It is easy to show that intelligence is to some extent something we are born with. The closer the blood relationship between two people, the closer they are likely to be in intelligence. Thus if we take two unrelated people at random(随机地) from population, it is likely that their degrees of intelligence will be completely different. If, on the other hand, we take two identical twins, they will very likely be as intelligent as each other. Relations like brothers and sisters, parents and children, usually have similar intelligence, and this clearly suggests that intelligence depends on birth.
Imagine now that we take two identical twins and put them in different environments. We might send one, for example, to a university and the other to a factory where the work is boring. We would soon find differences in intelligence developing, and this indicates that environment as well as birth plays a part. This conclusion is also suggested by the fact that people who live in close contact with each other, but who are not related at all are likely to have similar degrees of intelligence.
1. Which best describes the writer’s point in Para.1?
A.Intelligence is given at birth. |
B.Intelligence is developed by the environment. |
C.Intelligence is fixed at birth, but is developed by the environment. |
D.Some people are born clever and others born stupid. |
A.close relations usually have similar intelligence |
B.unrelated people are not likely to have similar intelligence |
C.the closer the blood relationship between people, the more different they are likely to be in intelligence |
D.people who live in close contact with each other are not likely to have similar degrees of intelligence |
A.the importance of their intelligence |
B.the effect of environment on intelligence |
C.the importance of their positions |
D.the part that birth plays |
A.On Intelligence |
B.What Intelligence Means |
C.Born with Intelligence |
D.Environment Decides Intelligence |
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Now, a large national study from Brandeis University published in the American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry shows that those with less schooling can significantly make up for poorer education by frequently engaging in mental exercises such as word games, puzzles, reading, and lectures.
“The lifelong benefits of higher education for memory in later life are quite impressive, but we do not clearly understand how and why these effects last so long,” said lead author Margie Lachman, a psychologist. She suggested that higher education may encourage lifelong interest in cognitive efforts, while those with less education may not engage as frequently in mental exercises that help keep the memory agile (敏捷地).
But education early in adulthood does not appear to be the only route to maintain your memory. The study found that intellectual activities undertaken regularly made a difference. “Among individuals with low education, those who are engaged in reading, writing, attending lectures, doing word games or puzzles once a week or more had memory scores similar to people with more education,” said Lachman.
The study, called Midlife in the United States, assessed 3,343 men and women between the ages of 32 and 84 with a mean age of 56 years. Almost 40 percent of the participants had at least a 4-year college degree. The researchers evaluated how the participants performed in two cognitive areas, verbal memory and executive function --- brain processes involved in planning, abstract thinking and cognitive flexibility. Participants were given a battery of tests, including tests of verbal fluency, word recall, and backward counting.
As expected, those with higher education said they engaged in cognitive activities more often and also did better on the memory tests, but some with lower education also did well, explained Lachman.
“The findings are promising because they suggest there may be ways to level the playing field for those with lower educational achievement, and protect those at greatest risk for memory declines,” said Lachman. “Although we can not rule out the possibility that those who have better memories are the ones who take on more activities, the evidence is consistent with cognitive plasticity (可塑性), and suggests some degree of personal control over cognitive functioning in adulthood by adopting an intellectually active lifestyle.”
1. What is the text mainly about?
A.Higher education has a better cognitive advantage. |
B.Better memories result from college degree. |
C.Cognitive activity does a mind good. |
D.Poor education has more risk of memory declines. |
A.education is responsible for the lifelong memory performance and risk for mental disorder |
B.education early in adulthood can be the only route to maintain your memory |
C.those with higher education did better on the memory tests than those with lower education |
D.an intellectually active lifestyle does help to maintain your memory |
A.Participants each were given a battery to test their memory. |
B.The average age of the participants are 56 years old. |
C.Participants had to perform in one of the two cognitive areas. |
D.One in four of the participants had a 4-year college degree. |
A.The lower educated may have the same opportunities to keep up memory. |
B.We may have ways to cure the people who have memory declines. |
C.Adopting a different lifestyle can control over cognitive functioning. |
D.We can find out the possibility to have better memories. |
【推荐2】Old Fossils
Scientists have found what they think is probably the oldest fossil on Earth, a remnant of life from 3.7 billion years ago when Earth's skies were orange and its oceans green.
