If you’ve ever eaten a free doughnut (甜甜圈) on the first Friday in June, you’ve celebrated the Doughnut Lassies- whether you realized it or not, National Doughnut Day was established to honor the Salvation Army volunteers who fried sugary snacks for World War I soldiers on the front line.
When the US entered World War I in 1917, the Salvation Army, a charity organization, sent about 250 volunteers (who were mostly women) to France, where the American army was stationed. The plan was to bring treats and supplies as close to the front line as possible. But the closer the volunteers got to the action, the fewer resources they could access.
Margaret Sheldon and Helen Purviance were credited with bringing doughnuts to the Wester Front. They had a handful of ingredients, including flour, sugar, animal fats, baking powder and canned milk. Doughnuts were one of the few sweet foods they could make without an oven, and once they had a fire hot enough to heat the oil, they could fry them up fast. The women had the pan to cook them in, but for other parts, they had to get creative. For example, grape juice bottles became rolling pins (擀面杖) when necessary.
Sheldon and Purviance’s pan could fit seven doughnuts at a time, and on day one, they made just 150 doughnuts for the group of 800 men. The soldiers even fought over a doughnut. Then they made some changes to their operation, and eventually made 5,000 doughnuts a day. The snacks were so popular that the volunteers earned the nickname “ Doughnut Lassies”, while the soldiers they served were nicknamed “Doughboys”.
The Doughnut Lassies’ impact didn’t end with World War I. The American soldiers’ experiences overseas made doughnuts a commonly eaten food for them back home.
1. What is the purpose of the Salvation Army in sending the volunteers?| A．To learn about life on the front line. |
| B．To provide French soldiers with food. |
| C．To bring food and supplies to the front line. |
| D．To increase the number of soldiers on the front line. |
| A．Soldiers preferred doughnuts. |
| B．They were best at making doughnuts. |
| C．Doughnuts were their best choice then. |
| D．Doughnuts allowed them to be creative. |
| A．They were hopeless. |
| B．They were confused. |
| C．They became a bit angry. |
| D．They were greatly encouraged. |
| A．Doughnuts were more popular out of the US. |
| B．The American soldiers got tired of doughnuts. |
| C．The Doughnut Lassies’ impact didn’t last long. |
| D．Doughnuts became popular in the US after the war. |
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【推荐1】Plants need sunlight for photosynthesis (光合作用), the process of absorbing energy from light to create their own food from carbon dioxide and water. That’s why plants grow and thrive in the warmer months when there is more daylight and are dormant in the colder months.
But this process isn’t particularly efficient and only one percent of the energy contained in sunlight actually ends up in the plant, according to a news release from the University of California, Riverside. Now scientists at the university have found a way to bypass the need for natural photosynthesis and to create food by using artificial photosynthesis. This allows plants to grow in complete darkness. “With our approach we sought to identify a new way of producing food that could break through the limits normally imposed by biological photosynthesis,” corresponding author Robert Jinkerson, a UCR assistant professor of chemical and environmental engineering said in the news release.
The researchers devoted to artificial photosynthesis used a two-step electrocatalytic (电催化) process to convent CO2, water, and electricity into acetate (醋酸盐) — the main ingredient of vinegar — that the plant organisms consumed to grow. The researchers adjusted the electrolyzer, a device that uses electricity to support the growth of food producing organisms. to come up with the highest levels of acetate ever produced by this method.
The new artificial photosynthesis method could be up to 18 times more efficient than sunlight. Experiments showed that a large range of food producing organisms could be grown using this acetate. “We were able to grow food producing organisms without any contributions from biological photosynthesis,” said Elizabeth Hann, a doctoral candidate in the Jinkerson lab and co-lead author of the study. “This technology is a more efficient method of turning solar energy into food, as compared to food production that relics on biological photosynthesis,” she said.
By eliminating the need for sunlight, he potential of this method to increase food supply in regions with less - than ideal growing conditions is almost endless, according to New Atlas.
Food will be able to be grown almost anywhere, including in space and on other planets. “Imagine someday giant vessels growing tomato plants in the dark and on Mars — how much easier would that be for future Martians?” co-author Martha Orozco-Cárdenas, director of the UCR Plant Transformation Research Center said.
