Apparently, at times in the past , peasants in France liked a semi-state of human hibernation . So writes Graham Robb, a British scholar who has studied the sleeping habits of the French peasants. As soon as the weather turned cold people all over France shut themselves away and practiced the forgotten art of doing nothing at all for months on end.
In line with this, Jeff Warren, a producer at CBC Radio’s The Current, tells us that the way we sleep has changed fundamentally since the invention of artificial(人造的) lighting and the electric bulb.
When historians began studying texts of the Middle Ages, they noticed something referred to as “first sleep”, which was not clarified, though. Now scientists are telling us our ancestors most likely slept in separate periods. The business of eight hours’ uninterrupted sleep is a modern invention.
In the past , without the artificial light of the city to bathe in, humans went to sleep when it became dark and then woke themselves around midnight. The late night period was known as ”The Watch” It was when people actually kept watch against wild animals ,although many of them simply moved around or visited family and neighbours .
According to some sleep researchers, a short period of insomnia(失眠) at midnight is not a disorder .It is normal . Humans can experience another state of consciousness around their sleeping, which occurs in the brief period before we fall asleep or wake ourselves in the morning .This period can be an extraordinarily creative time for some people .The impressive inventor, Thomas Edison , used this state to hit upon many of his new ideas.
Playing with your sleep rhythms can be adventurous ,as anxiety may set in. Medical science doesn’t help much in this case. It offers us medicines for a full night’s continuous sleep, which sounds natural ; however, according to Warren’s theory,it is really the opposite of what we need.
1. The example of the French peasants shows the fact that________.
A.people might become lazy as a result of too much sleep |
B.there were signs of hibernation in human sleeping habits |
C.people tended to sleep more peacefully in cold weather |
D.winter was a season for people to sleep for months on end |
A.to set traps to catch animals |
B.to wake up their family and neighbours |
C.to remind others of the time |
D.to guard against possible dangers |
A.Sleep in the way animals do. |
B.Consult a doctor if they can’t sleep. |
C.Follow their natural sleep rhythm. |
D.Keep to the eight-hour sleep pattern. |
A.To give a prescription for insomnia. |
B.To urge people to sleep less. |
C.To analyze the sleep pattern of modern people. |
D.To throw new light on human sleep. |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】There are few things more comforting than a hug. It’s a gesture that makes you feel loved, supported, and safe.
A study has discovered that the degree to which we show physical affection and are comfortable with it depends on how we were raised.
Low self-esteem and insecurity
Trauma (创伤)and abuse
Lastly, if individuals suffered physical abuse in their past, it is highly likely that they may reject any forms of physicaI contact. This rejection is often a result of the deep-seated fear and distrust that has developed within them due to their previous experiences. Indeed,traumatic events and negative experiences, such as physical violence or abuse, can generate a great fear of establishing physical closeness with others
A.Parenting style |
B.Fears and panic |
C.However, not everyone experiences these pleasant sensations. |
D.Those who dislike physical contact may not have strong and healthy self-esteem. |
E.For instance, growing up in a loving family encourages children to be open and caring. |
F.They may avoid getting close to others due to a panic of dirt, or the spread of certain diseases. |
G.Thus, they may adopt a defensive gesture, keeping others at a distance to avoid potential harm. |
【推荐2】How to improve body and mind at home
To most Chinese people, the 2020 Lunar New Year has been quite different from any previous Spring Festival because of the corona virus outbreak. No more large family gatherings or visits. Thanks to social media, computer games and online TV series and movies, staying inside is easier than in years past.
Read books
If you choose a good book, it can help you enjoy a whole day at home. The ability of your brain to process words could be greatly improved through reading. And your vocabulary could he enlarged as well. Personally, paper copies are recommended.
You don’t have to be Wang Xizhi. the well-known Chinese calligrapher, before starting to practice your calligraphy. Everyone can pick up a brush and write something, even if it may look very ugly at first. But the point of such practice is not to write beautiful characters.
Practice yoga or tai chi
A.Copy classic texts |
B.Practice calligraphy |
C.It’s about enhancing your ability to calm down and focus |
D.The touch and smell of real paper has no digital replacement |
E.While improving your mind, your body should not be neglected |
F.For example, copies of the Dunhuang Mogao caves are a good choice |
G.But too much media entertainment could be a burden to both the mind and eyes |
【推荐3】A 23-year-old British woman has invented a product that she hopes will one day take the place of single-use plastic.