In a newly melted part of Greenland, Australian scientists found the leftover structure from a community of microbes(微生物) that lived on an ancient seafloor.Based on their analysis of the fossils, the researchers determined that they are 220 million years older than those discovered in Western Australia, which were 3.48 billion years old.
The discovery shows life may have formed quicker and more easily than once thought, about half a billion years after Earth formed.And that may also give hope for life forming elsewhere, such as Mars, said study co-author Martin VanKranendonk of the University of New South Wales and director of the Australian Center for Astrobiology.“It gives us an idea how our planet evolved and how life gained_a_foothold,” VanKranendonk said.
Scientists had thought it would take at least half a billion years for life to form after the molten Earth started to cool a bit, but this shows it could have happened quicker, he said.That's because the newly found fossil is far too complex to have developed soon after the planet's first life forms, he said.
In an outcrop of rocks that used to be covered with ice and snow which melted after an exceptionally warm spring, the Australian team found stromatolites(叠层石), which are layered structures that are often produced by a community of microbes.The stromatolites were about 1 to 4 centimeters high.
“It is like the house left behind made by the microbes,” VanKranendonk said.“Scientists used the layers of ash from volcanoes and tiny zircon(锆石) with uranium and estimated that they date back to 3.7 billion years ago.”
The dating seems about right, said Abigail Allwood, a NASA astrobiologist who found the previous oldest fossil, from 3.48 billion years ago, in Australia.But Allwood said she is not completely convinced that what VanKranendonk's team found once was alive.She said the evidence wasn't conclusive enough that it was life and not a geologic quirk(地质巧合).“It would be nice to have more evidence, but in these rocks that's a lot to ask,” Allwood said in an email.
1. The underlined words “gained a foothold” in Paragraph 3 mean.A.continued | B.changed |
C.increased | D.started |
A.the fossil appeared soon after the birth of the earth |
B.the fossil formed soon after the earth's first life |
C.life formed earlier than the newly found fossil |
D.life appeared about half a billion years ago |
A.Neutral. | B.Sceptical. |
C.Objective. | D.Supportive. |
A.the previous fossils are a geologic quirk |
B.the previous fossils are made up of stromatolites |
C.the newly found fossils come from Western Australia |
D.the newly found fossils have a history of 3.7 billion years |
【推荐3】These are instructions for making invisible ink using baking soda.
Difficulty: | Easy |
Time required | A few minutes |
What you need | Baking soda Paper Water Light bulb Paintbrush Measuring cup Purple grape juice |
Here’s how: | There are at least two methods of using baking soda as invisible ink. Mix equal amounts of water and baking soda. Use a paintbrush to write a message onto white paper, using the baking soda solution (溶液) as “ink”. Allow the ink to dry. One way to read the message is to hold the paper up to a heat source, such as a light bulb. The baking soda will cause the writing in the paper to turn brown. The second way to read the message is to paint over the paper with purple grape juice. The message will appear in a different color. |
Tips: | If you are using the heating method, avoid igniting (点燃) the paper. Baking soda and grape juice react with each other in an acid-base (酸碱) reaction, producing a color change in the paper. Grape juice concentrate (浓缩物) results in a more visible color change than regular grape juice. |
1. ______ is not needed for making invisible ink.
A.Baking soda | B.Paper |
C.Water | D.Ink |
A.To draw a picture. | B.To write a message onto the white paper. |
C.To allow the “ink” to appear. | D.To help the“ink” dry. |
A.Because there is enough grape juice. |
B.Because baking soda reacts with grape juice. |
C.Because of the use of water. |
D.Because of the special paper. |
A.very hard | B.not difficult |
C.a little difficult | D.not easy |
【推荐1】It is 2018; e-books are loved by many people. Do you read them?
An e-book is an electronic book, which can be made from common books and loaded onto an e-reader. The e-reader is a mini-device, just like a cell-phone. It has a touch pad screen and can hold a few hundred e-books. People can read e-books on it just like they do a book. So it is possible for people to read anywhere with an e-reader. This is perfect news for people who love to read books but can’t carry many.
Another great thing is that people can read books on it quickly and there’s no need for two hands to hold the book and turn pages. Most e-readers also have a nightlight, so you can read at night and don’t wake your partner with a big light on.
