Have you ever seen one of the many videos of an elephant catching a paintbrush, putting it in paint, and producing a painting similar to something a 5-year-old could create? While watching an elephant paint is an amazing sight, we can’t help but wonder whether the training methods and results reflect animal cruelty.
A 2014 study on four captive (圈养的) Asian elephants at the Melbourne Zoo in Australia was carried out to identify stress-related behaviors around the activity of painting. While the researchers found that the elephants had a neutral (中立的) response to painting — not stressful, nor enriching- it seemed that when an elephant was not selected to paint, it displayed non-interactive behavior. This is seen as a possible signal of stress in the animals.
In addition, PETA, a famous animal rights group, has mentioned several American zoos that use harmful training methods to get elephants to paint, perform tricks, play instruments, and more. That is to say, some zoos that organize elephant painting use assaults to encourage the elephants. However, PETA argues that animal shelters should not force animals to do tricks at all.
Activist organizations warn that elephants can undergo extreme discomfort in the training process. Furthermore, many of the painting elephants are very young, at an age where they should still be with their mothers. It raises questions about whether there’s a chance they were caught for the express purpose of performing, or whether they could somehow be restored to a return to the wild.
It is difficult to support any kind of trained behavior that differs greatly from a wild animal’s natural tendencies. The role of a shelter is to allow an animal to live as close to its normal life as possible, perhaps with an eye to returning the animal to the wild; teaching them to paint does not seem to go with that target, particularly if it’s not a learned behavior that the animal would be willing to do independently.
1. What is the purpose of the 2014 study?A.To identify stress-related behaviors when elephants paint. |
B.To identify a neutral response to painting. |
C.To recognize stress-free behaviors when elephants paint. |
D.To recognize elephants’ non-interactive painting. |
A.Persuasions. | B.Benefits. | C.Rewards. | D.Attacks. |
A.Elephants should stay with their mother. |
B.Elephants may feel uncomfortable in the training. |
C.Elephants are caught for the purpose of performing. |
D.Elephants ought to be returned to the wild. |
A.Teaching animals to paint. | B.Permitting animals to perform. |
C.Allowing animals to live freely. | D.Training animals to finish the target. |
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【推荐1】There are a lot of feral(野生的) camels in Australia. Although they don't appear to be as destructive as other introduced species because they eat trees and plants that our native Australian animals don' t eat, in the last few years the Australian Camel population has been increasing at a fairly alarming rate and becoming a bit of a problem.
We didn’t see them that often where we grew up unless we went further into Queensland or South Australia. When we did see them it was always a bit of a thrill for us kids because it was somewhat of a novelty(新奇的事物).
The suggestion of bringing camels to Australia was first made in 1837, 49 years after Europeans arrived in Australia. The importing of camels into Australia began in the mid 1800s to open up the desert areas of Central and Western Australia. They were handled and cared for by Muslim cameleers that came from countries like Egypt, Turkey and northern India. The cameleers were called Afghans or “Ghans”even though most of them were not Afghans. The name stuck to a part of the railroad track that links Port Augusta in South Australia to Darwin in the Northern Territory.
By the 1920s there were about 20,000 domesticated(家养的) camels in Australia, but with the arrival of motor and rail transport in the 1930s people no longer needed their camels and a lot of them were abandoned in the bush.
Australian Camels are now exported live to Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and other countries where disease-free camels are considered a delicacy(佳肴). Australian Camels are also exported to Arab Camel racing stables as breeding stock. The United States also imports them to use in tourist attractions. There are over 40 farms providing rides in Australia now.