The new product is made by combining fishing waste and algae (藻类). It could be used to replace plastic bags or containers that people use once and throw away. Lucy Hughes created the material, called MarinaTex, for her final year project at the University.
MarinaTex is edible. To put it another way, it can be tasted without danger. Hughes says it also is strong and stable. But unlike plastic, MarinaTex breaks down in four to six weeks under normal conditions and does not pollute the soil. The inventor said she is concerned about the growing amount of plastic in ocean waters. She noted one report that there would be more plastic than fish in the world’s ocean by the year 2050. The United Nations estimates that 100 million tons of plastic waste has already been left in the oceans. Hughes also was investigating ways to reduce the amount of waste from the fishing industry. The industry produces an estimated 50 million tons of waste worldwide each year, U.N. officials say.
Examining fish parts left over from processing helped to give her the idea for a material that was useful and did not harm the environment. “Why do we need to have hundreds of man-made polymers (聚合体) when nature has so many already available?” she asked. After months of testing, Hughes produced a strong, flexible sheet that forms at temperatures below 100 degrees Celsius. Inventor James Dyson said that MarinaTex is “stronger, safer and much more sustainable” than plastic. It is also easier to break down. Hughes will receive about $41, 000 in prize money as the first-place winner of the James Dyson Award. She plans to use the money to better develop the product and ways to mass-produce it. “Further research and development will insure that MarinaTex evolves further, and becomes part of a global answer to the abundance of single-use plastic waste,” Dyson said.
1. When did Lucy Hughes create MarinaTex?A.At university. | B.After graduation. |
C.Before going to university. | D.After winning the James Dyson Award. |
A.It is safe seafood. | B.It is a kind of waste. |
C.It is a new kind of plastic. | D.It is a safe material that can replace plastic. |
A.Her concern about the growing amount of plastic in the ocean. |
B.Her occupational habit of trying out new things. |
C.Her hope to help develop the fishing industry. |
D.Her desire to win the prize money. |
A.We need to have hundreds of MarinaTex available. |
B.Hughes produced MarinaTex without much effort. |
C.MarinaTex will be a good solution to plastic waste. |
D.Hughes is the first winner of the James Dyson Award. |
The price of an article bought on installments is always higher than the price that would be paid by cash. There is a charge for interest. The buyers pays one quarter or one third of the price as a down payment when the goods are delivered to him. He then makes regular payments, weekly or monthly, until the full price is paid up. The legal ownership of the goods remains with the seller until the final payment has been made.
Installment buying has advantages and disadvantages. It can help couples with small incomes to furnish their homes and start housekeeping, It increases the demand for goods, and in this way helps business and employment. There is ,however, the danger that when business is bad, installment buying may end suddenly, making business much worse. This may result in a great increase in unemployment. If the people on the installment plan lose their jobs, they will probably not be able to make their payments. If great numbers of people are not able to pay their installment debts there is a possibility that businessmen cannot collect their debts and will therefore lose money. If businessmen lose money or fail to make a satisfactory profit, it becomes more likely to have a depression. This is why, in some countries, the government controls the installment plan by fixing the amount of the down payment to discourage people from buying more than they can pay for on the installment plan.
1. Which of the following is true about the installment plan?
A.British families just use the installment plan to buy furniture. |
B.More than 10 precent American families buy things on installment. |
C.Americans spend more on installment buying than British people do. |
D.The payment of installment buying is easier than buying by cash. |
A.the buyer has to pay extra money as interest |
B.the delivery of the goods charges extra money |
C.the buyer has to pay a down payment |
D.The service offered by installment plan charged extra money |
A.He might lose his job |
B.He will stop owning the item he has bought |
C.He will have to sell what he has bought |
D.He will go into debt |
A.purchasing power is strengthened |
B.Employment might be increased |
C.People develop a good habit of saving money |
D.Young couples are able to furnish their homes |
A.increase employment |
B.avoid depressions |
C.ensure that businesses make good profits |
D.ensure that people can pay for what they buy |
【推荐2】Considered the world’s most widely read Spanish-language author, Isabel Allende is known for her many novels including “Eva Luna”, “Of Love and Shadows” and “A Long Petal of the Sea”. With “The Wind Knows My Name”, Allende has added a new dimension to her already varied works.
