Diplomacy (外交) is an art. It requires not only strategy, but also other aspects, including intuition, persuasion, and even tricks, human skills that have long been unreachable to even the most powerful artificial intelligence (AI) approaches. Now, an AI algorithm (算法) from a high-tech company has shown it can beat many humans in a game of diplomacy, which required both strategic planning and negotiations with other players. The work, researchers said, could point the way toward virtual exercise coaches and conflict mediators (调解员) .
AI has already beaten humans in some games of strategy. It is also proving powerful at natural-language processing, in which it can generate humanlike text and carry on conversations. In the game of diplomacy, seven players vied for control of Europe. On each turn, players issued orders regarding the movement of army and naval units, following discussion with other players, whom they could attack or support.
There are two technical innovations noted by Jonathan Gratch, a computer scientist at the University of Southern California who studies negotiation agents. First, the Al agent’s com-munication is grounded in multistep planning. Second. the Al agent keeps its remarks and game play within the range of human common practice.
To test its skill, the researchers had the Al agent play 40 online games against humans. It placed in the top 10% of players who’d played at least two games. “In a game that involves language and negotiation, that agents can reach human equal level is very exciting,” said Yu, a computer scientist at Columbia University.
According to Brown, a computer scientist at the company who co-authored the paper, the work could lead to practical applications in fields that now require a human touch. One specific example is that virtual personal assistants might help consumers negotiate for better prices on plane tickets. Gratch and Yu both see opportunities for agents that persuade people to make healthy choices or open up during therapy.
1. Who is likely to benefit from the research work?| A．A famous cyber athlete. | B．A professor of civil law. |
| C．A professional accountant. | D．A virtual fitness instructor. |
| A．Accounted. | B．Apologized. | C．Searched. | D．Competed. |
| A．To understand the thought of AI. | B．To illustrate the advantages of AI. |
| C．To describe the importance of AI. | D．To introduce the strategy of AI. |
| A．Diplomacy, a Popular Game | B．AI Learns the Art of Diplomacy |
| C．Al Will Become a Perfect Diplomat | D．An Excellent Game Player |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】With the help of a robot created by Washington State University (WSU) , scientists could help elderly people with dementia and other limitations live independently in their own homes.
The Robot Activity Support System, or RAS, uses sensors equipped in a WSU smart home to determine where its residents are, what they are doing and when they need assistance with daily activities. It navigates through rooms and around obstacles to find people on its own, provides video instructions on how to do simple tasks and can even lead its owners to objects like their medication or a snack in the kitchen.
“RAS combines the convenience of a mobile robot with the activity detection technology of a WSU smart home to provide assistance in the moment, as the need for help is detected.“ said Bryan Minor, a postdoctoral researcher in the WSU School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.
Currently, about 50 percent adults over the age of 85 need assistance with everyday activities such as preparing meals and taking medication and the annual cost for this assistance in the US is nearly $2 trillion. With the number of adults over 85 expected to triple by 2050, researchers hope that technologies like RAS and the WSU smart home will relieve some of the financial pressure on the healthcare system by making it easier for older adults to live alone.
RAS is the first robot researchers have tried to apply to their smart home environment. They recently published a study in the journal Cognitive Systems Research that shows how RAS could make life easier for older adults struggling to live independently.
“While we are still in an early stage of development, our initial results with RAS have been promising,” Minor said. “The next step in the research will be to test RAS’ performance with a group of older adults to get a better idea of what video reminders and other preferences they have regarding the robot.”
1. Which part is the most important for RAS to serve the elderly?| A．Signal lights. | B．Sensors. | C．Videos. | D．Head size. |
| A．It is the first robot used in daily life. | B．Its function remains to be tested. |
| C．It can cook for owners on its own. | D．It can locate people and do any task. |
| A．Doubtful. | B．Negative. | C．Uncertain. | D．Positive. |
| A．Smart Home Tests First Elder Care Robot | B．Elderly People Leave the Nursing Home |
| C．RAS, the First Robot to Make Home Smart | D．Older Adults Have Benefited from RAS a Lot |
【推荐2】A UK supermarket has become the first in the world to let shoppers pay using just the veins (纹理)in their fingertips. Customers at the Costcutter Store, at Brunel University in London, can now pay using their unique vein pattern to identify themselves.
