People who routinely eat a lot of red meat may be increasing their risk of developing Type2 diabetes (糖尿病), according to a new study. Processed red meats, like bacon and hot dogs, are linked to an even higher risk.
Researchers tracked the eating habits of more than 200,000 people engaged in long-term health studies for up to 36 years and found that those who regularly consumed a lot of red meat—more than a serving per day—had a significantly higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes.
“When we looked at the women and men who consumed the most red meat compared to the least, we found about a 50% increase in risk,” says study author Dr. Walter Willett of the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health. The results were published in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.
It turned out that the participants in the study who consumed high amounts of red meat also had higher body weight. They consumed more calories (热量) and were less physically active compared with those who consumed the least red meat.
Given that, in the US, only about 4% of people are identified as vegetarians and only 1%vegans, it’s not realistic to think that people will give up red meat altogether. So how much red meat is OK to consume? US dietary guidelines don’t clearly state an amount, but a recent review of observational studies suggests it’s reasonable to limit daily consumption of unprocessed red meat to 50 to 100ms to prevent high blood pressure and heart diseases. Willett’s recommendation goes even further. “A limit of one serving per week of red meat would be reasonable for people wishing to improve health and well-being.” Willett says.
Given the large body of evidence that links too much red meat consumption to increased risks of heart disease and cancer, Christopher Gardner, a food scientist at Stanford University, points out that recommendations to limit the consumption of red meat, particularly processed red meat, have been made by many national and global health organizations.
1. How did the researchers draw their conclusion?| A．By asking questions. | B．By referring to former studies. |
| C．By making comparisons. | D．By carrying out experiments. |
| A．Healthy. | B．Active. | C．Crazy. | D．Fat. |
| A．Eating red meat only once a week. | B．Replacing red meat with vegetables. |
| C．Consuming much unprocessed red meat. | D．Eating a small amount of red meat every day. |
| A．Healthy Diets Are a Must | B．Too Much Red Meat May Cause Illness |
| C．A Good Habit Is the Key to Living Well | D．Red Meat Is Beneficial to Our Health |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】“An apple a day keeps the doctor away.” Similarly, if we drink a little more water every day, we may find that we need to go to the doctor less often. A healthy diet is made up of water and different kinds of foods. We know that healthy foods like fruits, vegetables and fish , are important as they offer energy and fiber, without giving us much fat and sugar. But why is water important?
The human body needs water to survive. Water is important as it carries poisons and waste out of our bodies. However, doctors advise us to drink plenty of water , much more than the small amount we need to stay alive.
Some doctors believe that water is important for health in all kinds of ways. They believe that many illnesses and health problems appear as a result of dehydration--a lack of water. Most people are dehydrated (脱水）at least some of time, although they probably don’t know it. It is surprising to learn that if we feel thirsty, we are already in the first stages of dehydration. In fact, we are advised to drink water before we feel thirsty.
These doctors think that health problems such as headaches, high blood pressure could be helped if people drink more water. They also believe that drinking more water can help people who are fat. Water contains no calories so it will not make us gain weight. If we drink water , we will probably drink less sugary soft drinks. Doctors also believe that drinking more water may stop people from overeating. They say that many people think that they are hungry when they are, in fact, thirsty. Doctors suggest, therefore, that we eat less food and drink more water.
There are still many health problems that cannot be solved by drinking water, so we should not stop going to see the doctor completely.
1. From the text, we know water can carry_______.| A．energy and fibre in our bodies. | B．fruit, vegetables and fish in our bodies. |
| C．sugar and fat out of our bodies. | D．poisons and waste out of our bodies. |
| A．It makes them hungry. | B．they think they are hungry and eat too much. |
| C．Water has no calories. | D．they think they are thirsty and eat less. |
| A．eat less food and drink less water | B．not eat food and just drink water |
| C．eat less food and drink more water | D．eat more food and drink more water |
| A．People should drink water and not eat fruit. |
| B．Some health problems start because of a lack of water. |
| C．Fruit provides us with energy and fiber . |
| D．Drinking more water may stop people from overeating. |
【推荐2】A research model of dietary intake in 184 countries, developed by researchers at the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University, estimates that poor diet contributed to over 14.1 million cases of type 2 diabetes (糖尿病) in 2018, representing over 70% of new diagnoses globally. The analysis, which looked at data from 1990 and 2018, provides valuable insight into which dietary factors are driving the burden of type 2 diabetes in the world region.
Of the 11 dietary factors considered, 3 had an outsized contribution to the rising global incidence of type 2 diabetes: insufficient intake of whole grains, excesses of refined (精制的) rice and wheat, and the overconsumption of processed meat. Factors such as drinking too much fruit juice and not eating enough non-starchy vegetables, nuts, or seeds, had less of an impact on new cases of the disease.