While this may be years off, the potential to grow food using artificial photosynthesis has great value in feeding a hungry place where the population is growing and arable land shrinking. This new method increases the efficiency of food production using less land and minimizes the environmental impact on the planet.
1. What does the underlined word “dormant” in Paragraph 1 most probably mean?| A．Fresh. | B．Resting. | C．Healthy. | D．Normal. |
| A．The process of artificial photosynthesis. |
| B．The contribution of natural photosynthesis. |
| C．The efficiency of sunlight on plant organisms. |
| D．The wide range of applications of artificial photosynthesis. |
| A．accurate | B．dangerous | C．promising | D．impractical |
| A．Biological photosynthesis can help produce higher quality food. |
| B．Biological photosynthesis is more efficient in turning solar energy into food. |
| C．Using artificial photosynthesis may decrease the efficiency of food production. |
| D．Using artificial photosynthesis to grow food can reduce environmental influence. |
【推荐2】Scientists have created the first lab-grown coffee, which they say “smells and tastes like the real thing”. The Finland-based researchers used a process called cellular agriculture, which includes taking out cells from a small plant or animal sample (样本). In the latest example of lab-grown options, cell samples were taken from Arabica, a popular coffee plant that makes up 56 per cent of global production. With lab-grown coffee, the researchers say that they can deal with problems facing the global coffee industry, such as a need for clearing space for coffee plants to keep up with an increasing need for the drink worldwide.
The research is being conducted at VTT Technical Research Centre based in Espoo, Finland—the country that drinks the most coffee per person. “The process uses real coffee plant cells,” Dr. Heiko Rischer, head of plant biotechnology at Finland’s VTT research center, said. “At first, a cell culture (细胞培养) is started from a plant part, for example, a leaf. The formed cells reproduced on a specific nutrient medium. In the end, the cells are transported to a bioreactor from which the biomass (生物量) is then harvested. The cells are dried and roasted then coffee can be brewed.”
The first collection produced by VTT in their laboratory smells and tastes like traditional coffee, according to the results of a “sensory analysis (感官分析)”. After drinking a cup, Dr. Rischer said, “There is a surprisingly full smell. In terms of smell and taste, our trained sensory judgement and analytical examination has found the coffee bears similarity to ordinary coffee,” he said. “The experience of drinking the very first cup was exciting. ”
The idea that coffee cells could be used to make coffee was presented back in 1974 by plant scientist P. M. Townsley. But the VTT scientists have put the theory into practice with their lab-grown brew, which they think could hit the market by 2025.
1. What might be one of the causes of creating lab-grown coffee?| A．There exists an increasing demand market of coffee. |
| B．People in Finland drink the most amount of coffee. |
| C．Dr. Heiko has been devoted to genetically engineering. |
| D．The idea is based on a theory proving to be practical. |
| A．Collected. | B．Designed. | C．Produced. | D．Measured. |
| A．Lab-grown coffee are all made from leaves. |
| B．Lab-grown coffee can satisfy the taste of most people. |
| C．Lab-grown coffee makes people who drink it more excited. |
| D．Lab-grown coffee tastes and smells better than ordinary coffee. |
| A．To praise scientists sticking with creation. | B．To present a research on man-made coffee. |
| C．To introduce a new kind of Arabica coffee. | D．To solve coffee shortage troubling people. |
【推荐3】Few people can refuse a delicious ice cream, especially on a hot day. The only thing that stops the fun is that the treat is hard to enjoy slowly, ending up with a sticky, melted mess. Now, researchers from Colombia’s Pontifical Bolivarian University may have found an unlikely thing to help solve this age-old problem — a kind of fibre from banana plant waste.
Bananas, as you probably know, grow in groups on a tree-like plant. Each group is connected to a central rachis (叶轴), which is thrown once the fruit has been gathered. The team, which was led by Dr. Robin Zuluaga Gallego, began by abstracting /drawing out cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) from the powdered rachis. The tasteless fiber, thousands of times smaller than the width of a human hair, was then added to 100 grams of ice cream mix.