She skillfully creates and twists the unfortunate stories of two apocryphal children in her newest novel. They are fictionally named Samuel Adler and Anita Diaz, aged 5 and 7 respectively. Both of them are left alone, torn from their families by war or immigration as we witness the dramatic sacrifices parents sometimes must make to protect their sons and daughters and give them the best lives possible.
Early on in this work, a Nazi mob (暴徒) attacks the Jewish (犹太的) neighborhood where Samuel lives with his parents. Afterwards the father turns up in a hospital, but then is taken to a concentration camp and the mother sends the boy to safety in England. Samuel never sees his parents again. Decades later on the U.S.-Mexico border, Anita Diaz, 7, is separated by her mother under the U.S. government’s previous no tolerance policy that tore child migrants from their parents. The little girl is sent to live in a group home for children while her mother keeps missing. Through a series of circumstances, Samuel and Anita eventually meet through Leticia, a woman who migrated to the U.S. as a child herself after losing most of her family in El Salvador.
Allende moves the story back and forth between Europe and the United States, switches between the past and present, as two very different children in very different places and circumstances search for the safety of home and family. It’s a very different kind of book for Allende, who often places her stories in her native Latin America.
1. What can be learned about Allende?A.She has traveled around the world. | B.She is a productive writer. |
C.She reads works written in Spanish. | D.She creates novels of the same style. |
A.Not real. | B.Not happy. | C.Not perfect. | D.Not lucky. |
A.They grow up together in the US. | B.They make sacrifices for their parents. |
C.They meet each other through a women. | D.They live unhappily with their families. |
A.By placing background in Latin America. | B.By setting in different times and places. |
C.By following hero and heroine’s search. | D.By discussing children’s circumstances. |
【推荐3】A Neste fuel station in Finland is currently the only place in the world where you can have your car refueled by a robot. It’s the pilot site chosen by Autofuel, a Danish startup, to test its futuristic refueling system — a robotic arm that can locate a car’s fuel tank door, select the right type of fuel, and operate the pump (加油泵).
“Our technology intends to provide the customers with maximum comfort and safety at gas stations,” Jonas Thor Olsen, CEO of Autofuel, said. “The robotic arm doesn’t need human involvement. It allows them to go to the shop for a coffee or take a short break while the car is refueled.”
Autofuel’s solution consists of a robotic arm housed within the fuel pump, and a series of sensors and cameras designed to keep things running smoothly. Cameras detect the vehicle’s registration number, so the system is able to detect what kind of fuel it requires. Another camera directs the car to stop in a certain area so that the arm can easily reach the fuel tank door. The arm itself then starts to move, opening the door, selecting the right fuel and finally refueling the car.
The whole thing looks great in promotional videos, but after one of them recently became popular online, people brought up a few concerns. First of all, in order for the entire process to work, one needs to have their vehicle registered with Autofuel. That’s information many people have no inclination to share for something as small as refueling. Also, the speed at which the robotic arm operates worries a lot of people as it appears to move much slower than a human.
With robots and Al becoming such a big part of our lives lately, it’s easy to imagine solutions like Autofuel becoming mainstream in the near future. But any new innovation has to be tested and improved over and over again.
1. What is a robotic arm’s promotional advantage concerning car refueling?A.It moves faster than a human. | B.It doesn’t need car registration. |
C.It can park cars automatically. | D.It requires no human assistance. |
A.Opportunity. | B.Permission. |
C.Willingness. | D.Ability. |
A.It is well accepted. | B.It is far from perfect. |
C.Its structure is strange. | D.Its function is meaningless. |
A.This Robotic Arm Will Refuel Your Car |
B.An Innovation Has Been Improved Greatly |
C.Some Negative Views on a Refueling Solution |
D.A More Efficient Assistant at the Gas Station |
【推荐1】Listed below are some of the classic local hiking challenges. Most of these hikes are along the Long Trail (路径),the oldest long-distance hiking trail in the United States: initiated in 1910.