“Our study suggests poor carbohydrate quality is a leading driver of diet-attributable type2 diabetes globally, and with important variation by nation and over time,” said senior author Dariush Mozaffarian, Jean Mayer Professor of Nutrition. “These new findings reveal critical areas for national and global focus to improve nutrition and reduce devastating burdens of diabetes.”
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by the resistance of the body’s cells to insulin (胰岛素). Of the 184 countries included in the Nature Medicine study, all saw an increase in type 2 diabetes cases between 1990 and 2018, representing a growing burden on individuals, families, and healthcare systems.
The analysis revealed that poor diet is causing a larger proportion of total type 2 diabetes incidence in men versus women, in younger versus older adults, and in urban versus rural residents at the global level. Regionally, Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia, particularly in Poland and Russia, where diets tend to be rich in red meat, processed meat, and potatoes, had the greatest number of type 2 diabetes cases linked to diet.
1. How did researchers draw their conclusion?| A．Through data analysis. | B．Through follow-up visits. |
| C．Through doing experiments. | D．Through worldwide surveys. |
| A．Impressive. | B．Destructive. | C．Rewarding. | D．Identical. |
| A．Whole grains. | B．Potatoes. | C．Refined wheat. | D．Processed meat. |
| A．Diets determine the type of diabetes | B．It is important to improve nutrition |
| C．Type 2 diabetes is common globally | D．Type 2 diabetes is linked to poor diets |
【推荐3】If our bodies actually suffer from eating too much sugar, then why do we like it? And why don 't we have such a strong eager for food like, say, broccoli (西兰花)，which is a great source of Vitamin C,vitamin K iron, all things our body actually needs? If it's so bad for us, then why does sugar taste so good? There are hundreds of journal articles trying to answer that very question. Let' s take a look at what they' ve come up with.
Studies have shown that the love children have for sugar may be born with. In other words, kids may have a built-in love of all things sweet. The preference for sweet foods is found to be already evident in newborns, who prefer sweeter formulas (配方). It also seems to be shared by children globally across cultures and climates. There’s further evidence that kids’ taste buds (味蕾) are more sensitive to bitter-tasting foods, further pushing them to reach for the sweets. One study showed that adults tend to maximize their sugar preference at about the level of sugar in a can of soda, but older children still liked drinks that were twice as sweet. The scientists couldn't find a limit to the concentration of sugar younger children preferred. It turns out that the kids still liked the sugary drink even past the point where there was too much sugar to be dissolved (溶解) in water anymore.
Sugar gets a bad fame, but it isn't all bad. Sugar provides our bodies with calories, which we can then change into energy. Children, in particular, need this energy to fuel their rapid growth. Sugar also helps us store fat, which can be drawn on later if needed. Our body knows to pursue the things it needs as a way of signaling our brain to start eating what we’re missing.
As a vegetarian (素食主义者)，I know that when I start thinking about stealing the peanut butter sandwich that's been floating around in my kid' s backpack, it' s probably not because the sandwich is so delicious. It' s more likely that I haven't gotten enough protein for the day.
1. What makes so many people study sugar?| A．High sugar intake. |
| B．Curiosity about Sugar. |
| C．The love for sugar. |
| D．The magic effect of sugar. |
| A．Loving sugar is human's nature. |
| B．A vegetarian doesn't like sugar so much. |
| C．The older one is, the more sugar one needs. |
| D．The love for sugar depends on living habits. |
| A．Deadly but irresistible. |
| B．Beneficial but harmful. |
| C．Necessary but not welcome. |
| D．Useful but not nutritious. |
| A．To store more protein, |
| B．To treat his illness. |
| C．To avoid his kid eating more. |
| D．To meet body' s needs. |
| FILM Best Drama: "12 Years a Slave" Best Comedy : "American Hustle" Best Actor, Drama: Matthew McConaughey, "Dallas Buyers Club" Best Actress, Drama: Cate Blanchett, "Blue Jasmine" Best Actor, Comedy : Leonardo DiCaprio, "The Wolf of Wall Street" Best Actress, Comedy : Amy Adams, "American Hustle" Best Supporting Actor: Jared Leto, "Dallas Buyers Club" Best Supporting Actress: Jennifer Lawrence, "American Hustle" Best Director: Alfonso Cuaron, "Gravity" Best Foreign Language Film: "The Great Beauty," Italy Best Original Song: "Ordinary Love," "Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom" | TELEVISION Best Drama Series: "Breaking Bad," AMC Best Comedy Series: "Brooklyn Nine-Nine," FOX Best Actor, Drama: Bryan Cranston, "Breaking Bad" Best Actress, Drama: Robin Wright, "House of Cards" Best Actor, Comedy: Andy Samberg, "Brooklyn Nine-Nine" Best Actress, Comedy: Amy Poehler, "Parks and Recreation" Best TV Film : "Behind the Candelabra," HBO Best Actor,Television Movie: Michael Douglas, "Behind the Candelabra" Best Actress, Television Movie: Elisabeth Moss, "Top of the Lake" Best Supporting Actor, Television Movie: Jon Voight, "Ray Donovan" Best Supporting Actress, Television Movie: Jacqueline Bisset, "Dancing on the Edge" |