1. What problem with camels in Australia is mentioned?A.They carry disease. |
B.They hurt people sometimes. |
C.The number of them is growing rapidly. |
D.Some native animals are threatened by them. |
A.To keep the balance of nature. | B.To develop the desert areas. |
C.To satisfy kids’ curiosity. | D.To create new jobs. |
A.The disappearance of bushes. | B.The spread of a serious disease. |
C.The introduction of other animals. | D.The availability of modern vehicles. |
A.The history of Australian Camels. | B.What Australian Camels are used for. |
C.The advantages of Australian Camels. | D.Why Australian Camels are popular abroad. |
【推荐2】Federal scientists have started testing migratory birds (候鸟) for signs of a dangerous bird flu that could show up on this continent this spring.
The testing of shorebirds began Wednesday at an Anchorage coastal wildlife refuge (藏身处), said Bruce Woods, spokesman with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
It is the first sampling of a summer-long project to swab (用拭子取液体) birds for bird flu throughout the state. Nationwide, the goal is to sample 75,000 to 100,000 wild birds. In Alaska, about $ 4 million in federal money will be paid to study about 15, 000 birds, Woods said.
“We had some success in catching some of the target species,” Woods said Thursday.
More than 40 species of waterfowl and shorebirds are considered susceptible to infection by a highly pathogenic (致病的) H5N1 bird flu virus that’s killed more than 100 people, in other parts of the world, mostly in Asia.
Scientists will only test birds in the Anchorage area through early next week. “In this location, it’s very brief. Birds go through and they’re gone,” he said.
To screen the birds for the deadly virus, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Alaska’s Fish and Game Department also are setting up more than 50 remote backcountry camps accessible mainly by float planes or boats.
Many birds will be tested and released, while others killed during seasonal hunts will be tested after they have died.
Alaska is an ideal bird flu laboratory because it’s at the crossroads of migratory pathways for birds flying between the United States and other countries. Some of these birds arrive in Alaska each year from Asia, reports AP.
1. Which of the following is wrong?A.Over 50 remote hackcountry camps are being built. |
B.More than 100 people have died of H5N1 bird flu virus. |
C.In Alaska, the goal to swab birds for bird flu is 75,000 to 100,000 wild birds. |
D.Around 15,000 birds will be studied with the money provided by the federal government. |
A.Only killed birds will be tested. |
B.Asia is a more serious part infected by H5N1 virus. |
C.The scientists there have no experience to catch the birds. |
D.As many as 50 species of waterfowl and shorebird are infected by H5N1 bird flu virus. |
A.Its location. | B.Its climate. |
C.The birds there. | D.Its environment. |
A.How are migratory birds tested for bird flu | B.Testing for bird flu begins in Alaska |
C.Alaska, an ideal bird flu laboratory | D.Influence of H5N1 bird flu vims |
【推荐3】Super typhoon Rammasun swept over Hainan, China, destroying at least 23,000 houses and causing 2 billion dollars in damage. It was not just people who experienced the impact, though. In Hainan Bawangling National Nature Reserve, home to the world’s 30 remaining Hainan gibbons(长臂猿), landslides tore through sections of the forest. The gibbons, a species living in trees, were forced to jump across a distance of up to 50 feet to get from one area to another.
The gibbons sometimes would break their fall only by managing to catch hold of the tip of a particular palm leaf. As months passed, Bosco Chan at the Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden in Hong Kong noticed that constant use caused the leaf to wear and bend downward, threatening to lead to the gibbons crashing down and breaking the extremely rare species’ habitat into different islands. “It’s really a matter of concern. Moreover, I didn’t know how long the leaf would be able to hold the gibbons,” he said. “I thought it was time for us to build something.”
As recently described in Scientific Reports, Bosco Chan and his colleagues turned to aerial(空中的) bridges. They hired professional tree climbers to confront and get over the steep landform to fix a simple bridge, consisting of two parallel mountaineering-grade ropes. It took the gibbons over five months to catch on, but once they learned to use the ropes, they started regularly using them to make safe, quick crossings.
Till now, aerial bridges have been used in other countries to help a diversity of animals ranging from squirrels to capuchin monkeys. But many are small, one-off projects carried out by local organizations or even individuals; with little or no scientific study of what does or does not work. In addition, a solution for one species or habitat may not be applicable to another.
