Commercial airlines alone contribute around 3% of total global carbon emissions. But the industry is actively looking for green solutions in the form of sustainable jet fuel, and in one case, that fuel may have had a previous life as your household food waste. In a study released this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers detail a method of transforming food waste into sustainable jet fuel that can be used in existing engines.
Biomass (生物质), such as manure (粪便) and food waste, can be transformed into bio-fuels, which are renewable liquid fuels made from organic matter. Derek Vardon, a senior research engineer at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), says that their fuel worked as a mixture of 90% conventional petrol jet fuel and 10% alternative jet fuel required by the industry currently. They also show they could push it to a 70/30 mixture, which will be possible in real world with more time and testing.
Major airline companies are eager to get involved in sustainable aviation fuel because some sustainable solutions, such as battery-operated commercial planes, just aren’t possible yet with current battery technology. A battery-powered plane would be too heavy to fly long distances, so fuel that works in the same way as the fuel we have is a simpler way to trade out emission-heavy fossil fuels.
Vardon says that because the wet waste used in the process would normally go to a landfill (垃圾填埋场) and break down to release greenhouse gases, the process of making and using sustainable aviation fuel could actually have a negative carbon footprint when scaled up.
Commercial airlines are on board to find an affordable and sustainable solution to the carbon-intensive process of air travel. Airlines are looking to hit aggressive sustainability goals by 2050, including decreasing net carbon dioxide emissions by 50%.
1. Which of the following is used for sustainable airline power?A.Fossil fuel. | B.Liquid fuel. | C.Battery power. | D.Biomass. |
A.Fuel-powered planes are likely to travel lighter and farther. |
B.Biofuel is environmentally friendly and sustainable. |
C.It’s convenient to create the proper fuel mixture. |
D.Biofuel proves less costly and easier to produce. |
A.taking off. | B.holding a meeting. |
C.participating in. | D.appearing on stage. |
A.Alternative Energy to Fossil Fuel. |
B.How to Get Fossil Fuel Sustainable. |
C.Changing Food Waste into Airplane Fuel. |
D.How to Decrease Carbon Dioxide Emissions. |
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【推荐1】Egypt is home to more than 100 pyramids, including the 4,500-year-old iconic (圣像的) Giza Pyramid, which is the last-standing ancient wonder of the world.
Giza is actually made up of three pyramids, Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure. Now, scientists are using High Energy Physics (HEP) to scan the Khufu structure at Giza. The new technology uses cosmic ray muons (宇宙射线介子) to scan deeper into the pyramid than has ever been seen before, and then map its internal structure.
What we see now is only the core structure of the Great Pyramid. Although the pyramid has been studied closely for centuries, there are two mysterious blanks that have kept archacologists (考古学家) puzzled.
One void (空间) is around 98 feet long and 20 feet high and could be one large space or several rooms, according to previous scans of the pyramid, while the other is much smaller, just beyond the north face of the pyramid. Archaeologists are not sure what either void functioned as; the most exciting possibility is that the larger space is the hidden burial chamber of Khufu, who was in power from around 2,551 BC to 2,528 BC.
The voids were discovered in 2017 when a project named Scan Pyramids ran a series of scans that analyzed the cosmic particles that fall to Earth (muons) to detect spaces within the structure. Muons are negatively charged elementary particles that form when cosmic rays collide (碰撞) with the Earth’s atmosphere. They are useful because they behave differently when interacting with stone, or water, versus air.
“We plan to field a telescope system that has upwards of 100 times the sensitivity of the equipment that has recently been used at the Great Pyramid,” a team of scientists wrote in a preprint paper—yet to be reviewed by other scientists.
“Since the detectors that are proposed are very large, they cannot be placed inside the pyramid, therefore our approach is to put them outside and move them along the base. In this way, we can collect muons from all angles in order to build up the required data set,” the team wrote in the paper.
