Some people think if you are happy, you are blind to reality. But when we research it, happiness actually raises every single business and educational outcome for the brain. How did we miss this? Why do we have these social misunderstandings about happiness? Because we assumed you were average. When we study people, scientists are often interested in what the average is.
Many people think happiness is genetic. That’s only half the story, because the average person does not fight their genes. When we stop studying the average and begin researching positive outliers —people who are above average for a positive aspect like optimism or intelligence —a wildly different picture appears. Our daily decisions and habits have a huge impact upon both our levels of happiness and success.
Scientifically, happiness is a choice. It is a choice about where your single processor brain will devote its limited resources as you process the world. If you scan for the negative first, your brain really has no resources left over to see the things you are grateful for or the meaning embedded(嵌入) in your work. But if you scan the world for the positive, you start to acquire an amazing advantage.
I wrote the cover story for the Harvard Business Review magazine on “Happiness Leads to Profits.” Based on my article called “Positive Intelligence” and my research in The Happiness Advantage, I summarized our researched conclusion: the single greatest advantage in the modern economy is a happy and busy workforce.
A decade of research in the business world proves that happiness raises nearly every business and educational outcome: increasing sales by 37%, productivity by 31%, and accuracy on tasks by 19%, as well as a number of health and quality-of-life improvements.
1. The underlined word “this” in the first paragraph refers to .A.the fact that people are happy |
B.the connection between happiness and educational outcome |
C.the fact that people often misunderstand happiness |
D.the fact that most people are average |
A.Scientists are only interested in what the average is. |
B.You can choose to be happy or not. |
C.The average are not happy at all. |
D.Our decisions and habits have nothing to do with happiness. |
A.To advertise himself. |
B.To arouse the readers’ interest. |
C.To support his point about happiness. |
D.To attract the readers to read his articles. |
A.To explain what is happiness. |
B.To describe the misunderstandings about happiness. |
C.To show people the importance of happiness. |
D.To make the point that happiness promotes business and educational outcome. |
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【推荐1】“I will think of it ”It is easy to say this ; but do you know what great things have come from thinking? We can not see our thoughts, or hear, or taste , or feel them; and yet what strong power they have!
Sir Isaac Newton was seated in his garden on a summer evening, when he saw an apple fall from a tree. He began to think, and, in trying to find out why the apple fell, discovered how the earth, sun, moon, and stars are kept in their places.
A boy named James Watt quietly by the fireside, watching the lid (盖子) of the tea kettle as it moved up and down. He began to think; he wanted to find out why the steam in the kettle moved the heavy lid. From that time he went on thinking and thinking; and when he became a man, he improved the steam engine so much that it could, with the greatest ease, do the work of many horses.
James Ferguson was a poor Scotch shepherd (羊倌) boy. Once, seeing the inside of a watch, he was filled with wonder. “Why should I not make a watch?" he thought. But how was he to get the materials out of which to make the wheels and the mainspring (钟表等的主发条)? He soon found how to get them: he made the mainspring out of a piece of whalebone. He then made a wooden clock which kept good time. He began, also, to copy pictures with a pen, and portraits (肖像) with oil colors. In a few yeas, while still a small boy, he earned money enough to support his father. When he became a man, he went to London to live. Some of the wisest men in England, and the king himself, used to attend his lectures. His motto was, “I will think of it ,”and he made his thoughts useful to himself and the world.
When you have a difficult lesson to learn, don't feel discouraged or ask someone to help you before helping yourselves. Think, and by thinking you will learn how to think to some purpose.
1. What can we learn about James Ferguson?A.He was born in a rich family | B.His wooden clock seldom worked well |
C.He was a painter from England | D.His mind greatly influenced the world |
A.crazy | B.impatient |
C.curious | D.easy-going |
A.Thoughts are not important since we can see or touch them. |
B.It is important to try a challenge on our own. |
C.Ask for help right away when things get hard. |
D.Great people have great teachers. |
A.I Will Think of It |
B.Why Should Not I Have a Try? |
C.Nothing is Impossible to a Willing Heart |
D.Great Scientists Make a Great World |
【推荐2】It’s true what they say; working at a summer camp is a life-changing experience. I was lucky enough to work at a camp for the past 2 summers teaching Horse Riding.
You’re making a difference
While working at summer camp, you are a role model to the campers. You’re the person they look up to.
Personal skill development
Remember all those New Year Resolutions(新年决心)that you made, of things that you said you would change, but you broke them?
When people talk about summer camps, they will usually say “it’s about the people”, or “it’s the place.” Luckily at my camp, it was “the people AND the place.” I have made friends from all over the world, who have completely changed me as a person and have helped me develop a new outlook on life. Your camp friends become your family away from home, and that is something that no money can buy.