The firm behind the technology, Sthaler, has said it is in "serious talks" with other major UK supermarkets to adopt hi-tech finger vein scanners at pay points across thousands of stores. It works by using infrared(红外线)to scan people's finger veins and then links this unique biometric map to their bank cards. Customers' bank details are then stored with payment provider Worldpay and in the same way you can store your card details when shopping online. Shoppers can then turn up to the supermarket with nothing on them but their own hands and use them to make payments in just three seconds.
Previous studies have found fingerprint recognition, used widely on mobile phones, is likely to be hacked and can be copied even from fingerprint left on phone screens. But Sthaler claims vein technology is the most secure biometric identification method as it cannot be copied or stolen. The technology uses an infrared light to create a detailed map of the vein pattern in your finger. It requires the person to be alive, meaning in the unlikely event a criminal hacks(非法侵入)off someone's finger, it would not work.
Sthaler said it takes just one minute to sign up to the system firstly and, after that, it takes just seconds to place your finger in a scanner each time you reach the supermarket checkout. Simon Binns, commercial director of Sthaler, told the Daily Telegraph, ''This makes payments so much easier for customers. There are no known occurrences where this security has been broken. ''
1. Which supermarket in the world can now use the vein-recognition technology?| A．Grocery stores in London. |
| B．Thousands of stores in the UK. |
| C．University supermarkets in the UK. |
| D．Costcutter Store at Brunel University in London. |
| A．The system is safe. | B．Hacker attacks are unlikely. |
| C．Vein patterns can be copied. | D．The technology is convenient. |
| A．Copy the fingerprint. | B．Protect against hacking. |
| C．Contact the supermarket. | D．Register on the system. |
| A．It has been hacked. |
| B．It will be adopted by more shops. |
| C．Its company is optimistic about it. |
| D．Its technology needs further improvement. |
【推荐3】The recent pandemic has affected all aspects of life, including the way we live. Our homes are no longer single - purpose spaces. Instead they now serve as offices, gyms, workshops, classrooms, etc.
A better entrance will catch on.
Access to the outdoors will be welcome. After spending so much time indoors, having access to fresh air and nature at home is likely to become essential. One way to provide - a - closer connection to nature may be with larger courtyard gardens.
Advanced technology will be adopted.
| A．An entrance isn’t necessarily a separate room. |
| B．More flexible spaces will become a trend. |
| C．No wonder architects have predicted various advanced home designs. |
| D．There is growing awareness of reducing touching surfaces to avoid viruses. |
| E．Homes in the future could easily be like what we see in the sci - fi movies. |
| F．Or it could be accomplished with more balconies with planting areas. |
| G．We will embrace spaces with more artistic ideas. |
【推荐1】From the world’s last seven to a global population of more than 5,000, China spent nearly 40 years bringing back crested ibises (朱鹮) from the edge of extinction.
With its typical red crest and face, as well as a long black mouth and snow-white feathers, the crested ibis is known as the “Oriental Gem” in China. They were once widespread in East Asia and Siberia until the 20th century when hunting, ecological damage, and increased human activities drove the birds to near extinction.
In 1981, the entire species around the world was down to the seven crested ibises which were found only in Yangxian County, northwest China’s Shaanxi Province, and deep in the Qinling Mountains, making Qinling, a natural boundary between China’s north and south, the “Noah’s Ark (诺亚方舟) ” of the wild bird.
Since 1981, the local government of Yangxian County has put forward four bans for the protection of the species, prohibiting activities including hunting in the birds' living areas, cutting down trees where they nest, using chemicals in their food-finding areas, and firing guns in their breeding (繁殖) areas. The Chinese government arranged special funds to protect the habitat of crested ibises, sealing off mountains to plant trees in the birds’ living areas. China started the artificial breeding of crested ibises in 1991 and has bred more than 400 birds in Shaanxi.
