     1     irrigation and flood control system, Dujiangyan is a remarkable example of ancient engineering skill     2     is still in use today. During the Warring States period, people who lived along the     3     (bank) of the Min River were troubled by annual flooding. Qin governor and irrigation engineer Li Bing investigated the problem completely. He led a team     4     (construct) a dam to redirect a portion of the river’s flow. Then they cut a channel through Mount Yulei to discharge (排出) the floodwater. After the system was finished, no more floods occurred. What’s more, it made Sichuan one of the most productive     5     (agriculture) regions in China because the     6     (redirect) water from the Min River could be used for irrigation. If you visit Dujiangyan, you will see an unusual construction     7     is like a fish’s mouth. This famous attraction, Yuzui, together with two other important parts, namely, Feishayan and Baopingkou, was     8     (scientific) designed to control the water flow throughout the year. Recognised     9     a UNESCO heritage site, Dujiangyan     10     (irrigate) farms while preventing floods for over 2,000 years.

Xuan paper, known as one of the Four Treasures of Study, first came into     1     (exist) in Xuan Prefecture in the Tang dynasty. The traditional skill of making the paper     2     hand has been passed down through generations. The process takes as many as 100 steps, all of     3     require a level of delicacy.

Take papermaking master Zhou Donghong for example. He uses a fine screen to filter(过滤) a mixture of water and fibers. He lifts it up, and it’s a sheet of paper. It takes him and his partner only 15 seconds     4     (form) and shape it, but they’ve devoted     5     (them) to perfecting the skills for decades.

“There are a lot of tricks of filtering the fibers, and timing is the     6     (difficult) part of all. We have only one chance to filter the right amount of fibers, and only the proper weight guarantees the paper is neither too thin nor too thick, and the margin for error is     7     (extreme) small,” said Zhou. With just the right degree of thickness, top quality Xuan paper holds ink and water tightly.

The skill of papermaking,     8     (recognize) as a national treasure, has also proven to be an international one. We felt     9     great sense of pride as it was listed as a world intangible culture heritage(非物质文化遗产) by UNESCO in 2009. Since then, in Jingxian County, Xuan papermaking     10    (teach) in schools.