1. What can be learned about Hainan gibbons?A.They are severely endangered. |
B.They mainly feed on palm leaves. |
C.They are good at long-distance jumping. |
D.They suffer a slight reduction in population. |
A.Their weak link with nature. | B.Their fear of jumps between trees. |
C.Their survival affected by typhoons. | D.Their habitats’ likely being damaged. |
A.Make use of. | B.Get rid of. | C.Take down. | D.Deal with. |
A.Their importance. | B.Their limitations. |
C.Their potential uses. | D.Their long-term effects. |
【推荐1】As the pandemic separates us from loved ones, many of us are trying to stay connected through texting, email, and social media, even taking the opportunity to reconnect with long-lost friends.
But if our goal is to feel closer to people and enjoy our conversations more, we’d better pick up the phone, according to a new study published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology.
In the study, participants (参与者)imagined having a conversation with a friend they hadn't been in touch with for at least two years and made predictions (预测) about how it would feel to connect by phone versus(对比)email. "We think it's going to be awkward to talk to somebody, but that just turns out not to be the case," says lead author Amit Kumar. "Instead... people form stronger connection when they're talking on the phone than when communicating over email. ”
The same result held true when the researchers had participants do a conversation exercise with strangers using either video chatting, audio(声音的),only chatting, or text-chatting. People who used media that included the voice had more satisfying exchanges and felt closer to their new friends than the text-chatters.
Why? Likely it's because our voices communicate a variety of emotions, helping others to read us better and to feel like they really know us. Hearing someone's voice helps understand each other better —in some cases, even better than video chatting.
So, while texting can be useful, it's not the best way to get the most out of socializing. If we're looking for greater happiness and connection, we should give someone a call.
1. What do the underlined words “the case” in Paragraph 3 refer to?A.Stronger connection is possible. |
B.Predictions agree with the results. |
C.Talking on the phone is awkward. |
D.Communication over e-mail is effective. |
A.They can talk more quickly. |
B.Voices show more emotions. |
C.Voices are easier to understand. |
D.They are more familiar with voice. |
A.By quoting experts' words. | B.By telling stories. |
C.By making comparisons. | D.By introducing theories. |
A.Text chatting. | B.Sending emails. |
C.Making calls. | D.Writing letters. |
【推荐2】Some educators are trying to engage(吸引) students’ attention with technology, such as educational videos, computer gaming and AI just to name a few. But using these methods in the classroom can be very challenging. Teachers using these tools often struggle to keep students focusing on the materials, competing with the latest social media, and can feel limited by using them to get some knowledge across. Graphic novels(图画小说) offering visual information married with text provide a means to engage students in the classroom.
Educators have used this method in their teaching. For example, instead of filling out problem sheets, students in a math class were asked to read a mystery called Who Killed Professor X? In this story, all of the suspects(嫌疑人)are famous mathematicians. As they tried to figure out the connections between the suspects, students often forgot that they were doing math focusing instead of finding secret details to solve the problem. Although this is just one experience for these students, it improves their confidence and shows them how math can be fun.
Jason Ho, an assistant professor at Dordt University, uses Max the Demon Vs Entropy of Doom to teach his physics students about a topic. This topic can be particularly difficult for some students because they can’t physically touch something. Ho said graphic novels can create an engaging learning environment, and most of his students now understand the subject by getting clear explanations for some ideas.
Although the Internet offers a lot of math and physics resources, it can be tiring to search through many hours of videos to find the perfect one to get the “aha!” moment in learning. Graphic novels provide a staring point with a wide range of topics. Want to learn about programming? Try the Secret Coders series. Need more female role models in science? Astronauts: Women on the Final Frontier could be just what you're looking for.
With all that graphic novels offered, we believe that the right set of graphic novels can inspire future scientists as much as any single person can.
