Just after hatching, many birds learn to identify and follow the first moving object they encounter—a process called imprinting, which can offer protection in the wild as it helps them stay near a parent. It doesn’t take much visual information for a bird to learn to prefer one object and follow it. Researchers wanted to know whether AI models called transformers could do a similar task with limited inputs.
Transformers are generic learning systems that can be trained to perform a wide variety of tasks, making them useful in both AI chatbots such as ChatGPT and in computer vision applications, such as autonomous car navigation.
“To directly compare learning algorithms (计算程序) to brains, we need to train them on the same experiences,” says Samantha Wood at Indiana University Bloomington. She first raised chicks in a box where the only visual stimulation came from a rotating 3D object presented on a screen. After the first week, she ran each chick through hundreds of test trials that showed that same object on one screen-presented from both familiar and unfamiliar perspectives-and displayed a second unfamiliar object on another screen. The chicks spent more of their time near the first object, suggesting they had imprinted on it.
The researcher then created a virtual simulation (仿造物) of the set-up and used a virtual agent to move through it while looking around and recording a first-person view. That provided tens of thousands of simulated images for training and evaluating four transformer models.
The AI models had just 300 milliseconds to learn from each simulated image-approximating (接近于) how long biological neurons (神经元) fire after being presented with an image. The researcher found that the AIs could learn to recognise a 3D object as quickly and accurately as the chicks.
The study is “a great piece of work” in comparing machine performance with biological brains, says Antone Martinho-Truswell at the University of Sydney. But he also notes, “We might be able to say that the chick ‘saw’its imprinting object, but that will have a component (成分) of experience to it. Particularly as imprinting is to do with identifying its mother, it would be unsurprising if that visual experience were combined with a suite of other components of experience: fear yielding to comfort, for example, as the chick comes to regard the object as its imprinted ‘mother’.”
1. Why do newborn birds engage in imprinting?A.To enhance their navigation skills. |
B.To develop their social behaviour. |
C.To improve their communication with other birds. |
D.To establish a protective connection with a guardian. |
A.She raised them in an environment with a rotating visual element. |
B.She exposed them to various visual stimulations in the wild. |
C.She showed them various moving objects on screens. |
D.She observed their behaviour in a natural habitat. |
A.To imitate the natural behaviour of birds. |
B.To assess the effectiveness of virtual agents. |
C.To examine the Al models’ability to identify a 3D object. |
D.To create a visually diverse environment for the chicks. |
A.Rapid learning pace of AI models. |
B.Recreating real-world environments for experiments. |
C.The complexity and diversity of biological experiences. |
D.Conducting additional experiments with a range of animals. |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】Farming is moving indoors, where the sun never shines, where rainfall is irrelevant(不相干的)and where the climate is always right. The perfect crop field could be inside a windowless building with controlled light, temperature, wetness, air quality and nutrition. It could be a high-rise building in New York or a sprawling complex(综合楼) in the Saudi desert. It may be an answer to the world’s food problems.
The world is already having trouble feeding itself. Half of the people on earth live in cities, and nearly half of those—about 3 billion—are hungry or ill-fed. Food prices, currently increasing, are buffeted by dryness, floods and the cost of energy required to plant, harvest and transport it. And prices will only get more unstable. Climate change makes long-term crop planning uncertain. Farmers in many parts of the world are already using water available to the last drop. And the world is getting more crowded: by mid-century, the global hungry population will grow to 9 billion.
To feed so many people may need to expand farmland at the expense of forests and wilderness, or finding ways to completely increase crop output.
Gertjan Meeuws has taken the concept of greenhouse—growing vegetables and house plants in enclosed(封闭的)and controlled environments. In their research station, water flows into the pans when needed, and temperature is kept constant. Lights go on and off, creating similar day and night according to the rhythm of the plants.
A building of 100 square meters and 14 layers(层)of plants could provide a daily diet of 200 kilograms of fresh fruit and vegetables for the entire population of Den Bosch, about 140,000 people. Their idea is not to grow foods that require much space, like corn or potatoes.
Here sunlight is not only unnecessary but can be harmful. Plants need only specific wavelengths of light to grow. Their growth rate is three times faster than those under greenhouse conditions. They use about 90 percent less water than outdoor agriculture. And city farming means producing food near consumers, so there’s no need to transport it long distances.