With the right amount of CNFs mixed in, the dessert lasted longer in its frozen state than the traditional ice cream, extending the amount of time that the treat can be enjoyed. What was even more exciting was that the fibre increased the stickiness of the low-fat ice cream to levels higher than the full-fat one. Since this is what determines the frozen treat’s creaminess and taste, CNFs could help create the healthier ice cream without influencing the taste of it.
The researchers, who presented their findings at the American Chemical Society( ACS) meeting in New Orleans in March, 2018, next plan to study how different types of fat, such as coconut oil, influence the behaviour of CNFs in other frozen treats.
The Colombian researchers are not the only ones working on creating a slower-melting ice cream. In 2015, scientists at the University of Dundee in Scotland found that a natural protein called BsIA was very effective in keeping the treat frozen for longer periods of time. With both teams fighting to be the first to get to the market, the future of everyone’s favorite dessert certainly looks bright.
1. What prevents people enjoying an ice cream slowly?| A．A kind of fibre from bananas. |
| B．The ice cream’s quick melting. |
| C．The ice cream’s stickiness. |
| D．The fat in the ice cream. |
| A．To improve its taste. |
| B．To increase its stickiness. |
| C．To reduce its fat content. |
| D．To make it melt more slowly. |
| A．The ice cream. | B．The fiber. |
| C．The fat. | D．The stickiness. |
| A．BsIA is popular in the market. |
| B．CNFs are more useful and expensive than BsIA. |
| C．Ice creams with CNFs have been on sale at the market. |
| D．Slowly enjoying an ice cream will soon become a reality. |
【推荐1】The kimono, a Japanese garment (衣服), became popular during the Edo period, which lasted from 1603 to 1868. High-class samurai, who had traditionally made a name for themselves through battles, turned instead to bright, beautiful clothing to show their social position.
The growing merchant class, who were of lower position, began to develop new kimono styles during the Edo period. These merchants showed off their growing wealth by wearing kimonos of unique patterns and materials. The upper classes responded with laws stopping them from wearing certain colours and using materials such as silk. In response, the merchants used details to add beauty to their kimonos.
Kimonos decreased in popularity during the Meiji period (1868-1912) as the Japanese accepted Western clothing. Men were encouraged to wear Western styles during daily life and at official functions. During this time, the image of graceful women in kimonos came to represent a connection to traditional Japanese culture and values.
Today, the kimono is experiencing a revival. Japanese women of all ages are wearing these garments again. Here are some traditional rules for wearing a kimono:
●Kimonos are always worn with the left side of the garment covering the right side in front. It is considered bad luck to cover the left side of the garment with the right.
●Kimonos with wide sleeves that hang down below the knees are only worn by young, single women. These kimonos have bright, colourful patterns.
●A kimono is held in place by a wide, cloth belt, called an obi. Part of the obi is tied to make a bow. The obi must be worm so that the bow is centred on the woman's back.
●On formal occasions, only white socks should be worn with a kimono. Colourful socks are best for casual get-togethers.
1. What does the writer imply about kimonos during the Meiji period?| A．They fell out of favor among Japanese males. |
| B．They controlled the Japanese clothing market. |
| C．They combined much bolder Japanese designs. |
| D．They were produced using new Japanese methods. |
| A．Wearing the garment without an obi. |
| B．Putting the right side of the garment on the left. |
| C．Old ladies wearing a colourful pattern of the garment. |
| D．Wearing white socks with the garment for a wedding. |
| A．To explain the skills needed to make kimonos. |
| B．To describe the stuff used to decorate kimonos. |
| C．To trace the origin and development of kimonos. |
| D．To analyze the impact of kimonos on global fashion. |
【推荐2】Unlike most other holidays, the history of April Fools’ Day, sometimes called All Fools’ Day, is not totally clear. The only point in time that can be agreed on as the beginning of this tradition was 1582, in France. Before that year, the New Year was celebrated for eight days, beginning on March 25th. The celebration reached the highest point on April 1st. With the reform of the calendar under Charles IX，the Gregorian calendar(公历，阳历) was introduced, and New Year’s Day was moved to January 1st.
However, because in those days communications were not as developed as they are today, many people did not receive the news for several years. Some people refused to accept the new calendar and continued to celebrate the New Year on April 1st.These backward people were considered “fools” by other people. They were often sent on “fools” errands(徒劳无益的工作) or were made the targets of jokes.