1. What problem are some teachers faced with?A.Teaching students to learn self-control. |
B.Helping students gain high-tech knowledge. |
C.Holding students’ attention with technology. |
D.Controlling the bad influence of social media. |
A.They are mainly designed for students. |
B.They can make learning more enjoyable. |
C.They require students to learn through performance. |
D.They lead students to work hard on problem sheets. |
A.Positive. | B.Doubtful. | C.Negative. | D.Curious. |
A.They allow reading anytime and anywhere. |
B.They introduce many role models to students. |
C.They are more attractive with wonderful pictures. |
D.They enable students to quickly find suitable materials. |
【推荐3】Sleep disorders and insufficient sleeping hours have become more distinct in recent years. Previous reports released last month showed that more than 38 percent of adults suffer from insomnia (失眠), with the rate climbing each year.
A new study surveyed more than 14,000 people across the country on their sleep and exercise habits.
People who own long-sitting lifestyles are more likely to suffer insomnia.
Long-term sleeping less than seven hours for most adults will increase the risk of sudden death by 26 percent.
A.Sound sleep at night is also closely linked to enough sport time. |
B.The reason is that their inactivity disturbs the biological clock. |
C.And the number of people who can't sleep well is increasing sharply. |
D.It indicated the obvious link between sleeping hours and the exercise habits. |
E.They also warned that more than 80 percent of teenagers do not get enough sleep. |
F.The teenagers who have sleeping problems perform worse than those who have good sleep. |
G.Enough good sleep at night is also closely linked to stronger immunity (免疫) against disease. |
【推荐1】An author who surveyed 600 millionaires has claimed that she found the secrets of getting rich. Sarah Stanley Fallaw, the author of The Next Millionaire Next Door: Enduring Strategies for Building Wealth, got her findings after she surveyed American millionaires in 2015 and 2016. The book is a follow-up to her father’s research in the 1998 bestseller The Millionaire Next Door, which Thomas J. Stanley wrote with William D. Danko.
Stanley Fallaw argues that resilience(抗逆力)in the face of refusal and strict goal setting are important to building wealth. “To build wealth, to build one’s own business, to ignore critics and media and neighbors, you must have the ambition to keep pursuing your goals past refusal and pain,” wrote Stanley Fallaw in the new book, according to Business Insider. She added, “Millionaires and other economically successful Americans who decide to climb the corporate ladder(企业晋升制度), or struggle to create a financial independence lifestyle early do so by pushing on without stop.”
Stanley Fallaw stresses the importance of setting goals and sticking to them, especially for budgeting. She says that living modestly even as your income grows will allow you to devote a greater percentage of your income towards savings and building wealth. “Most millionaires we interviewed stressed the great freedom that comes from spending below their means,” Stanley Fallaw writes.
The author says that the temptation(诱惑)to keep up with the spending habits of the people around can be highly harmful to building wealth. Particularly in the age of social media, when lavish(浪费的)vacations and new purchases are broadcast for the world to see, the perseverance(坚持)to live thriftily(节俭地)is important, Stanley Fallaw argues.
1. What was Sarah Stanley Fallaw’s book based on?A.Her own life experiences. |
B.Surveys on the American millionaires. |
C.Her father’s book The Millionaire Next Door. |
D.Her father’s partner William D. Danko’s advice. |
A.Listening to others’ critics. | B.Persevering through failure. |
C.Sticking to your goals. | D.Living a thrift life. |
A.To live thriftily. |
B.To follow others’ spending habits. |
C.To avoid the temptation of new purchases. |
D.To keep away from lavish vacations. |
A.What People Should Read | B.Why We Need Strict Goals |
C.How Millionaires Get Rich | D.When People Will Become Millionaires |
【推荐2】We all love gardens with beautiful flowers and leafy plants, choosing colourful species to plant in and around our homes. Plant scientists, however, may have fallen for the same trick in what they choose to research.
