A study led by Oleguer Plana-Ripoll, a researcher at Aarhus University in Denmark, tries to deal with a fundamental question that has bothered researchers for more than a century-what exactly causes mental illness?
In the hope of finding the answer, scientists have piled up a large amount of data over the past decade, through studies of genes and brain activity. They have found that many of the same genes underlie seemingly distinct disorders and that changes in the brain’s decision-making systems could be involved in many conditions.
The researchers are also rethinking theories of how our brains go wrong. The idea that mental illness can be classified into distinct, separate categories like “anxiety” has been disproved to a large extent. Instead, recently they’ve found that disorders shade into each other. There are no hard dividing lines.
The researchers are trying to understand the biology that underlies mental illness. They have a few theories. Perhaps there are several dimensions of mental illness, so depending on how people score on each dimension, they might be more likely to have some disorders than others. An alternative idea is that there is a single factor that makes people easier to suffer from mental illness in general: Which disorder they develop is then determined by other factors. Both ideas are being taken seriously, though the former one is more widely accepted by the researchers.
The details are still unclear, but most researchers agree that one thing is specific: The old system of categorizing mental disorders into neat boxes does not work. They are also hopeful that, in the long run, replacing this framework with one that is grounded in biology will lead to new drugs and treatments. The researchers aim to reveal, for instance, the key genes,brain regions and neurological processes involved in psychopathology(精神病理学),and target them with treatments. Although it might take a while to get there, they are optimistic in the long term if the field really does its work.
1. What does the research of mental illness focus on?A.Its roots. | B.Its symptoms. | C.Its categories. | D.Its treatments. |
A.There exist links between mental disorders. |
B.Brain function has little to do with mental illness. |
C.Mental illness is classified into different categories. |
D.Genes are completely different in distinct mental disorders. |
A.The theory of genetic influences. |
B.The concept of multiple aspects. |
C.The belief of brain abnormalities. |
D.The idea of the determined risk factor. |
A.Its new drugs could be available soon. |
B.Its genes are too complex to study. |
C.Scientists are clear about its details. |
D.Hunting for its biology might help. |
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【推荐1】Most children who have suffered from ADHD still have it as teens. During teen years, especially as the hormonal changes of teenagers are going on and the demands of school and extra-curricular activities are increasing, ADHD may get worse.
Because of problems with getting unfocused and poor concentration, many teens with ADHD have problems in school. Grades may fall, especially if the teen is not getting ADHD treatment. It’s not uncommon for teens with ADHD to forget their homework, lose textbooks, and become bored with their daily class work. Teens may become inattentive or extremely attentive, not waiting for their turn before blurting out answers. They may cut in on their teacher and classmates. Teens with ADHD may also be fidgety and find it hard to sit still in class.
Often, teens with ADHD are so busy focusing on other things that they forget about the task at hand. This can be seen especially with homework and athletic skills and in relationships with their schoolmates. This lack of attention to what they’re doing often leads to bad grades on tests and being passed over for sports teams, after-school activities, and learning teams. Kids with ADHD can be targets for bullying, too. But, not all children with ADHD have trouble getting along with others. If your child does, you can take measures to help improve their social skills and relationships.
ADHD affects all parts of a teenager’s life. As a parent, you should discover your teen’s troubles as early as possible. The earlier your child’s troubles are discovered, the more successful the following steps can be.
1. What does the author plan to do in paragraph 1?A.To list the types of ADHD. | B.To introduce the main topic. |
C.To show the author’s opinion. | D.To explain the causes of ADHD. |
A.Clever. | B.Noisy. | C.Restless. | D.Lazy. |
A.Ways to deal with ADHD. | B.Effects of ADHD on teens. |
C.Teens’ school performances. | D.Demands of school work. |
A.How parents can help a teen with ADHD. | B.The importance of healthy peer relationships. |
C.How many children are suffering from ADHD. | D.Different opinions about treating ADHD in teens. |
【推荐2】Since the outbreak of COVID-19 in early 2020, public health and government officials have put social distancing rules in place and advised people to stay at home as much as possible. Many schools around the world started online learning.
Do teenagers have it easy being home all the time? Not necessarily. They can’t connect with teachers and friends in person and do outdoor activities. They are even concerned about the deadly disease. These have caused a rise in anxiety among young people.
In a study of about 1,500 teens last spring, 70% kids said that they were struggling with anxiety and 45% had felt more stressed than usual. Poncin, a professor of clinical child psychiatry (精神病学), said that it’s difficult to show exactly what is causing the increased stress. Some factors focus on our communities and families, while others are individual (个别的). “There are many stress factors that teens are worried about, like their parents losing jobs, family members getting sick, parents not being home, not talking with friends, and more,” Poncin said. “Teens need to learn how to be together and how to talk and be with people.”
Thinking about something over and over also builds stress. To help ease (缓解) their worries, teens can bike, walk the dog or even pick up a new hobby.