1. What does Paragraph 2 mainly tell us?A.The climate is worse and worse. | B.The city people live a hard life. |
C.The world has difficulty feeding its people. | D.The world’s population is increasing fast. |
A.badly affected | B.prevented | C.demanded | D.well achieved |
A.helps save sea water a lot |
B.suits different conditions |
C.is completely different from greenhouse agriculture |
D.suits the production of corn |
A.The development of indoor farming. | B.A great revolution in farming. |
C.Advantages of indoor farming. | D.Sunless and rainless indoor farming. |
Good Taste of Knowledge
The aim of education or culture is merely the development of good taste in knowledge and good form in conduct. The cultured man or the ideal educated man is not necessarily one who is well-read or learned, but one who likes and dislikes the right things. To know what to love and what to hate is to have taste in knowledge.
Nothing is more annoying than to meet a person at a party whose mind is crammed (填塞) full with historical dates and figures and who is extremely well-posted on current international affairs, but whose attitudes or points of view are all wrong. I have met such people. They do have great academic knowledge, but no good judgment or taste. Being knowledgeable is a mere matter of the cramming of facts or information while having good taste is a matter of artistic judgment. In speaking of a scholar, the Chinese generally distinguish between their scholarship (学术成就), conduct and taste..
An educated man, therefore, is one who has the right loves and hatreds. This we call taste, and with taste comes charm. Now, to have taste requires a capacity for thinking things through to the bottom, the independence of judgment, and the unwillingness to be affected by any form of power.
When a man is wrong, he is wrong, and there is no need for one to be impressed by a great name or by the number of books that he has read and we haven't.
Taste, then. is closely associated with courage. as the Chinese always associated dan (“胆”) with shi (“识”) And courage or independence of judgment, as we know, is such a rare virtue among humankind. We see this intellectual courage or independence during the childhood of all thinkers and writers who in later life amount to anything. Such a person refuses to be impressed by a philosophic vogue or a fashionable theory, even though it is backed by the greatest name. this is taste in knowledge.
No doubt such intellectual courage or independence of judgment requires a certain childish. nave confidence in oneself, but this self is the only thing that one can cling to. and the moment a student gives up-his right of personal judgment, he is m for accepting all the dishonest and insincere of life.
1. According to the author, what is the goal of education?2. Why is a well-read man not necessarily an educated one?
3. Please decide which part is false in the following statement: Intellectual courage or independence of judgment builds confidence in oneself; then underline it and explain why Intellectual courage or independence of judgment builds confidence in oneself.
4. Please name one person with the qualities of dan and shi in Chinese history and explain what about this person makes you think so. (In about 40 words)
【推荐3】The twilight (朦胧的) time between full wakefulness and being sound asleep may be packed with creative potential. Rumor has it that Thomas Edison, the famous inventor, used to prefer such moments between wakefulness and sleep. Supposedly, he used to fall asleep in a chair holding two steel balls. As he fell asleep, the balls fell into metal pans. The resulting sound woke him. Then, he could write down his inventive ideas before he fell into a deep sleep and forgot them.
Researchers tested Edison’s method of developing creativity with 103 healthy people. Volunteers came to the lab to solve a tricky number problem. After doing the task 60 times, they earned a 20-minute break in a quiet, dark room. They relaxed in chairs, each holding a light drinking bottle, something like the steel balls that Edison used. Participants were told to close their eyes and rest or sleep if they desired. Meanwhile, machines monitored their brain waves. About half of the participants stayed awake. Twenty-four fell asleep and stayed in the shallow short stage of sleep called N1. Fourteen others progressed to N2, a deeper stage of sleep.
After their rest, participants returned to their number problem. The researchers saw a clear difference between the groups. People with a shallow early sleep were 2.7 times as likely to spot the hidden trick as people who stayed awake. Shallow sleepers were 5.8 times as likely to spot the trick as people who reached the deeper N2 stage.
Such differences in such experiments are rare, says Delphine Oudiette, a cognitive neuroscientist. “The results raise an interesting possibility. It may help people to learn to reach that twilight stage of sleep on demand. It seems Edison was onto something about the creative powers of nodding off. But don’t put too much faith in his habits. He also is said to have considered sleep ‘a criminal waste of time’.”
1. Why is Thomas Edison mentioned in paragraph 1?A.To imply the inspiration of the study. | B.To explain how habits can help. |
C.To support the idea theoretically. | D.To lay scientific basis of the study. |
A.It belonged to Thomas Edison. | B.It was made of a kind of steel. |
C.It may serve as an alarm o'clock. | D.It was in the shape of a metal pan. |
A.Being awake is as creative as being asleep. |
B.Wakefulness differs from sleep in many aspects. |
C.Being asleep is more productive than wakefulness. |
D.Shallow sleepers may be better problem solvers later. |
A.Ridiculous. | B.Doubtful. | C.Realistic. | D.Useful. |
【推荐1】Why do you go to the library? For books, yes-but you like books because they tell stories. You hope to get lost in a story or be transported into someone else’s life. At one type of library, you can do just that-even though there’s not a single book.