SUNSET LEDGE 2924’ 2.2 MILES
Perfect for kids.Popular! Park at the lop of Lincoln Gap and head south on the long Trail. Views over Addison County to Lake Champlain and the Adirondack range. About an hour round trip, plus the time you spend enjoying the view.
GENERAL STARK 3662' 3.2 MIlES
A local's favorite with fantastic views.Start from the App Gap and head South on the long Trail up steep Stark's Wall all and follow the Long Trail to the Stark's Nest Shelter at the top of the Single Chair. Or start from the Mad River Glen ski area and hike the service roads up to the same spot. About 3 hours round trip.
CAMEL'S HUMP 4080' 7.4 MILES
This most challenging 7.4 miles round trip hike takes you above the trees to Vermont's highest undeveloped peak. Spectacular views and an unparalleled feeling of accomplishment. Budget 5 hours. About a 40 minutes drive from the Mad River Valley to railhead either in Duxbury or in Huntington.
MT.ABRAHAM 4000' 5.2 MILES
This is a 4-hour hike if you are a normal human being and the views are spectacular. Mt.Abr is one of Vermont's 5 peaks over 4000’, with 360° panoramic views. Part of the Monroe Skyline Park at Lincoln Gap and head North on the Long Trail. If you hike in the summer, hike down Upper Jester and ride the Super Bravo chair to Sugarbush base area.
TO ENSURE A GREAT HIKE
These hikes are challenging: do not underestimate the journey. Be prepared. Always bring a good, printed trail map; Map Adventures is the best (at The Tempest Bookshop or local gear shops). Trail markers are not always visible and estimated hiking time is based on fit individuals. Always wear hiking shoes, carry a backpack with more water than you think you will need, some calorie-rich foods, and a flashlight; bring an extra layer for warmth or rain. Sunscreen might be a good idea depending on the season.
1. Which trail are professional hikers most likely to go to?A.Sunset Ledge | B.General Stark |
C.Camel's Hump | D.Mt.Abraham |
A.go to a local gear shop. | B.bring extra clothes in case. |
C.invite a friend to go with you. | D.wear more sunscreen than necessary. |
A.A Journey along the Long Trail. | B.Magnificent views. |
C.A more than 3 hours' trip. | D.A kids-friendly trail. |
【推荐2】Japanese fans who watched their national team be defeated by the Ivory Coast on Saturday showed it is possible to lose graciously (优雅地), when they stayed behind after the match to help clean up.
Despite seeing Japan's Blue Samurais lose 2-1 against the Ivory Coast' s national team at the Arena Perambuco in Recife, the Japanese audience armed with plastic bags searched their side of the stadium and gathered up dropped litter. While gathering waste after a sporting event is customary in Japan, the audience' s actions came as a shock to football fans from other countries.
This isn't the first time the Japanese have taken trash outside the stadium. The 1998 FIFA World Cup held in France was the first ever World Cup that Japan had qualified for. After their first group game against Argentina, the Japanese fans gave the world a lesson in politeness and respect by actually cleaning the football stadium seats. They picked up all the trash around them whether it was theirs or not. They then walked out and threw the trash in the garbage cans before leaving.
The all-around cleanliness of Japanese large cities comes as a culture shock to people coming from other big cities in the world. This tidiness is not due to millions of dollars spent on street cleaners and "Let's clean-up our city" campaigns. It's not due to effective public works or community service. It's due to one simple thing: They don't throw their rubbish on the floor. This unique and rare concept allows for both huge cities and the countryside to stay neat and tidy.
To reinforce this behavior, the common signs in Japan ask people to take their litter home with them. Then, to reinforce the sign, hey usually have no garbage cans in the parks. So when faced with the choice of throwing their garbage on the ground or keeping it with them, they keep it. They don’t need a “Don't Litter” or Keep Japan beautiful” sign. They have been doing it their whole lives and are used to taking their garbage with them.