Not all book authors agree to make their books into e-books. The creator of Harry Potter says that her books will never be e-books. However, lots of authors absolutely love the idea and feel it’s the next step to keep books alive.
Nowadays e-books are sold in many websites, from where you can buy and load them onto your e-reader. Those websites look just like ordinary online bookstores and have a list of best sellers and a new book section. There is also a clear price on each e-book to make sure people can buy them like buying common books.
1. According to the passage, we know ________.A.an e-book can be read through an e-reader |
B.some e-readers don’t have a touch pad and a nightlight |
C.an e-reader is a certain book for people to read |
D.e-books will replace common books |
A.People can read e-books anywhere if carrying an e-reader. |
B.An e-reader can hold many e-books. |
C.It is convenient for people to read on e-readers. |
D.E-books are popular in class now. |
A.there are many e-books | B.e-books are cheap |
C.not all author love e-books | D.many authors love e-books |
A.buy e-books from some websites | B.download e-books from any websites |
C.get e-books from book authors | D.buy e-books from ordinary bookstores |
【推荐2】Many people who want to lose weight often choose to go on a diet. But is this really the best way? With celebrities (名人) speaking about new diets that have helped them become slim (苗条的) in advertisements (广告), more and more people are turning to dieting. Some shops begin to sell diet products such as diet milkshakes, snack bars and even diet pills. However, such popular products and diets are often found to be extremely unhealthy.
Most of these popular diets work by cutting down on a certain nutrient (营养素) from your food intake (摄入量). For example, some diets work by cutting down on carbohydrates (碳水化合物). This means the body must use its fat reserves for energy. This might help you lose weight. However, by cutting a particular food group out of your diet, you are starving your body of a nutrient that it needs, which could leave you feeling weak, tired or even bad-tempered. Besides, these diets are often unsuccessful in the long run.
Generally, one of the most effective ways of losing weight is to cut down on calories. The recommended (推荐的) calorie intake for an adult male is 2,500. If a man consumes more than 2,500 calories each day, then he is likely to gain weight. However, if he consumes less, then he is likely to lose weight.
In fact, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals all play an important role in staying healthy, which is why they all should be included in your meals. Of course, some foods can be eaten in moderation (节制) as an occasional snack. For example, a bar of chocolate every once in a while won't cause you any problems.
So, instead of spending money on popular diet pills or special weight loss foods, try to eat healthy balanced meals containing foods from all food groups. So, next time your friends tell you that they are going on a diet, tell them that eating a healthy balanced diet is a much better choice.
1. What is the author's opinion about the popular diets mentioned in the passage?A.They are useful for losing weight. |
B.They are welcomed by celebrities. |
C.They are not as healthy as people think. |
D.They are replacing people's everyday meals. |
A.Curious. | B.Unfavorable. |
C.Unconcerned. | D.Supportive. |
A.By having diet pills. | B.By following a strict diet. |
C.By taking regular exercise. | D.By reducing calorie intake. |
A.Diet products should be limited. |
B.Snacking is a big no-no for health. |
C.Keeping a diet with various nutrients is ideal. |
D.Going on a diet should be stopped immediately. |
【推荐3】With the trans-Tasman travel now in place, many of us are dreaming of afternoons watching sunsets fall over New Zealand’s dramatic mountains and lakes. After a long time of lockdown, it’s an appealing prospect. One great way to see the sights without breaking the bank is to rent a camper(野营车).
“It’s amazing to see the smaller towns and learn about what happens on an orchard(果园)or a farm while staying in my camper, ” says Karen Nisbet, a 38-year-old New Zealander who has spent more than four years on the road.
If you’ve never taken a camper trip before, you might be wondering what it’s like. In New Zealand, you can camp at many places if you have the right vehicle. “To be able to camp better, your vehicle needs to be certified as self-contained, ” says Andy Ford, who runs a business renting campers in Auckland and Christchurch. “That basically means you have a portable toilet, and you’ve got water and food supply on board. ”
“There is something to check before booking, because if you camp outside a campground without the proper certification, you can be fined. Even with a self-contained vehicle, it doesn’t mean you can camp anywhere, ” Mr Ford adds. Many cities and popular tourist destinations like Queenstown often have restrictions, as do areas marked for conservation.