At a Human Library, instead of books, you can “borrow” people. Individuals volunteer as human “books” and participants in the event can “read” the book-meaning they would have a one-on-one conversation with the volunteer and share in a dialogue about that individual’s experience. “Books” are volunteers from all walks of life who have experienced discrimination (歧视) based on race, religion, class, gender identity, age, lifestyle choices, disability and other aspects of their life.
For a certain amount of time, you can ask them questions and listen to their stories, which are as fascinating and as attractive as any you can find in a book. Many of the stories have to do with some kind of stereotype. You can speak with a refugee (难民), a soldier suffering from PTSD, a homeless person or a woman living with HIV. The Human Library encourages people to challenge their own long-held beliefs to truly get to know, and learn from someone they might otherwise make a quick judgment about.
According to its website, the Human Library is “a place where difficult questions are expected, appreciated and answered.” It provides the opportunity for the community to share and understand the experiences of others in their community.
The Human Library Organization came to be in Copenhagen, Denmark in 2000. Ronni Abergel and his colleagues hosted a four-day event during a major Northern European festival, hoping to raise awareness about violence among youth. After the success of this event, Abergel founded the Human Library Organization, which has been growing ever since.
Though there are a few permanent human libraries, most aren’t places at all, but events. Though many do take place at physical libraries, you don’t need a library card-anyone can come and be part of the experience. There have been human library events all over the globe, in universities and in pubs, from Chicago to Tunis to Edinburgh to San Antonio.
The stories these “books” tell range from fascinating to heartbreaking and everything in between. And that’s the very point of the organization-to prove that no person can be summed up in just one word. It seeks to show people that you truly can’t judge a book by its cover-or by its title or label.
1. The “books” in human libraries are_____________.A.long-held beliefs attracting individuals |
B.inspiring stones motivating people in trouble |
C.events in which people can talk to volunteers |
D.unfairly-treated people sharing their experiences |
A.aimed to help the young suffering from violence |
B.attempted to replace traditional physical libraries |
C.laid a foundation for the Human Library Organization |
D.led to a pleasing development for the community with racism |
A.deepen their understanding of people |
B.enrich their own personal experiences. |
C.hear the stories told by celebrities from all over the world |
D.make quick judgments about the “books” |
A.evaluate and educate | B.inform and explain |
C.discuss and persuade | D.analyze and suggest |
【推荐2】New Year’s resolutions(决心) have been around long enough that we all tend to stick to the same ones—hit the gym, lay off the candy, read more books, call your mother—regardless of whether we follow through with our intentions.
While January 1st seems like the perfect time to have a new start again, exactly when people developed that mindset(思维模式) isn’t common knowledge. It turns out that the modern belief of a New Year’s resolution isn’t as old as you thought. According to many historians, the ancient Babylonians were the first group of people to make New Year’s resolutions. However, instead of making a commitment to self improvement, they made a commitment to the gods to pay their debts and return any objects they had borrowed.
An ancient Roman tradition from 46 B. C, bears even more likeness to modern resolutions. Emperor Julius Caesar declared January the month of Janus. Romans believed Janus looked backwards into the previous year and ahead into the future. In his honor, they made sacrifices to the god and promises of good behavior for the coming year.
But the modern New Year’s resolution didn’t fully form until centuries later. The practice was common enough by the early 1800s. An article in 1802 states, “Statesmen have sworn to have no other object in view than the good of their country. The physicians have determined to advise the use of medicine no more than is necessary, and to he very reasonable in their fees.”
The first time “New Year’s resolution” appeared as a phrase was in the January 1st issue of a Boston newspaper in 1813. “I believe there are a lot of people,” the article goes, “with a serious determination of beginning the New Year with new resolutions and new behavior, and with the full belief that they shall accept punishment for all their former faults and wipe them away.
So as you make (and possibly fail at) your New year’s resolutions, know that you’re in good company.
1. Whose New Years resolutions were most different from the present common practice?A.Ancient Babylonians’. | B.Ancient Romans’. |
C.Statesmen’s in the 1800s. | D.Boston people’s in 1813. |
A.annual incomes | B.personal ambitions |
C.professional honesty | D.academic improvement |
A.To encourage people to make New year’s resolutions. |
B.To give advice on how to make New Year’s resolutions. |
C.To compare different New year’s resolutions in history. |
D.To introduce the development of New Year’s resolutions. |
【推荐3】The cola wars became a cultural phenomenon. Credit for that goes to Donald Kendall, PepsiCo's brilliant former boss, who died on September 19th aged 99. A gifted salesman, he rose quickly through the ranks from his start on the bottling line to become the firm's top sales and marketing executive at the young age of 35.