A.It was really fantastic |
B.You’re the one they want to be like |
C.You can be that difference maker too |
D.Camp friends become your worldwide family |
E.It has been my best New Year experience so far |
F.Like how you want to be more patient or less nervous |
G.These are just a few reasons for working at a summer school |
【推荐3】My dad doesn’t seem like the kind of guy who would bake great bread, but he is and he does. Every Saturday he produces homemade bread. When he’s done, the whole house smells delicious.
The rest of the week, Dad fixes cars at work. The shop where Dad works is running so well that he is always occupied. He is under a lot of stress. I think Dad began baking bread to help him relax.
I’ve been feeling kind of stressed out myself since I found out I didn’t make the school swim team. Now I’ll have to wait a whole year to try out again. Plus, I’m taking some difficult classes this year.
I think Dad knew I was feeling bad. Last Saturday he asked me how things were going. I said OK, even though I didn’t feel OK at all. He looked at me for a moment, and then he said it was time for me to help. Then he headed to the kitchen.
I followed right behind him. Once we were there, Dad got out his big mixing bowl, handed me a large wooden spoon, and told me to mix while he added the ingredients. Dad isn’t big on measuring. He knows how much of each ingredient to use, and the bread always turns out great.
When I finished stirring, Dad showed me how to knead the dough (揉面团). Next came the most difficult part — doing nothing. We put the dough back into the bowl and then we waited for more than an hour for the dough to slowly rise and double in size. Next, we divided it into two and waited for it to rise again. Afterward, we put the dough into pans and waited another hour for the dough to rise and double.
Dad said the waiting is always the hardest part. “It’s hard to resist putting the dough directly into the oven, but if you do, the bread will be hard. The most important lesson of all is learning to be.” Dad taught me more than how to bake bread.
1. What can we learn about the author’s father?A.He is living a relaxing life. | B.He tries his best to make ends meet. |
C.He has a special way to deal with stress. | D.He is more like a baker than a mechanic. |
A.School isn’t going well. | B.She dislikes making bread. |
C.She feels sorry for her father. | D.Some classes aren’t worth it. |
A.Dad is unskilled. | B.Dad dislikes measuring. |
C.Dad has a craze for measuring. | D.Dad is careful about ingredients. |
A.Never give up. | B.Take life easily. |
C.Believe in yourself. | D.Enjoy time with family. |
【推荐1】On average, American kids ages 3 to 12 spent 29 hours a week in school, eight hours more that they did in 1981. They also did more household work and participated in more of such organized activities as soccer and ballet (芭蕾舞). Involvement in sports, in particular, rose almost 50% from 1981 to 1997: boys now spend an average of four hours a week playing sports; girls log half that time. All in all, however, children’s leisure time dropped from 40% of the day in 1981 to 25%
“Children are affected by the same time crunch (危机) that affects their parents,” says Sandra Hofferth, who headed the recent study of children’s timetable. A chief reason, she says, is that more mothers are working outside the home. (Nevertheless, children in both double-income and “male breadwinner” households spent comparable amounts of time interacting with their parents 19 hours and 22 hours respectively. In contrast, children spent only 9 hours with their single mothers.)
All work and no play could make for some very messed-up kids. “Play is the most powerful way a child explores the world and learns about himself,” says T. Berry Brazelton, professor at Harvard Medical School Unstructured(unorganized)play encourages independent thinking and allows the young to handle their relationships with their peers, but kids ages 3 to 12 spent only 12 hours a week engaged in it.
The children sampled spent a quarter of their rapidly decreasing “free time” watching television. But that, believe it or not, was one of the findings parents might regard as good news. If they’re spending less time in front of the TV set, however, kids aren’t replacing it with reading. Despite efforts to get kids more interested in books, the children spent just over an hour a week reading. Let’s face it, who’s got the time?
1. By mentioning “the same time crunch” (Line 1, Para. 2) Sandra Hofferth means ______.A.children have little time to play with their parents |
B.both parents and children suffer from lack of leisure time |
C.children are not taken good care of by their working parents |
D.both parents and children have trouble managing their time |
A.he has plenty of time reading and studying |
B.he has more time participating in school activities |
C.he is left to play with his peers in his own way |
D.he is free to interact with his working parents |
A.extracurricular activities(after-class activities) promote children’s intelligence |
B.most children will turn to reading with TV sets switched off |
C.efforts to get kids interested in reading have been fruitful |
D.most parents believe reading to be beneficial to children |
【推荐2】Today it is common to see people who walk about with colored wires hanging from their ears wherever they go. They move about in their personal bubbles, sometimes unaware of what’s happening around them. They walk around in their own spaces, with their personal “digital noise reduction systems”.