The good news is that it’s easy to find a place to stay. NZ’s Department of Conservation has a website you can use to search for camping sites around the country, or you could use an app.
If you’re camping, it’s important to make sure you deal with your waste properly. Many camp-grounds will have a dump(垃圾场)nearby for convenience, but you may need to plan ahead.
1. What can we know about Karen Nisbet from the text?A.She owns a new camper. | B.She is from a small town. |
C.She always stays in a farm. | D.She likes taking a camper trip. |
A.To run a business renting campers. | B.To have a camper with full facilitie |
C.To buy a portable toilet and water. | D.To spend enough time on the road. |
A.In a mountain area. | B.In Queenstown. |
C.In a conservation area. | D.In the zoo of Auckland. |
A.New Zealanders’ habits of going camping. |
B.The popularity of camping in New Zealand. |
C.Different benefits of travelling in New Zealand. |
D.The points for attention to camping in New Zealand. |
Well, I had nothing against feeling great and if Alex could jog every day, anyone could. So I took up jogging seriously and gave it a good two months of my life, and not a day more. Based on my experience, jogging is the most overvalued form of exercise around, and judging from the number of the people who left our neighborhood jogging army. I’m not alone in my opinion.
First of all, jogging is very hard on the body. Your legs and feet a real pounding(追击)ruining down a road for two or three miles. I developed foot, leg, and back problems. Then I read about a nationally famous jogger who died of a heart attack while jogging, and I had something else to worry about. Jogging doesn’t kill hundreds of people, but if you have any physical weaknesses, jogging will surely bring them out, as they did with me.
Secondly, I got no enjoyment out of jogging. Putting one foot in front of the other for forty-five minutes isn’t my idea of fun. Jogging is also a lonely pastime. Some joggers say, “I love being out there with just my thoughts” Well, my thoughts began to bore me, and most of them were on how much my legs hurt.
And how could I enjoy something that brought me pain? And that wasn’t just the first week: it was practically every day for two months. I never got past the pain level, and pain isn’t fun. What a cruel way to do it! So many other exercises, including walking, lead to almost the same results painlessly, so why jog?
I don’t jog any more, and I don’t think I ever will. I’m walking two miles three times a week at a fast pace, and that feels good. I bicycle to work when the weather is good. I’m getting exercise, and I’m enjoying it at the same time. I could never say the same for jogging, and I’ve found a lot of better ways to stay in shape.
1. From the first paragraph, we learn that in the writer’s neighborhood ______.
A.jogging became very popular |
B.people jogged only during the daytime |
C.Alex organized an army of joggers |
D.jogging provided a chance to get together |
A.heart attacks | B.Back problems | C.famous joggers | D.physical weaknesses |
A.He felt it was worth a try. | B.He was very fond of it. |
C.He was strongly against it. | D.He thought it must be painful. |
A.He disliked doing exercise outside. |
B.He found it neither healthy nor interesting. |
C.He was afraid of having a heart attack. |
D.He was worried about being left alone. |
A.not everyone enjoys jogging |
B.he is the only person who hates jogging |
C.nothing other than jogging can help people keep fit |
D.jogging makes people feel greater than any other sport. |
【推荐2】To get from New York City (NYC) to Chicago, there are several transportation options. Consider the pros and cons of each option to choose the best one for you.
Time | Cost | Best for | |
Train | 20 hours | from $70 | seeing scenery |
Flight | 3 hours | from $48, but varies widely | getting there quickly |
Bus | 19 hours | from $38 | travelers on a budget |
Car | 12 hours | from $60 | stopping for attractions |
By train
Traveling by train from NYC to Chicago is a relatively long journey. Trains go from Penn Station in Manhattan to Union Station. The route is serviced by Amtrak, via the Lake Shore Limited or Cardinal to Chicago or by changing trains either in Washington, D. C. or Pittsburgh. You can purchase tickets in advance by Amtrak or in person at Penn Station.
By plane
Flying to Chicago is the fastest and most convenient way to travel there from NYC. The major carriers include JetBlue, Delta, United, and American Airlines, as well as budget carriers including Southwest and Spirit Airlines.