Seven years later he was named CEO. In 1974 he invested in the Soviet Union, which allowed Pepsi to become the first Western product to be legally sold behind the iron curtain. By the time he resigned as boss in 1986, PepsiCo's sales had shot up nearly 40 times, to $ 7.6 billion. His legacy continues to shape the industry.
Mr. Kendall offered a mix of strategic vision, principled leadership and marketing talent. Two years after taking charge he acquired Frito-Lay, a leading producer of snacks, giving PepsiCo an advantage of diversity that continues to this day. PepsiCo brought in $ 67 billion last year in sales compared to Coca-Cola's $ 37 billion.
But his most famous move was the all-out marketing blitz (闪电战) against Coca-Cola, long the global market leader in non-alcoholic drinks. The two firms had competed for decades, but they mostly fought low-grade battles. Mr. Kendall changed that, by forcing both companies into an advertising arms race. In 1975 Coca-Cola spent around $ 25 million on advertising and PepsiCo some $18 million. By 1985 those figures had shot up to $ 72 million and $ 57 million, respectively. In 1995 Pepsi outspent Coke by $112 million to $ 82 million.
This was a risky strategy for both cola competitors but it paid off by helping non-alcoholic drinks win a greater "share of throat". Last year Coca-Cola and PepsiCo remained in the leading position as usual. Also, the cola wars benefited both companies by turning them into "the world's best marketers". Today a decades-long addiction to cut-price quantity growth has been replaced by a focus on income and profits.
1. What was Donald Kendall's first position in PepsiCo?A.CEO. | B.A worker. | C.A salesman. | D.Marketing executive. |
A.PepsiCo has always been ahead of Coca-cola in sales. |
B.Coca-Cola preferred low-grade battles to marketing wars. |
C.Coca-Cola bought a snack firm to enrich its product diversity. |
D.PepsiCo spent $ 30 million more than Coca-cola in advertising in 1995. |
A.To prove the success of both Cola companies in advertising products. |
B.To suggest both Cola companies spent too much money in advertising. |
C.To describe how PepsiCo got ahead of Coca-Cola in the fierce marketing wars. |
D.To confirm marketing wars between the Cola companies were a wise move. |
A.Donald Kendall was to blame for the cola cultural phenomenon. |
B.Donald Kendall was the most successful boss in PepsiCo history. |
C.Donald Kendall started the cola blitz wars and achieved great success. |
D.Donald Kendall's marketing strategies benefited both Cola companies. |
【推荐1】With artificial intelligence (AI) and robotic technology improving at impressive rates, there are some who worry that there’s a risk of artistic and creative people being replaced. A new study by the Korean Institute of Industrial Technology, however, is showing exactly why that can’t and shouldn’t happen. It all started when the South Korean company posed this question: Can robots replace conductors?
Over a year ago, work to develop automaton (自动化) began. At first, it was designed like a machine, and didn’t live up to expectations. Then the company sought ways to improve it. In the end, it was given two arms with joints to copy wrists and elbows, allowing it to move a stick similarly to how a human conductor would move it. It was named the EverR 6 robot, and stands at 1.8 meters. It was finally time to figure out how it could follow through on its musical role.
“We got involved in this project to see how far robots can go in more creative fields like the arts, and what the challenges are,” Dong-wook Lee, a senior researcher at the Korean Institute of Industrial Technology said.
In order to pull this off, Dong-wook Lee cooperated with the Busan Philharmonic Orchestra. The 12-minute piece they planned to perform, “Feel” by Il-hoon Son, was created specifically for this event. It was created with the strengths of both EverR 6 and the human conductor, Soo-yeol Choi, in mind.
To pull off this impressive performance, the robot was preprogrammed to conduct through 30 cycles of beat patterns. Meanwhile, it was up to the human conductor to lead the orchestra in creating an improvisational (即兴的) score, adding depth to the otherwise planned piece.
Together, they pulled off a masterful performance that the audience seemed more than happy to have had the opportunity to witness it firsthand!
With the concert having gone so well, this is only the start of EverR 6. Still, no matter the improvements they’re able to make to this Android robot, the human conductor isn’t concerned about being replaced.