The research, published in Nature Plants, found there’s a clear bias (偏好) among scientists toward visually striking plants. This means they’re more likely chosen for scientific study and conservation efforts, regardless of their ecological or evolutionary significance. White, red and pink flowers were more likely to feature in research literature than those with dull, or green and brown flowers. Plants with tall stems also stood out. Plants with blue flowers — the rarest colour in nature — received most research attention. But interestingly, a plant’s rarity didn’t significantly influence research attention. The team had expected to find more endangered species among those most studied, it did not either.
This bias may direct conservation efforts away from less visually pleasing plants that are more important to the health of the overall ecosystem or in need of urgent conservation. A bias toward colorful plants could mean we may be missing species that could be in rapid decline toward extinction, and we don’t have even basic information on seed banking for conservation. This is not a tragedy, but something to consider when planning future work.
We often don’t know how important a species is until it’s thoroughly researched. In Australia, for example, milkweeds are an important food source for butterflies, while dull-flowered mat rushes are now known to be the home for rare native sun moths. From habitats to food, these plants provide foundational ecological services, yet many milkweed and mat rush species are rare, and largely neglected in conservation research.
The study shows the need to take biases into consideration in science and in the choice of species studied, for the best conservation and ecological outcomes. People should be more alert in all parts of the conservation process, from the science to listing species for protection.
1. Which of the following plants are highly researched?A.Plants which are rare. | B.Plants with blue flowers. |
C.Plants with brown flowers. | D.Plants which are endangered. |
A.The efforts to save endangered species. | B.The ways to conserve dull plants. |
C.The reasons for plants’ extinction. | D.The consequences of plant bias. |
A.They deserve thorough research. |
B.They are closely connected with each other. |
C.They have received the least research attention. |
D.They are more important than beautiful flowers. |
A.Are beautiful plants the most useful? | B.How can we save less attractive plants? |
C.Which plant species need our help? | D.Are attractive plants researched more? |
【推荐3】For most kids, back-to-school time is usually bitter-sweet. The bitter part is saying goodbye to carefree, unscheduled summer days. The sweet part is saying hello to a new school year and school friends.
This exciting time is filled with smells of new books, paper and pencils. Children might wear a new set of clothes. And, of course, there are the first-day-of-school pictures that parents share with family and friends.
However, going back to school can also be a stressful time for children and families. Every kid must make the transition from easy summer life to routines, schedules and homework. Families will have financial concerns. Parents often need to pay school fees or to buy new school clothes, sports equipment, musical instruments and school supplies.
Back-to-school stress is different for different ages. Younger children may feel scared to leave their families. Making new friends and dealing with bullying can also cause stress for them. Older students may be stressed about their appearances, grades and getting into a good college.
However, parents, teachers and children can all help to make the transition back to school easier. Mary Anne Aidala, an award-winning teacher, advises parents to focus on the basics — let kids get enough sleep, eat healthy foods, and turn off electronics before bedtime.
Lori Bambina has been a teacher for 22 years. She teaches first grade in NY now. According to her, routines and knowing what a teacher wants in the classroom help to reduce stress in kids. So, she focuses on the class routine during the start of the new school year. “Well, for the students, I have my classroom set up with a very clear system. So, I will introduce the system. Then I will revisit the system because at this young age they enjoy routines. And that routine is very comforting and will not cause them stress if they know exactly where things are located and what type of behavior is expected of them.”
1. Back-to-school time can be stressful for parents because ________.A.teachers will set many challenging tasks for them |
B.they don’t know how to reduce stress in their children |
C.they need to organize everything well for their children |
D.they have to spend a lot of money for the new school year |
A.be unwilling to go to college | B.be worried about their studies |
C.be afraid to leave their parents | D.have difficulty making friends |
A.the classroom is decorated beautifully | B.teachers have low expectations of them |
C.they know what they are expected to do | D.they have a good relationship with teachers |
A.Causes of back-to-school stress | B.Mixed feelings about going back to school |
C.Getting school life back to normal | D.Dealing with back-to-school stress |