1. The story in Paragraph 3 mainly shows that___________.A.Japanese people are used to carrying their own trash |
B.Japanese fans have a habit of cleaning up the stadium |
C.Japanese fans often clean stadium seats before the game |
D.the Japanese are very interested in watching football games |
A.It has become common practice. | B.It is the result of community service. |
C.It costs millions of dollars every year. | D.It exists because of public campaigns. |
A.Punishing the behavior of littering. | B.Many signs reading "Don't Litter"." |
C.Lots of garbage cans in the parks. | D.Taking litter away with them. |
A.criticism | B.unconcern | C.respect | D.doubt |
Donate to Help Victims of Natural Disasters: Text REDCROSS to 90999 to give $10 to American Red Cross Disaster Relief, which helps people affected by disasters such as floods, earthquakes, wildfires and hurricanes.
Please consider making a donation today to help the thousands of people who have been affected by these disasters.
Donate to Help Reduce Deaths from Measles(麻疹): Text PREVENT to 90999 to give $ 10 to the Red Cross and help us vaccinate(注射疫苗)children against measles.
Started in 2001.the Measles & Rubella Initiative—led by the American Red Cross, provides technical and financial support to governments and communities for mass vaccination campaigns around the world.The Initiative has supported the vaccination of more than 1 billion children helping to reduce measles deaths by 78%globally(compared to 2000).
Please consider making a donation today to help us continue this campaign.To learn more visit www.Measlesrubellainitiative.org.
Important Information for Text Donors: You can make a $ 10 donation to the American Red Cross.Charges will appear on your wireless bill.All purchases must be authorized by account holder.You must be over 18 years old or have parental permission to participate.Text STOP to 90999 to STOP.Text HELP to 90999 for HELP.
1. The text mainly aims to tell us_____________.
A.how to keep our wireless bill safe when making donation |
B.how to make a $10 donation by text message |
C.when to become an authorized account holder |
D.how to make individual contributions magnified |
A.STOP | B.PREVENT | C.HELP | D.REDCROSS |
A.Offering help to the disaster victims. |
B.Supporting the American Red Cross. |
C.Mass vaccination around the world. |
D.Applying for charges on wireless bills. |
A.get the permission of his parents |
B.reach the marriage age |
C.pay $10 to own an account |
D.stop his daily purchases |
【推荐1】Nine years ago, when the closest and largest full moon fell on March 19, 2011, many people used the term, “supermoon”, which we had never heard before. In 2012, we heard this term again to describe the year’s closest full moon on May 6, 2012. Supermoons also appeared in 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017 and 2019.
What does “supermoon” mean exactly? And how special was the March 19, 2011 supermoon?
The word “supermoon” didn’t come from astronomy. Instead, it came from astrology (占星学). In 1979, astrologer Richard Nolle defined it as a new or full moon which occurs at or near its closest point to the earth in its orbit. In short, the earth, moon and sun are all in a line, with the moon at its nearest point to the earth.
And the full moon of March 19, 2011 was the largest moon of that year. This “supermoon” was at perigee (近地点)—its closest point to the earth in its orbit. It was bigger and brighter than other full moons of 2011. Astronomers call this sort of close full moon a perigee full moon.
That doesn’t sound very special, does it? In fact, the March 2011 full moon lined up much closer to perigee than Nolle’s original definition. But were you able to notice with your eyes alone that this full moon was bigger or brighter than usual? Astronomers said no. But it was fun to stand outside under this full moon and know that the moon was closer than ever.
In 2019, there were three supermoons. The first supermoon of 2019 was the Super Blood Wolf Moon on January 21, which occurred with a total lunar eclipse (月全食) at the same time, also known as a “blood moon”. The second supermoon of 2019 was on February 19, also called the Snow Moon, which was the closest full moon of the year. The third and final supermoon of 2019, known by Native Americans as the Worm Moon, occurred on March 21. It fell on the day of the vernal equinox (春分), which signals the end of winter and the beginning of spring.
1. What type of moon is a “supermoon”?A.A full moon. | B.A new moon. |
C.A full moon at perigee. | D.Any full moon in 2011. |
A.It was the first full moon in 2011. |
B.It was in the closest orbit to the sun. |
C.It was brighter than any other full moon in 2011. |
D.It was at its furthest point to the earth. |
A.They can appear in the sky at the same time. |
B.Only astronomers can see them. |
C.The supermoon is as large as an ordinary full moon. |
D.People can’t tell the difference between them with the naked eye. |
A.was called the Super Blood Wolf Moon |
B.was the closest full moon of the year |
C.was found by Native Americans first |
D.occurred on the day of the vernal equinox |
【推荐2】We have long known that, for particular skills, people tend to rate themselves incorrectly. In a famous study in 1981, researchers asked people to rate their driving ability. More than 90 percent considered themselves above average. Of course, some people who think they are above average drivers really are. But the 90 percent statistic shows that many people inflate how they compare with others. In fact, only 50 percent of people can rate above average.