“Let’s leave the accuracy to the robots,” Soo-yeol Choi said, “but the musical and artistic aspects to a human conductor.”
1. What is paragraph 2 mainly about?A.The function of the EverR 6 robot. |
B.The development of the EverR 6 robot. |
C.The EverR 6 robot’s role as a conductor. |
D.The difficulty in designing the EverR 6 robot. |
A.It is a piece familiar to the audience. |
B.It is a piece showing the human-robot cooperation. |
C.It is the only piece that EverR 6 will perform. |
D.It is a piece requiring great ability to conduct. |
A.He corrected the robot’s mistakes. |
B.He programmed the EverR 6 robot. |
C.He led the improvisational section of the performance. |
D.He was the main conductor of the Busan Philharmonic Orchestra. |
A.Unclear. | B.Uncaring. | C.Supportive. | D.Doubtful. |
【推荐2】Recent research reveals that the adoption of generative artificial intelligence (AI) by companies in the US has a disproportionate impact on women. According to a recent analysis, approximately 79% of the jobs lost to AI were held by women. This difference can be due to several factors.
Women are more likely to work in industries that are highly be influenced by automation, such as retail, hospitality, and administrative support. These sectors often involve repetitive tasks that can be easily automated by AI technologies. Consequently, women employed in these industries face a higher risk of job displacement.
Gender biases in AI algorithms (运算法则) can worsen the situation for women. AI systems are trained on historical data, which may reflect existing gender biases in hiring and promotion practices. This can result in biased decision-making during recruitment and performance evaluations, putting women at a disadvantage in the workplace.
The lack of diversity in the development of AI technologies contributes to the gender difference. The underrepresentation (代表名额不足) of women in the field of AI means that their perspectives and experiences are not adequately considered during the design and development process. As a result, AI systems may not fully understand or cater to the needs of women, continuously leading to gender inequalities.
To address these challenges, it is crucial to prioritize diversity and inclusion in the development and deployment of AI technologies. This involves increasing the representation of women in AI-related fields and ensuring diverse perspectives are considered during the design and testing phases. Additionally, companies should actively work towards eliminating gender biases in AI algorithms and regularly assess their impact on different demographic groups.
In conclusion, although men currently dominate the labor market, women bear a disproportionate burden due to the adoption of generative AI. The combination of industry composition, gender biases in algorithms, and lack of diversity in AI development contribute to this disparity. To relieve these effects, it is essential to prioritize diversity and inclusion in AI development and address gender biases in algorithms. Only through these efforts can we ensure that the benefits of AI are distributed equitably among all individuals, regardless of gender.
1. Why are women in the US workforce more influenced by the adoption of generative AI than men?A.Women are less adaptable to technological changes. |
B.Women have a lower level of education compared to men. |
C.Women are generally less skilled in technology and AI-related fields. |
D.Women are more likely to work in industries that are highly automatable. |
A.Increasing gender proportion in AI development teams. |
B.Providing targeted training and programs for women and giving them more chances in AI-related fields. |
C.Encouraging women to pursue careers in non-automatable industries. |
D.Offering financial supports to companies that prioritize gender diversity in AI programmes. |
A.It ensures equal opportunities for women in the workforce. |
B.It promotes innovation and creativity in AI solutions. |
C.It reduces the risk of biased algorithms that perpetuate gender inequalities. |
D.It improves the overall performance and effectiveness of AI systems. |
A.The impact of AI on job losses in the US. |
B.The role of women in AI-related fields. |
C.Gender biases in AI algorithms and their effects on women. |
D.Solutions to address challenges faced by women due to generative AI. |
【推荐3】Rise of the Robots
The word “robot” was coined in 1920 by the Czech playwright Karel Capek.
Things are starting to change, however.
Inevitably, some people will be on the losing end of change even as the robots make society as a whole better off. One lesson from the freewheeling (随心所欲的) globalisation of the 1990s and 2000s is that the growth in trade that was overwhelmingly beneficial triggered a political opposition, because the losers felt left behind.
The potential gains from the robot revolution are huge. In Capek’s play, the robots rise up against their human masters and cause mass unemployment and worse. The beginnings of the world’s real robots have not matched Capek’s satire. There is no reason to think that their future needs to either.
A.And many people fear that robots will destroy jobs. |
B.That is why firms and governments had better recognise the value of retraining and lifelong learning. |
C.They could not be coming at a better time. |
D.In his play, Capek imagined artificial, fully functional servants. |
E.They are beginning to wheel slowly along some pavements, delivering goods or food right to people’s doors. |
F.Robots have benefited from rapid innovations in smartphones. |