In my home state of North Carolina, Roy Goode, head of the local educational agency, is especially concerned about students who don’t have the resources they need to learn at home. “Today’s students are tomorrow’s leaders,” he said. “We need to make sure they all have a chance to succeed so we can overcome any challenge that comes our way.”
1. Why does the author list the numbers in paragraph 3?A.To tell the reasons leading to anxiety. | B.To stress the importance of being together. |
C.To show teens’ increased mental problems. | D.To stress the need for dealing with sadness. |
A.He believes chatting online helps. | B.He thinks teens should learn at home. |
C.He thinks there are different reasons for teens’ stress. | D.He believes government is responsible for Covid-19. |
A.Stay at home alone. | B.Develop new hobbies. |
C.Play computer games. | D.Have a walk with friends. |
A.A diary. | B.A magazine. | C.A guidebook. | D.A novel. |
【推荐3】A boy from Utah flew across the country to thank his hero, Tom Brady, for helping him beat brain cancer.
Noah Reeb, who has been cancer-free since August, attended the Oct. 25 game with his family after a battle with cancer that included two brain surgeries, chemotherapy and radiation. Throughout the game, Reeb held a homemade sign that read: “Tom Brady helped me beat brain cancer.”
Noah Reeb said that he broke down in tears and that it was a blessing to even attend the game. “The fact that I was even there made me want to cry... I was so happy,” he said. “It was his first live NFL game since beating germinoma, a germ cell tumor that’s commonly found in the brain,” Noah’s dad, James Reeb, said.
Noah’s battle began in November 2020. During the nearly seven-month battle, James Reeb said they counted on their family, friends, their faith and his wife’s watchful care. However, they also had football, he said. “It was where he (Noah) would go physically and mentally to get away from the treatments, the injections, the pain and anxiety,” James Reeb said.” And the thought of Tom Brady playing live was huge for him. It was what motivated him when he was hurting or down or suffering.”
It was Noah Reeb’s dream to meet and throw a football with the Super Bowl champion who had sent him a short video of encouragement in the early days of his battle. In the short clip, Brady reassured Noah that he had a family that supports him and that he was going to be OK. James Reeb said the video “picked Noah up” and every time he was feeling down, he would re-watch it “to help motivate him”.
“I’d like to tell him, thank you for sending me videos. It’s just such a blessing,” the boy, whose dream is to play in the NFL, said.
1. What can we learn about Noah and his cancer?A.He had suffered from brain cancer for less than one year. |
B.He watched his first live NFL during the battle against cancer. |
C.His cancer was cured thanks to NFL’s financial assistance. |
D.His cancer was not as severe as his family members thought. |
A.The letter from Brady helped Noah a lot. |
B.Noah came across Brady at a NFL game. |
C.Noah felt grateful to Brady, who inspired him. |
D.Noah wanted to cry during the NFL game due to pain. |
A.Put Noah up. | B.Woke Noah up. | C.Brought Noah up. | D.Cheered Noah up. |
A.Sensitive and energetic. | B.Righteous and positive. |
C.Persistent and strong. | D.Fearless and loyal. |
【推荐1】A million species are facing extinction. A million, it is enough to make most scream. Some species are becoming extinct because of poaching (偷猎). Even Namibia, which has a spectacular conservation record, hasn't been safe from that. Since 2015, poaching has caused the loss of 50 black rhinos (犀牛) annually in Namibia.
Globally, there is a $ 23-billion-a-year trade in illegal wildlife products. Driven by a demand in some countries, where the rhino horn (角) is thought to be a cure for some diseases, it sells for up to $ 100,000 per kilo on the black market. This illegal trade is making some people very rich, but it isn't for rural Africans. Here, poor people are convinced to trade the life of a rhino for a few hundred dollars, which may bring the possibility of years in prison. In fact, rhino horn is made mostly of keratin (角蛋白), the same substance as found in our fingernails and hair.
To help slow down this reality, I took a trip to Namibia, determined to make a difference to black rhino conservation. The first stop, Mount Etjo Safari Lodge, was where I heard Nossi's story. Nossi, a black rhino, was born in Etosha National Park, a place where my parents and I spent many holidays when I was young. When Nossi was born, her mother was stressed and pushed her around. By the time the vet (兽医) arrived, Nossi only had a 10% chance of survival. With massive investment of time, energy and care, Nossi survived and, last year, she gave birth to her eighth child. In a population in danger of extinction, this represents an important increase in the world's black rhino population. All of these efforts have paid off and I learned that my support matters. Your support matters too. Because together, we can save the rhino. Together, it is likely that we can change the world.