By bus
Bus service from NYC to Chicago is a long journey, too. Greyhound is the only company that services this route and buses depart from Port Authority Bus Terminal in Manhattan and arrive at Union Station. These buses offer Wi-Fi service.
By car
You'll drive through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, and then along the Michigan and Indiana border until you go around the southern tip of Lake Michigan and back up into Chicago. While this trip is long, the most significant advantage of traveling by car is that there are a few interesting places to stop along the way.
1. How should you go to Chicago from NYC if you want to save money?A.By train. | B.By plane. | C.By bus. | D.By car. |
A.Union Station. | B.Penn Station. | C.Delta. | D.Greyhound. |
A.Saving more money. |
B.Spending less time. |
C.Stopping to enjoy scenery. |
D.Staying in NYC for a long time. |
【推荐3】Bob and Jack joined a company together just after finishing high school. They both worked very hard. After several years, the boss made Jack sales manager but Bob was still a salesman. One day Bob could not take it anymore. He handed in his resignation(辞职信) to the boss and complained that the boss did not value hard-working workers.
The boss knew that Bob didn’t work hard for the company all these years, but in order to help Bob to realize the difference between him and Jack, the boss asked Bob to do the following. “Go and find out if there is anyone selling watermelons in the market.” Bob went, returned and only said, “Yes.” The boss asked, “How much per kilogram?” Bob went back to the market to ask and returned to answer, “$12 per kilogram.”
The boss told Bob to ask Jack the same question. Jack went, returned and said, “Boss, only one person is selling watermelons. $12 per kilogram, $100 for 10 kilograms. He has 340 melons in all. On the table are 58 melons, and every melon weighs about 15 kilograms, bought from the South two days ago. They are fresh and red.”
Bob realized the difference between himself and Jack. He decided not to leave but to learn from Jack.
My dear friends, you know, a more successful person is more careful, thinks more and understands in depth. For the same matter, he sees several years ahead, while you see only tomorrow. The difference between a year and a day is 365 times, so how could you win?
Think: how far have you seen ahead in your life?
1. Bob wrote a letter to his boss because he ______.A.didn’t think Jack worked hard |
B.thought he was better than Jack |
C.didn’t think his boss valued him |
D.thought he worked hard for the company |
A.know the watermelon seller well |
B.realize the difference between him and Jack |
C.learn to sell watermelons later |
D.learn the way to be a successful person |
A.10 kilograms | B.12 kilograms |
C.15 kilograms | D.58 kilograms |
A.leave the company | B.go back to school |
C.look for a new job | D.learn from Jack |
【推荐1】If you are a teenager without a job, you probably do not have much extra money. Sometimes parents will give their children a pocket money for doing small housework, but it is often not enough once the children grow into teenagers and want to do things with their friends all of the time. How to make money is an important thing for teens to learn. If you’re wondering how a teenager can make good money, some ideas might be:
Getting a part-time job at a local restaurant or store is always a sure way to make money as a teen. But getting a job somewhere like this might be hard, considering many jobs in local stores are being taken by adults more and more often.
Doing landscaping (绿化) is something that most adults do not like to do, and teens can usually find jobs around their neighborhood doing the landscaping of friends and family.
Some teens are good at something such as writing or photography. These teens can make money by doing things such as writing articles for newspapers or magazines or selling their photos online.
Teens who live in a country area can earn money by helping out on farms, or they can try raising their own animals such as chickens, and selling them or their products.
Looking for jobs can seem hard at first, but if you have a try, it should not be too hard to find a job or way to make money.
1. What problem do teenagers have to face when finding a job in local stores?A.Low pay. | B.Heavy work. |
C.Long working hours. | D.Competition with adults. |
A.Most adults hate doing landscaping. |
B.Getting a part-time job is hard for teens. |
C.Pocket money from parents is often enough for teens. |
D.Teens can’t make money by writing articles for newspapers or magazines . |
A.The Necessary Skills to Make Money. |
B.How Important Is Money to a Teenager? |
C.How Can a Teenager Make Extra Money? |
D.Teenagers Should Depend on Themselves. |
【推荐2】Ecofriendly Vauban, lied in the southwest part of Germany, has everything—treelined streets, perfect houses—but it's missing one urban feature of the last 100 years or so: the car. And Vauban residents don't mind one bit. Vauban doesn't ban cars entirely. Rather, it just tries to reduce the use of cars by creating "parkingfree" and "carfree" living. In Vauban, parking spots are a nono private property. Cars can only be parked in public parking lots, so living without a car saves residents the cost of parking in the public lot. Cars also are prevented from using certain roads and must stick to strict speed limits. With these limitations, fewer than 20 percent of residents own cars. And now, with a population of 5,500, it's attracting attention from around the world. Can an ecofriendly city like Vauban be a model for Americans to stop their over reliance on the cars?