1. What is the function of paragraph 1?A.To describe an ancient wonder. | B.To present the new technology. |
C.To highlight the Giza Pyramid. | D.To introduce background information. |
A.It moves above the base and builds up data. |
B.It scans the side of the pyramid and collects muons. |
C.It detects the outside of the pyramid and collects data. |
D.It looks into the pyramid and records the structure inside. |
A.Comic rays. | B.Muons. | C.Scans. | D.Elementary particles. |
A.Putting the detectors outside to collect data. |
B.Discovering the voids using new technology. |
C.Holding a telescope system to study the pyramid. |
D.Uncovering the internal secret of pyramid using HEP. |
【推荐2】Researchers from Purdue University have developed a simple printing process that changes any paper or cardboard packaging into a keyboard, keypad or other easy-to-use human machine interfaces(界面). The technology makes use of a special coating that’s resistant to liquids and dust, which allows multiple circuit (电路) layers to be printed on top of the paper without any dirt between the layers. On the other side of the paper, standard ink printing can then be used to point out where the buttons are, and what they represent. When the printed parts of the paper get pressed, they’re able to send signals over Bluetooth to another device—a laptop, for example. You’ve then got a lightweight, foldable keyboard that can be taken anywhere and easily wiped clean when needed.
Researcher Ramses Martinez says this is the first time that a self-powered paper-based electronic device has been displayed. Also, the technology allows the construction of vertical pressure sensors that don’t require an outer battery thanks to their ability to harvest energy from the tap of a finger. The technology can be used together with conventional printing processes. It could be accomplished easily and rapidly to turn cardboard packaging or paper into smart packaging or a smart human-machine interface.
The technology is great. It’s good for the environment because the paper can be simply recycled again. These paper devices are cheap to produce as well—less than $0.25 each, according to the researchers. Potential uses include smart packaging, or where temporary input devices are required.
“I expect this technology to help the user interact with food packaging—checking whether the food is safe to be consumed, or allowing users to sign the package that arrives at home by dragging their fingers over the box to properly identify themselves as the owner of the package.” says Martinez. “Additionally, our group showed that simple paper sheets from a notebook can be transformed into music player interfaces for users to choose songs and play them.”
1. What can we learn from the first Paragraph?A.The technology can turn any paper into a screen. |
B.The keyboard is complicated and heavy. |
C.The technology uses the coat with liquids and dust resistance. |
D.The keyboard can’t be connected to other devices. |
A.The battery within it. | B.User’s touch on it. |
C.The power energy stored in it. | D.The outer battery. |
A.Positive. | B.Suspicious. |
C.Ambiguous. | D.Conservative. |
A.A music player interface created for musicians. |
B.The application of a new printing technology. |
C.A special coating resisting circuit layers onto paper. |
D.A simple printing process making keyboards out of any paper. |
【推荐3】Imagine a team of humans and robots working together to process online orders. Real-life workers strategically positioned among their automated coworkers who are moving intelligently back and forth in a warehouse (仓库) space, picking items for shipping to the customer.
This could become a reality sooner or later thanks to researchers at the University of Missouri, who are working to speed up the online delivery process by developing a software model designed to make transport robots smarter.
“The robotic technology already exists,” said Sharan Srinivas, who specializes in data analytics and operations research. “Our goal is to best apply this technology through efficient planning. To do this, we’re asking questions like ‘given a list of items to pick, how do you optimize (优化) the route plan for the human pickers and robots?’ or ‘how many items should a robot pick in a given tour?’ Likewise, we have a similar set of questions for the human worker. The most challenging part is optimizing the collaboration plan between the human pickers and robots.”
Currently, a lot of human effort and labor costs are involved with fulfilling online orders. To help optimize this process, robotic companies have already developed cooperative robots, also known as cobots or autonomous mobile robots (AMRs), to work in a warehouse or distribution center. AMRs are equipped with sensors and cameras to help them navigate (确定方向) around a controlled space like a warehouse.
Srinivas said, “The robot is intelligent, so if it’s instructed to go to a particular location, it can navigate the warehous and not hit any workers or other obstacles along the way. AMRs are not designed to replace human workers, but instead can work cooperatively alongside them to help increase the efficiency of the order fulfillment process.”
“The one drawback is that these robots do not have good grasping abilities,” said Srinivas. “But humans are good at grasping items, so we are trying to balance the strength of both resources.”