1. Who wins the best film comedy actor title at the 71st Golden Globe Awards?
| A．Matthew McConaughey | B．Leonardo DiCaprio |
| C．Amy Adams | D．Jared Leto |
| A．Blue Jasmine | B．Breaking Bad |
| C．House of Cards | D．Top of the Lake |
| A．The Great Beauty |
| B．Mandela：Long Walk to Freedom |
| C．Behind the Candelabra |
| D．Dancing on the Edge |
【推荐2】In 1901, H. G. Wells, an English writer, wrote a book describing a trip to the moon. When the explorers landed on the moon, they discovered that the moon was full of underground cities. They expressed their surprise to the “moon people” they met. In turn, the “moon people” expressed their surprise “Why?” they asked, “are you traveling to outer space when you don’t even use your inner space?”
H. G. Wells could only imagine travel to the moon. In 1969, human beings really did land on the moon. People today know that there are no underground cities on the moon. However, the question that the “moon people” asked is still an interesting one. A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it.
Underground systems are already in place. Many cities have underground car parks. In some cities such as Tokyo, Seoul and Montreal, there are large underground shopping areas. The “Chunnel”, a tunnel (隧道) connecting England and France, is now complete.
But what about underground cities? Japan’s Taisei Corporation is designing a network of underground systems, called “Alice Cities”. The designers imagine using surface space for public parks and using underground space for flats, offices, shopping, and so on. A solar dome (太阳能穹顶) would cover the whole city.
Supporters of underground development say that building down rather than building up is a good way to use the earth’s space. The surface, they say, can be used for farms, parks, gardens and wilderness, H. G. Wells’ “moon people” would agree. Would you?
1. What surprised the explorers in H. G. Wells’ story?| A．The moon people’s unique language. | B．The moon people’s friendliness. |
| C．The moon people’s underground cities. | D．The moon people’s space technology. |
| A．Traveling to outer space. | B．Using the earth’s inner space. |
| C．Meeting the “moon people” again. | D．Discovering the moon’s inner space. |
| A．Tunnels, car parks, shopping areas. | B．Gardens, car parks, power stations. |
| C．Tunnels, gardens, offices. | D．Offices, shopping areas, power stations. |
| A．Enjoy living underground | B．Alice Cities — cities of the future |
| C．Building down, not up | D．Space travel with H. G. Wells |
【推荐3】Transhumanism, first coined in 1957 by biologist Julian Huxley, meant “man remaining man, but going beyond himself by realizing new possibilities of and for his human nature.” Generally speaking, transhumanism in its modern meaning implies that human beings can be enhanced by the means of science to the extent when they rise above biological limitations and capabilities programmed by nature.
There are numerous areas which, according to transhumanists, require enhancement. In particular, transhumanists work on such problems as overcoming the physical boundaries of the human body. Starting with aging, which they believe to be rather a disease than a natural process, and ending up with replacing organs with their artificial ones. All kinds of nanotechnologies for repairing damaged organs; nerve stimulants and drugs to alter mood and eliminate negative emotions; brain implants and implanted technologies to allow interconnectivity between multiple human beings and to advance intelligence. Some of the technologies transhumanists plan to employ to push the boundaries of humanity are available already. For example, gene therapy allowing to cure or stop certain diseases that were considered terminal; CRISPRi or SHARP-2 methods, which were discovered not so long ago, have already proved to be efficient in treating a number of complicated medical conditions. Virtual reality, another technology from science-fiction movies of the late 1980s, has become not so virtual either, after all. VR device can be easily purchased from online stores, and the prices are affordable. So far, it has been mostly used for games and education, but in the future, the range of its useful applications will definitely broaden.
About a hundred years ago, the idea of flying in the skies seemed absurd, until Wilbur and Orville Wright proved this assumption wrong. Who knows, perhaps in a couple of decades the concepts listed here, no matter how fantastic they look now, will become reality. Moral aspects and the price humanity will have to pay for such advancements are a different subject.
1. Which of the following statements is true about transhumanism?| A．Developing human beings beyond their natural capabilities by technology. |
| B．Promoting human health but remaining their physical appearances. |
| C．Improving the human condition through social and cultural change. |
| D．Going beyond human beings physical limitations through natural evolution. |
| A．By holding the belief that it is a disease. |
| B．By replacing organs with man-made ones. |
| C．By employing gene technology to stop diseases. |
| D．By using nanotechnologies to improve mood. |
| A．Skeptical. | B．Conservative. | C．Objective. | D．Ambiguous. |
| A．What is the meaning of transhumanism? |
| B．Can science overcome our natural limitations? |
| C．How can we enhance our health via modern technologies? |
| D．Does technological advancement really benefit human? |