This developed, over time, into a tradition of playing a trick on someone on the first day of April. The tradition eventually spread to England and Scotland in the eighteenth century. It was later introduced to the American colonies of both the Britain and France. April Fools’ Day thus developed into an international fun feast, so to speak, with different nationalities specializing in their own kind of humor at the expense of their friends and families.
1. According to an earlier calendar, New Year’s Day in France was ________.| A．March 25th | B．January 1st |
| C．April 1st | D．April 3rd |
| A．France. | B．England. |
| C．Scotland. | D．America. |
| A．They accepted it happily. |
| B．They refused it immediately. |
| C．Some recognized it. |
| D．Some laughed at it. |
| A．what the French did on April Fools’ Day |
| B．how April Fools’ Day came into being |
| C．when was the new calendar introduced |
| D．why some people were fooled in France |
Stealing salt was considered a major crime (罪行) during some periods of history. In the eighteenth century, for example, if a person was caught stealing salt, he could be put in prison and his ears could be cut off.
In the Roman Empire, one of the most important roads was the one that carried salt from the salt mines to Rome. Guards were stationed along the route to protect against salt thieves, and they received their pay in salt, thus bringing the English word, salary. Any guard who fell asleep while on duty was thought to be “not worth his salt”, and as a result he would get a little less salt on his next payday. The expression, “not worth his salt”, is still used today in English.
In the modern world salt has many uses beyond the dining table. It is used in making glass and airplane parts, in the growing of crops, and in the killing of weeds (杂草). It is also used to make water soft, to melt (融化) ice on roads and highways, to make soap, and to fix colors in cloth.
Salt can be got in various ways besides being taken from mines underground. Salt water from the ocean, salt water lakes or small seas can be used to make salt. Yet, no matter where it comes from, salt will continue to play an important role in the lives of people everywhere.
1. According to the text, salt can be used in the following EXCEPT _____.
| A．keeping dead bodies |
| B．punishing thieves |
| C．protecting crops |
| D．making industrial products |
| A．protect the city of Rome |
| B．watch people carrying salt |
| C．prevent thieves from stealing salt |
| D．carry salt from the mines to Rome |
| A．fails to do his work well |
| B．should not be paid in salt |
| C．doesn’t want to work at all |
| D．should use less salt |
| A．how salt was found and got |
| B．salt is important in people’s life |
| C．salt was difficult to get in the past |
| D．what salt brings to the English language |
By the time the children reach high school, something remarkable has happened. A survey found that those who as four-year-olds had enough self-control to hold out generally grew up to be more popular, adventurous, confident and dependable. The children who gave in to temptation（诱惑）early on were more likely to be lonely, easily frustrated and inflexible.
Actually, the ability to delay reward is a sign of emotional intelligence which doesn’t show up on an IQ test.
The hardware of the brain and the software of the mind have long been scientists’ concerns. But brain theory can’t explain what we wonder about most, like the question why some people remain upbeat in the face of troubles that would sink a less resistant soul.
Here comes the theory of Daniel Goleman, writer of Emotional Intelligence: when it comes to predicting people’s success, brain ability as measured by IQ may actually matter less than the qualities of mind once thought of as “character”.
EQ is not the opposite(相反) of IQ. What researchers have been trying to understand is how they work together; how one’s ability to handle stress, for instance, affects the ability to concentrate and put intelligence to use. Among the ingredients(要素) for success, researchers now generally agree that IQ makes up about 20%; the rest depends on everything from social class to luck.
While many researchers in this relatively new field are glad to see emotional issues finally taken seriously, some few fear EQ invites misuse.
1. The experiment with the four-year-olds makes it clear that .
| A．the age of 4 is a proper time for scientific experiment |
| B．emotional intelligence won’t show up until adolescence |
| C．the ability of self-control plays a role in personal success |
| D．candy can be used to measure a person’s emotional intelligence |
| A．kind | B．floating | C．excited | D．cheerful |
| A．To amuse both the children and readers. |
| B．To prove the scientist’s wisdom. |
| C．To introduce the topic of the text. |
| D．To show us how to do an IQ test. |
| A．Information about famous people with high EQ. |
| B．Examples showing the opposite voice about EQ. |
| C．Some reasons why EQ is a relatively new field. |
| D．Strong demand for basic emotional education. |
【推荐2】YogaDigital is an App especially designed for Yoga lovers with video and audio tools from Yoga teachers. Whether it is a simple practice of Yoga postures to support your back at work, poetry to open your heart when you need inspiration or a short video from your beloved Yoga teacher, YogaDigital keeps all of your favorite content in one place, on your iPhone or iPad.