1. What can we learn from the passage?A.Now only robots pick items for shipping to the customer. |
B.AMRs are designed to replace human beings. |
C.Few labor costs are involved with fulfilling online orders. |
D.Some researchers are working to speed up the online delivery process. |
A.To look cool. | B.To sense warnings. |
C.To direct AMRs’ way. | D.To find human workers. |
A.Holding. | B.Jumping. | C.Climbing. | D.Walking. |
A.The Simple Use of Robots | B.Making Transport Robots Smarter |
C.Workers in the Warehouse | D.Vaious Robots Invented by Sharan |
【推荐1】Each year, the world loses about 10 million hectares of forest — an area about the size of Iceland — because of cutting down trees. At that rate, some scientists predict the world’s forests could disappear in 100 to 200 years. To handle it, now researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have pioneered a technique to generate wood-like plant materials in a lab. This makes it possible to “grow” a wooden product without cutting down trees.
In the lab, the researchers first take cells from the leaves of a young plant. These cells are cultured in liquid medium for two days, then moved to another medium which contains nutrients and two different hormones (激素). By adjusting the hormone levels, the researchers can tune the physical and mechanical qualities of the cells. Next, the researchers use a 3D printer to shape the cell-based material, and let the shaped material grow in the dark for three months. Finally, the researchers dehydrate (使脱水) the material, and then evaluate its qualities.
They found that lower hormone levels lead to plant materials with more rounded, open cells of lower density (密度), while higher hormone levels contribute to the growth of plant materials with smaller but denser cell structures. Lower or higher density of cell structures makes the plant materials softer or more rigid, helping the materials grow with different wood-like characteristics. What’s more, it’s to be noted that the research process is about 100 times faster than the time it takes for a tree to grow to maturity!
Research of this kind is ground-breaking. “This work demonstrates the great power of a technology,” says lead researcher, Jeffrey Berenstain. “The real opportunity here is to be at its best with what you use and how you use it. This technology can be tuned to meet the requirements you give about shapes, sizes, rigidity, and forms. It enables us to ‘grow’any wooden product in a way that traditional agricultural methods can’t achieve.”
1. Why do researchers at MIT conduct the research?A.To grow more trees. |
B.To protect plant diversity. |
C.To reduce tree losses. |
D.To predict forest disappearance. |
A.Its theoretical basis. |
B.Its key procedures. |
C.Its scientific evidence. |
D.Its usual difficulties. |
A.The hormone levels affect their rigidity. |
B.They are better than naturally grown plants. |
C.Their cells’shapes mainly rely on their density. |
D.Their growth speed determines their characteristics. |
A.It uses new biological materials in lab experiments. |
B.It has a significant impact on worldwide plant growth. |
C.It challenges traditional scientific theories in forestry. |
D.It revolutionizes the way to make wooden products. |
【推荐2】Scientists say only enlarging the world’s nature reserve to help protect plants and animals may be useless. The main reason is that levels of human activity are rising in and around the nature reserves. In fact, recognizing spaces as protected areas is not reducing human activity there.
The researchers found that a lack of money to pay for land conservation(保护)is affecting conservation efforts. And it is a lack of communication between people who live in protected natural areas and outsiders. About 17 percent of the world is within protected areas, including the national parks, nature reserves and wilderness areas. Protected areas are important for supporting environments with many different kinds of plants and animals.
The researchers again found increasing human activity in most protected areas in every country. However, they said that human activity appeared to be more of a problem in nations with fewer roads and lower life standards on the Human Development Index(指数). The index uses information about life length, education and earnings to grade countries on human development.
Across the northern Australia, protected areas often proved effective at slowing human activity when compared with unprotected areas. But in South America, Southeast Asia and African countries, pressure from human activity inside protected areas was higher.
Experts say governments need to provide fund support to help protected areas. Simply recognizing a place as a protected area can’t be the beginning and the end of a conservation effort. Working with local people to take efforts is also important. If they’re not partners in the protected areas, then wildlife conservation is much more difficult.
1. What are protected areas mainly affected by according to the text?A.Human activity. | B.Climate change. |
C.Population growth. | D.Environmental pollution. |
A.Record more roads in the world. |
B.Improve education in all countries. |
C.Grade countries on human development. |
D.Lead more people to make more money. |
A.People May Cause Harm to Plants and Animals |
B.Nature Reserves May Not Protect Wildlife Safely |
C.Nature Reserves in the World Should Be Increased |
D.Local People Should Focus on the Natural Environment |
【推荐3】Feelings often run high where insects are concerned, with many people even sick when seeing them, let alone touch or swallow them. And yet insects present a huge nutritional opportunity as an increasing global population seeks more sources of food and feed.