Sometimes when I watch a news report what's in the back of my mind is what isn't being reported or stressed. While this ecofriendly city is inspiring in that it shows residents getting exercise and fresh air through the majority use of bicycles, as well as good oldfashioned walking, common sense would tell you that even for a place like Vauban, Germany, it owes its existence to the cars.
Do you think that bicycles were able to transport all the construction materials that were needed to build and maintain the ecofriendly homes and businesses in Vauban? It took cars to help build this city. It's one of the paradoxes of life that sometimes in order to get away from relying on something like the car, you actually have to rely on that very thing at the beginning and into the foreseeable future to some degree.
I myself haven't owned a car for more than 14 years, and mostly get around town running, walking, or using public transportation. There are times I wish I had one, since it would make many things easier, but overall I'm glad not to have to deal with the headaches of owning a car, which caused me to get rid of it in the first place. And all the walking and running has helped to keep me fit and healthy. To get even close to being like ecofriendly Vauban, Americans will need to absolutely change the way they live. Commuting (乘车上下班) patterns will have to change, public transportation will have to be invested in, and so on. And though ending our love affair with the car will be impossible during my lifetime, we may at least start to see more Vaubanlike areas in the USA.
We can hope that Americans will consider using their feet more to get around, cutting down on pollution, and giving themselves some more exercise.
1. Why don't over 80% of the residents in Vauban own car?A.The streets there are very narrow. |
B.There are many limitations on the use of cars. |
C.The government limits the number of cars. |
D.Most cars belong to their public property. |
A.opposite things |
B.big shortcomings |
C.great strengths |
D.firm bases |
A.Curious. |
B.Proud. |
C.Grateful. |
D.Regretful. |
A.Not mentioned. |
B.They are not ecofriendly. |
C.They have too many cars. |
D.They work hard. |
【推荐3】Come on down to the Kingston Symphony Warehouse at 785 Sir John A. Macdonald Boulevard, Unit 7A to see what great finds you can get your hands on at this year's Fall Book Fair!
OPENING NIGHT ADMISSION September 5, 2019
Early Bird Entry 4:00 pm - 4:30 pm
Tickets are $ 20 each and will be available for purchase beginning on August 14, 2019 at 9: 00 am by calling 613-546-9729 or 1-800-451-2453.
Tickets can also be purchased online beginning on August 14, 2019 at 9: 00 am or online at our website.
•Only 50 tickets will be sold.
•Tickets will be available to pick up at the warehouse starting at 2:00 pm on September 5, 2019.
•Absolutely no refunds(退款)
General Admission 4:30 pm-8:00 pm
Tickets are $ 5 each and will be available for purchase in person only at the door of the warehouse starting on September 5, 2019 at 2:00 pm.
REMAINDER OF SALE Free Admission
September 6-8, 2019
•Friday 10:00 am - 8:00 pm
•Saturday 10:00 am-4:00 pm
•Sunday 10:00 am-3:00 pm
September 15, 2019
•10:00 am-4:00 pm Everything at half price!
September 16, 2019
•10:00 am-3:00 pm BLOWOUT PRICES! People can buy many books with a little money.
Location(位置): Kingston, ON-785 Sir John A. MacDonald Boulevard
For more information, please email us at ksabookfair @ gmail. com or call the Kingston Symphony Association office at 613-546-9729.
1. What's the advantage of a $ 20 ticket at the book fair?A.People can enter there earlier |
B.People can buy books at half price. |
C.People can get their money back if necessary. |
D.People can have the books delivered to their houses. |
A.calling 613-546-9729 |
B.calling1-800-451-2453 |
C.emailing to ksabook fair@gmail.com |
D.going to the warehouse yourself |
A.On August 14. | B.On September 5. | C.On September 16. | D.On September 8. |