Years of constant effort have brought promising results. It is estimated that there are more than 5,000 crested ibises in the world now, and about half of them live in Shaanxi. The bird’s habitat in China has risen from less than five square kilometres in 1981 to the current 15,000 km².
“It is lucky that the crested ibis, an ancient bird, is still flying around,” said Zan Linsen, head of the Shaanxi Academy of Forestry. “The conservation story of crested ibises not only shows us the power of ancient life but also the necessity and urgency of ecological environment protection.”
1. Why are the Qinling Mountains so important for crested ibises?| A．They used to be the last habitat of crested ibises. |
| B．They are where crested ibises were first found. |
| C．They protect crested ibises from natural enemies. |
| D．They are the only breeding area of crested ibises. |
| A．It's legal to own hunting guns in Yangxian County. |
| B．Crested ibises are unlikely to be bred artificially. |
| C．The government plays a key role in saving crested ibises. |
| D．Hunting has been the biggest threat to crested ibises. |
| A．Proud and ambitious. | B．Relieved and happy. |
| C．Sorry and regretful. | D．Shocked and curious. |
| A．Artificial Breeding of Crested Ibises in China |
| B．Rare Animals in China: Crested Ibises |
| C．Crested Ibises Found Again in the Qinling Mountains |
| D．Endangered Crested Ibises Making a Comeback |
【推荐2】The open letter on the official website of the Future of Life Institute, co-signed by experts such as SpaceX CEO Elon Musk and computer scientist Stuart Russell and calling for suspending training artificial intelligence systems more powerful than GPT4, is still causing debate.
Besides calling for a suspension of six months, the open letter also stresses the importance of reaching a security agreement so as to ensure that the powerful AI systems are more accurate, secure and loyal to humankind.
Actually, as early as 2017, more than 2, 000 professionals and scholars co-signed the Asilomar AI Principles, 23 guidelines for the research and development of artificial intelligence that aimed to establish a set of values for AI to be aligned with so that it would benefit humanity. Since then, more than 100 AI principles and documents have been introduced.
Technology is becoming more deeply rooted in people’s lives, which means that human values and ethics must be considered essential parts of research and development to ensure that as technology progresses it is for the benefit of humankind.
With cutting-edge technology increasingly posing potential risks to human survival, while seeking to equip human society with science and technology, we should be careful to the irreversible risks that would result from too much scientific and technological authorization. It is time that a suspension button is pressed for giant AI systems. That’s the only way for humanity to prevent high-tech systems from becoming uncontrollable.
At the end of the open letter it reads: “Let’s enjoy a long AI summer, not rush unprepared into a fall.” That poetic sentence not only applies to the very situation right now, but also to the coming future.
1. Why should a security agreement be reached?| A．To ensure the development of AI |
| B．To benefit humankind |
| C．To introduce AI to the public |
| D．To draw attention of the public |
| A．The more accurate and advanced AI is, the better. |
| B．The dangers of AI outweigh the benefits. |
| C．AI must develop quickly in a short time. |
| D．All professionals and scholars haven’t realized the danger of AI. |
| A．resistible | B．irreparable |
| C．changeable | D．irregular |
| A．Speed up the development of AI for a bright future |
| B．Concern rises that AI can generate disasters |
| C．Press pause to ensure AI benefits humanity |
| D．Set rules for AI development to ensure data security |
【推荐3】Since the novel coronavirus shutdowns have canceled thousands of graduation ceremonies across the country, these devoted Ohio bus drivers went above and beyond the call of duty to honor their senior high school students.
In a heartfelt display of love and affection the Loveland High School’s transportation department arranged 22 of their buses to spell out “2020” when viewed from above.