Insects have generally high levels of animal protein and key micro nutrients with lower environmental foot prints than traditional alternatives, and they can be raised on leftovers. But cultural, social and economic problems remain, reports an article published today in Nutrition Bulletin.
“Insects present a nutritional opportunity, but it is unclear how their nutritional quality is influenced by what they are fed,” says Darja Dobermann, a researcher at the University of Nottingham. “In ideal conditions, insects have a smaller environmental impact than most traditional western forms of animal protein; less known is how to raise insect production while maintaining these environmental benefits.”
“Studies overall show that insects could make valuable economic and nutritional contributions to the food or feed systems, but there are no clear regulations in place to bring insects into such supply systems without them turning into a more expensive version of poultry (家禽) for food,” says Dobermann.
The article highlights how insects have been a source of food for hundreds of years in more than 100countries with over 2,000 species that can be eaten; in central Africa, up to 50% of dietary protein has come from insects, with their market value higher than many alternative sources of animal protein.
Insects need to be large enough to make the effort of catching them worthwhile and easy to locate, preferably in predictably large quantities. They are consumed at various life stages, as raw, fried, boiled, roasted or ground food.
1. Which of the following is the advantage of raising insects for food?A.It will offer people work opportunities. |
B.It is environmentally friendly. |
C.It will replace traditional food. |
D.It will result in less leftovers |
A.Raising insects for food has become popular. |
B.Raising insects can’t solve food problems. |
C.More should be done to raise insects for food. |
D.More money can be made by raising insects. |
A.Insects. | B.Regulations. |
C.Feed systems. | D.Supply systems. |
A.How to Raise Insects | B.Raising Insects for Money |
C.Insects Seem No Longer Ugly | D.A New Source of Food |
【推荐1】We all know that water is tasteless. But it happens from time to time: you pick up the bottle of water you didn’t finish yesterday, and it tastes strange. Most often, you tend to drop the bottle in the trash bin, believing that the water has gone bad. But is it true?
According to Time, of course not, taste has little to do with quality of water.
According to Time, when water is exposed to the air for 12 hours, CO2 interacts with the H2O in the water, and the pH value lowers slightly. As a result, the water has a different taste.
“But it’s most likely safe to drink,” Norwegian expert Truls Krogh told Science Nordic. “If the water is covered and of good quality to start with, in principle it can last a thousand years. That’s because when water is fresh, it contains little organic matter. As long as water is held in clean glasses or bottles, no pollutants will enter it to harm our health.”
People in countries like the US, the UK and Australia usually drink tap water. According to Time, if tap water is drunk within six months, the chlorine(氯气)in the water will be enough to kill any bacteria and keep it safe to drink.
However, there are also some exceptions. If you accidentally put your fingers into water or store water in unclean containers day after day, microorganism (微生物) will enter the water.
With the help v of surrounding temperature, and sunlight streaming through windows, these microorganisms multiply quickly. Sooner or later, the water will be in the charge of the unfriendly bacteria. And if you drink the water too often, then you’re more likely to be ill.
And what about water in plastic bottles? Heat and plastic are a bad combination, US researcher Kellogg Schwab stresses. When plastic bottles are used at high temperatures, they produce a chemical called BPA.BPA is something that affects hormones (荷尔蒙) and research has tentatively linked it to “several health damage, including heart disease and cancer”, Time reported.
Schwab suggests replacing disposable (一次性的) plastic bottles with the refillable containers made of metal or glass to deal with BPA.
1. The purpose of the first paragraph is to ________.A.show an example | B.draw a conclusion |
C.set a background | D.introduce a topic |
A.BPA does little harm to our health. |
B.Tap water is always safe to drink. |
C.Microorganisms are easy to produce in the heat. |
D.Disposable plastic bottles have been forbidden already. |
A.Why Is Water Tasteless? | B.How to Get Clean Water |
C.Does Water Really Go Bad? | D.Learn to Protect Water |
【推荐2】Small mobile robots carrying sensors could perform tasks like catching gas leaks or tracking the goods in shops. But moving robots demand a lot of energy and batteries, limit lifetime and raise environmental concerns.
Various alternatives have been explored: attaching sensors to insects, keeping charging mats nearby. Each has shortcomings. Insects wander. Chargers limit range.