So when are people likely to be overconfident in how they rank? And when are they underconfident? Spencer Greenberg of Clear Thinking and his team conducted a study and asked people where they ranked on 100 skills.
For each skill, participants were asked how they thought they compared with others on the platform who shared their age and gender (性别), and lived in their area. If, on average, people thought they could outperform more than 50 percent of others at the task, that suggests systematic overconfidence. If, however, people thought they would outperform less than 50 percent, that's evidence of underconfidence.
There was great variation in how people assessed their relative skills at a task. On average, people rated themselves better than 75 percent of others in their ability to use a computer, for example. But people rated themselves better than only 32 percent of others in their ability to knit (编织) a sweater.
Next, the researchers found that people tend to be overconfident when it comes to tasks that are viewed as easy and underconfident when it comes to tasks that are viewed as hard. People overestimate (高估) how they compare with others in cutting up vegetables but underestimate where they rank in their ability to recite the alphabet backward.
Also, the more experienced people are at a task, the more people tend to be overconfident. People tend to be overconfident in their skill at frying an egg, which most people have done multiple times, and underconfident in their ability to paint a portrait (画像), which most people have rarely tried.
1. What does the underlined word “inflate” in Paragraph 1 mean?A.Overstate. | B.Imagine. | C.Reconsider. | D.Evaluate. |
A.32%. | B.50%. | C.75%. | D.90%. |
A.Knitting a sweater. | B.Painting a portrait. |
C.Cutting up vegetables. | D.Reciting the alphabet backward. |
A.They tend to lose interest in it. |
B.Their skill increases at a rapid pace. |
C.They want to try more challenging things. |
D.Their confidence rises faster than their skill. |
【推荐3】About 60,000 Pacific Islanders worked as indentured labourers (签订契约的劳工)on Queensland’s sugar cane(甘蔗)fields between 1863 and 1903.They were mainly males, aged 9 to 30, transported to Australia by ship.Some came freely, wanting the new life promised to them, some were tricked, and some were kidnapped(绑架).
The practice of kidnapping people for labour was called “blackbirding”.“Blackbird” was a term used instead of slave, because slavery was actually illegal.Britain had passed the Slavery Abolition Act in 1833 and as a British colony (殖民地),Queensland had to follow the Act It is said that a third of Pacific Islanders who worked as indentured labourers were either kidnapped or tricked into coming to Australia.Indentured labour was really just another name for slavery.
Indentured labourers had to work for a required period of time,usually three years,to pay back their passage to Australia and then they could earn money as free labourers.It was hard, dirty work in the Queensland countryside.Most indentured labourers were badly treated, many returning to their homelands as soon as their indentured period was finished.A small number married into local communities and stayed.Free labourers were also badly treated on the cane fields, working for low pay and living in very poor conditions.
Then the Australian Government’s White Australia Policy forced Pacific Islanders to leave Australia.Even people who were born in Australia to Pacific Islander parents were driven out of the country due to their colour.If they didn’t leave voluntarily, they were rounded up and driven away forcibly between 1906 and 1908.This practice destroyed many families.Some of the people had lived in Australia most, if not all, of their lives.Only a few who had married Australians were allowed to stay.A few managed to hide and avoid being driven away.
1. What happened from 1863 to 1903?A.Australians had a new life. |
B.Many Australians were kidnapped. |
C.Australia was in want of labourers. |
D.Australia’s sugar industry began to slow down. |
A.It was lawful before 1863. | B.It came to an end in 1833. |
C.It was introduced by the British. | D.It replaced the word “blackbirding” . |
A.To escape mistreatment. | B.To get a better-paid job. |
C.To avoid being kidnapped. | D.To be involved in local communities. |
A.Slaves for sugar | B.Laws in Australia |
C.Pacific Islanders’ new home | D.Sugar cane industry's development |