Jim Barrett, the school’s art and photography teacher, then used an aerial drone (无人机) to capture footage of the bus drivers waving up at the camera from in between the buses.
The school later published it to social media as a means of saluting the 392 graduating students, many of whom the drivers have known since grade school.
“Some of us have been around long enough to transport these kids since kindergarten, and some of us have only been working with the district for a few years, but the one thing we all have in common is the love for our students,” Loveland bus driver Jennifer Bowman said. “This is a huge accomplishment and anyway we can show them some love, we will do it. So here’s to the Class of 2020. Your bus drivers are proud of all of you.”
Since the footage was uploaded to Facebook last week, it has been viewed thousands of times — but the bus drivers are simply happy to support the Class of 20.
“The love for our students is unconditional and each one will always hold a special place in our hearts,”added bus driver Michele Winter. “Every story, every hug, every laugh and every tear with them are memories and sometimes even lessons. To the kids of the past, the present and the future, this is for you!”
1. These drivers spell out “2020” to _________.| A．better perform their duties | B．express their love for the school |
| C．pay honor to the new graduates | D．welcome students back to school |
| A．Mood. | B．Video. | C．Blessing. | D．View. |
| A．They are all proud of this achievement. |
| B．Some of them started the work this year. |
| C．They all pick up students from kindergarten. |
| D．Love for students is their common ground. |
| A．Loving Bus Drivers | B．Sincere Friendship |
| C．Special Bus Show | D．Lucky Graduates |
【推荐1】In the past, you may have had to carry a phrasebook with you when traveling to other countries. Nowadays, more and more people are using simple, free tools, not only to decode (译解 ) text but also to speak. Google Translate may be the best-known name in machine translation, but it often makes a blunder. However, DeepL Translate does better, offering various options, most of them along the correct lines.
Travel has long been a motivator for study-unless people start to feel AI tools offer a good-enough service. As AI translation becomes an even more popular labor-saving tool, people can be divided into two groups.There will be those who want to stretch their minds and immerse (使沉浸于) themselves in other cultures. This lot will still take on language study,often aided by technology. Others will look at learning a new language with a mix of admiration and puzzlement, and eventually give up trying to learn it.
As for the use of AI tools, some are concerned that apps are turning language learning into a downward trend. Douglas Hofstadter, a writer, has argued that something profound will disappear when people talk through machines. He describes giving a difficult speech in Mandarin, which requires a lot of work but offers a sense of accomplishment in the end. Who will take pride in taking a helicopter to the top of Mount Everest?
Others are less worried. Most people do not move abroad or have to be exposed to a foreign culture that requires them to put in the work to become fluent. Nor do most people learn languages for the purpose of humanising themselves or training their brains.
But a focus on the learner alone misses the basic social nature of language. When you try to ask directions in broken German, you are making direct contact with someone. When you speak a language well enough to tell a story with perfect timing, that connection is more profound.The best relationships do not require an intermediary (中间人).
1. What does the underlined word "blunder" in paragraph 1 probably mean?| A．Mistake. | B．Choice. | C．Adjustment. | D．Decision. |
| A．They may not offer accurate translations. |
| B．They may make language learning less popular. |
| C．They may weaken people's interest in other cultures. |
| D．They may provide a limited service for language learning. |
| A．It provides people with new experience. |
| B．It can replace traditional language study methods. |
| C．It represents a new tendency to language learning. |
| D．It lessens the sense of achievement in language study. |
| A．It enables cultural exchanges. | B．It improves communication skills. |
| C．It strengthens connections with others. | D．It adds fun to the storytelling experience. |
【推荐2】Using AI to manage customer service is a trend that we will increasingly see more of. However, that’s not to be confused with completely replacing human interaction when it comes to customer service. So what does that mean? Does it mean the world of CS will soon be overrun by robots?