Researchers at the University of Washington have now created MilliMobile, a self-driving robot powered only by surrounding light or radio waves. It is about the size of a penny, weighs asmuch as a raisin, and can move about the length of a bus in an hour. It can drive on solid ground, for example, packed soil and carry nearly three times its own weight in equipment like a camera or sensors. It uses a light sensor to move automatically toward light sources.
“We took inspiration from ‘intermittent computing (间歇计算)’, which breaks complex programs into small steps, so a device with very limited power can work increasingly.” says co-lead author Kyle Johnson, “We applied this concept to motion. We reduced the robot’s size and weight so it takes only a small amount of energy to move, and turn its wheels using small pulses of energy.” MilliMobile was tested both indoors and outdoors. Even in very low light situations powered only by the lights under a kitchen counter, the robots are still able to inch along, though much slower.
Running continuously opens new abilities for a crowd of robots employed in areas where other sensors have trouble producing accurate data. The robots are also able to drive themselves, directed by onboard sensors and tiny computing chips. The robotic sensors can collect data at multiple points throughout a space to create a more detailed view of its environment, for example, a factory where they’re seeking out electromagnetic noise to find equipment failures.
Researchers have equipped MilliMobile with light, temperature sensors and Bluetooth, lettingit transmit (传输) data over 200 meters. In the future, they plan to add other sensors and improve data-sharing among crowds of these robots.
1. Which is MilliMobile’s advantage in comparison with other moving robots?A.It consumes less energy. | B.It is smarter and quicker. |
C.It is much easier to direct. | D.It has a sharper sense of smell. |
A.To explain the ways to test MilliMobile. |
B.To introduce the invention of MilliMobile. |
C.To present the practical value of MilliMobile. |
D.To uncover the inner workings of MilliMobile |
A.It has been widely used in factories. |
B.It can work continuously without breaks. |
C.It can be helpful in detecting machine problems. |
D.It can immediately transmit data over long distances. |
A.Self-Driving Robots Are Faced with Problems |
B.Will MilliMobile Be the Future of Moving Robots |
C.Scientists Create MilliMobile that Runs Efficiently |
D.Are Self-Driving Robots Friendly to the Environment |
【推荐3】It's just before l pm and hungry guests are starting to emerge out onto the wooden floor at the back of the Victoria Falls Safari Lodge in Zimbabwe. A few have already settled in for lunch, drinking beer and enjoying their sandwiches and salads in the sunshine. It's a normal setting until you look up. Overhead, the sky is filled with several hundred vultures (秃鹭).
They too have arrived for their midday snack. Every day the team at this hotel places last night's leftover meat out for the vultures to eat. They call it the "Vulture Restaurant" and it's a vital part of protecting these birds, who have become some of the most endangered species in Africa.
In Zimbabwe, where illegal hunting of elephants and rhinos is a major issue, poisoning poses a significant threat to the birds. "In recent years hunters have realized they can use poison to kill animals. It's effective because it's silent and therefore doesn't attract much attention.when the vultures eat the bodies of the dead animals they die too," says Roger Parry, Wildlife Manager at the Victoria Falls Wildlife Trust.
The Vulture Restaurant initiative is part feeding programme, part education programme. By attracting the birds to the Vulture Restaurant every day the team can ensure they're regularly getting a safe meal, and while the birds are there they can educate tourists from all over the world about these creatures.
“Lunch” is served by Moses Garira. He has the unenviable task of wandering out into the middle of the clearing with a box full of meat, dropping the contents onto the ground and running for his life as the vultures fly downward suddenly for their food. No one, surely, would volunteer for this role, but Garira rather enjoys it. Back in the safety of the viewing seats, he tells the onlookers about the importance of vultures. "They're hugely important in terms of their role of cleaning up the bodies of dead animals," says Garira. "Notably, they're safely able to digest bacteria like anthrax. Without vultures, there'd be a lot more disease in the world."
1. What's the biggest threat vultures facing in Zimbabwe?A.Overhunting. |
B.Unsafe food. |
C.Loss of habitat. |
D.A bird disease. |
A.Scary. |
B.Relaxing. |
C.Well-paid. |
D.Time-consuming |
A.Birds are human's best friends. |
B.People know little about vultures. |
C.Vultures are environmentally favorable. |
D.Vultures are in urgent need of protection. |