You may scan all of the YogaDigital content to find what is right for you using minutes that can be purchased. Or, if you would like a particular practice, series or audio/video media, you can make a purchase and have it on your iPhone or iPad anytime you want. Create your own selection of content and take it with you anywhere, since the content is downloaded onto your device. There is no need for an internet connection once you have it. If you should ever delete your YogaDigital purchases, there is no need to worry. You will find them waiting for you in the studio to download again anytime.
For Teachers, YogaDigital supports your creativity in offering students a variety of tools to support them. For all of the time when students ask you if you have a CD or DVD that they can use between classes or while they are away, YogaDigial offers a way to publish quality content in a variety of forms without following a pre-determined data form. Your work will be highlighted in an online environment entirely for Yoga content to help get rid of the “noise” of some other online platforms. YogaDigital protects your intellectual property as it cannot be shared or copied and it offers a broad market in which you can post your works. It also offers support in your professional network as our online ‘Studio’ carries your work alongside other excellent teachers.
YogaDigital is an ideal choice, bringing the width and power of Yoga to support your life journey in all its many forms.
1. What can be found in YogaDigital to inspire new ideas?| A．Yoga postures. | B．Short videos. | C．Poetry. | D．Latest movies. |
| A．Make a purchase again. | B．Download them again. |
| C．Create your own content. | D．Ask your teachers for help. |
| A．By providing a focused environment. | B．By copying it. |
| C．By protecting your intellectual property. | D．By clearing it away. |
| A．YogaDigilal : A Right Choice to Support Your Life |
| B．YogaDigital : A Good Way to Support Your Creativity |
| C．YogaDigital : A Broad Market to Offer You Convenience |
| D．YogaDigital : A Helpful Internet to Open Your Heart |
【推荐3】There are some sounds most of us acknowledge are annoying: the chewing of chips, the low noise of air conditioning or a screaming baby. These noises, for many people, act as a mere inconvenience that can distract them from the task at hand. However, there are some amongst us who have a much more severe response to these noises. Has a noise ever made you feel so angry that you could explode with rage? If the answer is yes, you may be suffering from misophonia (恐音症).
The word “misophonia” literally means “a hatred of sound” and is sometimes called Selective Sound Sensitivity Syndrome. There are some experts who doubt the existence of the condition. However, for those who claim to suffer from it, the experience can be painful. Certain sounds could set off intense emotional or psychological responses that may seem over the top compared with a non-sufferer’s complaints.
The sound of people chewing their food could trigger sufferers’ anxiety, or make them feel panic. It may even activate their fight-or-flight response, making them want to run away. In extreme cases, that feeling of panic may result in intense anger and even end up expressing rage physically.
Sadly, there’s no known cure. But tinnitus retraining therapy, cognitive behavioural therapy and counselling could help sufferers tolerate noises and manage the condition. According to James Cartreine, a clinical psychiatrist, the condition can lead to separation. Sufferers use coping strategies that include avoiding places with lots of noises, like restaurants, or moving away when they feel like raging against someone due to their breathing.
So, the next time you see someone fly into a rage because of a sound that is driving them crazy, it may be due to a difficult condition they are trying to manage, and not just because they hate a certain sound.
1. What is the purpose of paragraph 1?| A．To lead in the topic of misophonia. |
| B．To introduce different annoying sounds. |
| C．To show ways of preventing a severe disease. |
| D．To present the harm of noises to human health. |
| A．Jane who usually has lunch alone. |
| B．Nancy who often screams at her baby. |
| C．Peter who is always worried about his studies. |
| D．Henry who is annoyed at the sound of book pages turning. |
| A．It happens mostly in restaurants. |
| B．Any sound around can drive sufferers crazy. |
| C．Staying away from noises is a potential solution. |
| D．It may greatly influence sufferers’ cognitive ability. |