In fact, all customer service interactions have two axes (轴): emotion and urgency. New AI tools are rapidly emerging in the support space that can address high-urgency situations quickly, but when it comes to high-emotion situations, no AI can deal with them successfully. A robot might be able to recognize you’re trying to check in for a flight that was recently canceled, but the emotional axis is entirely un-programmable. Perhaps the flyer has increasingly high emotions around the flight being canceled because she is flying to a business meeting for an important occasion. Instances like this, regardless of how small or large the case is, can create high-stress moments for the customer. Only a person can comprehend the difference.
High-stress moments are the ones that stick with customers forever, so it’s important to have a plan in place. What separates the best companies is a keen sense for determining which customer service functions AI can handle on its own and which cases need to be handled by a human with AI assistance. For inquiries that are high on emotion, there’s no substitute for the personal touch of a human. Passengers whose luggage is lost are going to seek out an employee to help them locate their bag. Although AI can be used to locate that bag, it’s too emotional of an interaction to remove the human element.
The conversation around AI now is too focused on the question of how AI can replace agent interaction, which is missing the point. The aim of AI shouldn’t be to replace human interaction, but to improve human interaction. The question from here won’t be how far we can push AI, but how we can use our imagination to continue reinventing the problem-solving process.
1. What is the function of the first paragraph?| A．A lead-in. | B．A summary. | C．A comment. | D．A background. |
| A．He can balance emotion and urgency. |
| B．He can understand customers’ feelings well. |
| C．He can handle urgency more quickly. |
| D．He can tell the difference of various emotions. |
| A．High-stress moments are very important for customers. |
| B．High-stress moments require more AI tools. |
| C．High-stress moments are unforgettable for customers. |
| D．High-stress moments are ignored by most companies. |
| A．Try to invent more new AI tools. | B．Replace humans with new AI tools. |
| C．Pay attention to problem-solving. | D．Avoid making trouble for customers. |
【推荐3】The World Health Organization (WHO) reports Parkinson’s disease (帕金森病) is currently the fastest growing neurological condition worldwide. It harms the brain and often causes patients to lose the ability to control their movements. Researchers note that what is challenging to cure such patients is that early signs of Parkinson’s disease are not easy to identify. Many signs only appear years after the disease sets in. Researchers have investigated existing methods for detecting the disease before it has a chance to develop. These included examinations of brain images. But these methods are costly and require specialized medical centers.
Dina Katabi is a professor of electrical engineering and computer science at MIT. She helped lead the research. She said the act of breathing has always been connected to Parkinson’s disease. This connection led the research team to consider the potential of detecting the disease from one’s breathing without looking at movements. Previous studies have shown that breathing patterns linked to Parkinson’s disease can appear years before other signs.
Based on the above, American researchers have developed an artificial intelligence (AI) method to identify Parkinson’s disease. This means the AI system can be an early predictor of the disease. The system works by measuring a person’s breathing patterns during sleep. It can also measure the severity of disease and record its progression. The collected data is then processed through what the researchers call a neural (神经的) network, which is a computer system built to act like the human brain.
Experiments showed that with just one night of sleep, the AI system was able to detect Parkinson’s disease with up to 86 percent accuracy. With 12 nights of data, the rate went up to 95 percent.
The researchers say the simplicity of the tool will enable many more people to be tested for the disease in their homes. They said this can especially help people in traditionally underserved communities, as well as individuals living in rural areas or with limited abilities to visit hospitals.
1. What is a barrier to treat Parkinson’s disease?| A．The patients can’t move. |
| B．It’s hard to discover its early signs. |
| C．Brain images are difficult to examine. |
| D．No testing equipment has been invented. |
| A．By detecting more nights of sleep. |
| B．By calculating the data more carefully. |
| C．By examining more aspects of the patient. |
| D．By measuring sleeping patterns the whole day. |
| A．It can reach more patients. |
| B．It’s more expensive. |
| C．It only measures patients breathing. |
| D．It requires specialists with better skills. |
| A．Significance of advanced technology. |
| B．The new cure for Parkinson’s disease. |
| C．Identification of Parkinson’s disease by AI. |
| D．An effective method to improve breathing. |