1. What does the first paragraph try to tell us?A.The problem of species extinction has been solved. |
B.The problem of species extinction is serious, |
C.Namibia has an excellent conservation record. |
D.It's easy to stop the extinction of species. |
A.They are believed to cure some diseases. |
B.They can make people live much longer. |
C.They can replace some kinds of metals. |
D.They have made most poor Africans rich. |
A.Poaching rhinos made them very rich. |
B.Some poor people are convinced to protect rhinos. |
C.Some of them need to trade the life of a rhino for a few hundred dollars. |
D.Some of them killed rhinos and are at the risk of being imprisoned. |
A.Her mother had little milk for her. |
B.The weather was very terrible that day. |
C.There was no good medicine at that time. |
D.She was pushed around by her mother. |
A.The urgent effort to save black rhinos |
B.The protection of wildlife |
C.A wildlife reserve in Namibia |
D.The story about young black rhino Nossi |
【推荐2】When it comes to modern communication, security is a big concern. It seems like we’re forever hearing about hackers leaking(泄露) emails, passwords and other important personal information.
But thanks to a breakthrough by Chinese scientists, who won the 2018 Newcomb Cleveland Prize in February, we may soon never have to worry about our data again. This is thanks to the satellite called Micius that uses cutting-edge technology to send and receive information.
Micius is the first satellite of its kind to use quantum key distribution(量子密匙分发), which uses particles (粒子) that transmit(传输) light to transfer information from one point to another. Currently, it can communicate with two base stations(基站), both of which are located high up in the mountains in two different areas of Tibet, around 1,200 kilometers apart. Data is sent between the satellite and one of the base stations in the form of a ray of light. This makes it almost impossible for data sent and received using quantum satellite technology to be stolen, as the connection will be broken if someone tries to hack it.
“Any eavesdropper(偷听者) on the quantum channel attempting to gain information … can be found by the communicating users,” the scientists wrote in the paper.
However, the technology does have a few limitations. For example, the process only works at night, as the information isn’t able to pass through sunlight.
Despite these small issues, the scientific community across the world has reacted positively to China’s achievements in this groundbreaking project.
“This Chinese experiment is a quite remarkable technological achievement,” Artur Ekert, a professor of quantum physics at the University of Oxford, told BBC News.
And Karl Ziemelis, an editor for Nature, told Xinhua, “It’s a testament(见证)to China’s investments and significant efforts in the physical sciences that this group has been able to push research in practical quantum communication technologies to such an astronomical(天文学的)height.”
1. According to the passage, why Micius is safe for transporting messages?A.Because it is only data base located in space, which cannot be touched. |
B.Because it only works at night, as the information isn’t able to pass through sunlight. |
C.Because it uses particles that transmit light to transfer information from one to another. |
D.Because it doesn’t score any important private information like passwords and e-mails. |
A.It gave out the working principle of Micius. |
B.It tells of a kind of scientific appearance. |
C.It warned hackers not to steal information from Micius. |
D.It is a more apparent explanation of its safety. |
A.Its core technology is controlled in foreign countries. |
B.Light is a must in its working process. |
C.Its safety performance needs improving. |
D.Sunlight has a deadly influence on its working. |
A.Leaping into an age of secure data |
B.How should you avoid information hackers |
C.Old Problem, New Approaches |
D.Taking on data theft |
【推荐3】Music is a part of every culture around the world. In fact, the ability to appreciate music is built into our brains. Music makes us feel good. Many music studies look at the long-term benefits of being a music listener or participating in a music program as a child. But can listening to music help us connect and empathize(产生共鸣) with someone right at the moment? A new study aimed to find it out.
In this study, 60 university students were asked to watch several 15-second videos in which a person recounts an autobiographical(自传体的) experience. In some cases, people in the video talk about a relatively ordinary event, like moving into a new apartment, while other stories contain strong emotional content, like recalling a terrible accident or a loved one’s death.
While the students watched these videos, the researchers randomly played either “emotionally neutral” music or very sad music in the background. After watching each video, the students expressed how much sympathy they had for the person in the video, and how much they wanted to help that person. They were also tested on their social reasoning skills—how well they understood the perspective of the person in the video. All of these could be signs of empathic connection.
Results showed that people watching the sad videos felt more sadness themselves and more sympathy for the other person than those watching the neutral videos—not a big surprise. But these empathic feelings were strengthened by listening to sad music. The music had no effect, however, on whether or not the students could reason out the other person’s experience and understand cognitively what they might be thinking or feeling.
While music is not the only way—other art forms, like fiction and dancing, have also been shown to increase empathy, for example —music could be a powerful tool. “It’d be very interesting to extend our finding further, to see if listening to music in a social context can enhance our real-world ability to empathize with and feel sympathy for others in the long term,” says the lead researcher Brennan McDonald.
1. What did the new study want to find out?A.Whether music is culture-specific. |
B.Whether music can arouse emotions. |
C.Whether music can strengthen the social effect. |
D.Whether music programs can improve confidence. |
A.To film a short autobiographical video. |
B.To share their unpleasant experiences. |
C.To think up ways to help those in need. |
D.To watch videos while listening to music. |
A.We can increase our sympathy by using some music. |
B.Music helps us understand others’ thinking processes. |
C.Most adults are much more emotional than children. |
D.Music can impact us both emotionally and intellectually. |
A.Study different types of music. |
B.Test the effect of music on people. |
C.Find ways to make people concerned. |
D.Compare the effect of different art forms. |