For me, walking around in my own personal bubble is perfect. After all, I am listening to my favourite music and would rather not be bothered. What’s even better, wearing earphones seems to give a signal to people which says,“
Suppose you’re at work and about to make an incredible advance, but a colleague suddenly turns up. His sudden appearance would break your concentration and cause mistakes.
Pretty soon, not only will we have pretty colored wires hanging from our ears, but also our brains will be directly filled with some new high-tech instruments. We’ll be in a virtual world, communicating with everyone else, or choosing not to, as we like.
In the end, there is a thin line between using technology as a tool for making life better and being controlled by it! It’s so strange —suddenly, I don’t feel like wearing my earphones anymore.
A.Outside life is shut out. |
B.Our devices are changing quickly. |
C.I also have wires hanging from my ears. |
D.I’m not available for chatting at the moment! |
E.In the home situation, teenagers are attracted to these wires. |
F.I don’t have the responsibility to deal with the noise from the environment. |
G.Listening to music through earphones is the perfect way to ignore such trouble. |
【推荐3】Lifestyle Creep (LC) is when living expenses and unnecessary cost grow with income. In bad cases of LC, this unnecessary spending can cut into savings.
LC is common among high earners, but anyone can fall into this trap. Who hasn’t a reason to eat out more often every week after receiving a 1 or 2 percent raise? The temptation (诱惑) of a more costly lifestyle is difficult to resist. If you’re making enough money to afford a larger apartment, shouldn’t you move to a larger one?
Objectively, improving your standard of living as your income increases isn’t a bad thing, but when that habit cuts into your savings efforts, it can be a major financial risk. As Katie Waters, a financial planner at Stable Waters Financial, says ,”Something’s got to give.”
If you can, head off LC from the beginning by giving your raise or bonus money a purpose immediately. This can be to pay down debt, save for a house, or add to retirement accounts. This way, you won’t be tempted to spend it on unnecessary things. If you fear you’ve already fallen victim to LC at any level, you can still turn your spending around. If you are putting all your expenses on your credit card, Waters recommends rearranging, so only routine, fixed monthly expenses are on the card. “The monthly changeable costs — food, clothing, personal care, purchases for the home, the list goes on — are where your money slips away easily.” Waters says, “Calculate your possible savings each pay period and put that money into a separate checking account.”
“As with all things, the secret to managing your finances is a constant effort for balance,” Waters says. “Have fun along the way, but don’t put the cart before the horse.”
1. What do we know about LC?A.It may affect everyone. | B.It may increase savings. |
C.It benefits high earners. | D.It means reasonable consumption. |
A.Expect. | B.Avoid. | C.Believe. | D.Explain. |
A.Suitable. | B.Controllable. | C.Promising. | D.Surprising. |
A.A working guide. | B.A social magazine. | C.An account book. | D.A research report. |
【推荐1】When asked about happiness, we usually think of something extraordinary, an absolute delight, which seems to get rarer the older we get.
For kids, happiness has a magical quality. Their delight at winning a race or getting a new bike is unreserved.
In the teenage years the concept of happiness changes. Suddenly it’s conditional on such things as excitement, love and popularity. I can still recall the excitement of being invited to dance with the most attractive boy at the school party.
In adulthood the things that bring deep joy—love, marriage, birth—also bring responsibility and the risk of loss. For adults, happiness is complicated.
My definition of happiness is “the capacity for enjoyment”. The more we can enjoy what we have, the happier we are. It’s easy to overlook the pleasure we get from the company of friends, the freedom to live where we please, and even good health.
I experienced my little moments of pleasure yesterday. First I was overjoyed when I shut the last lunch-box and had the house to myself. Then I spent an uninterrupted morning writing, which I love. When the kids and my husband came home, I enjoyed their noise after the quiet of the day.
Psychologists tell us that to be happy, we need a mix of enjoyable leisure time and satisfying work. I don’t think that my grandmother, who raised 14 children, had much of either. She did have a network of close friends and family, and maybe this is what satisfied her.
We, however, with so many choices and such pressure to succeed in every area, have turned happiness into one more thing we’ve got to have. We’re so self-conscious about our “right” to it that it’s making us miserable. So we chase it and equal it with wealth and success, without noticing that the people who have those things aren’t necessarily happier.
Happiness isn’t about what happens to—it’s about how we see what happens to us. It’s the skillful way of finding a positive for every negative. It’s not wishing for what we don’t have, but enjoying what we do possess.
1. What can we learn about the author from Paragraphs 5 and 6?A.She cares little about her own health. |
B.She enjoys the freedom of traveling. |
C.She is easily pleased by things in daily life. |
D.She prefers getting pleasure from housework. |
A.Psychologists think satisfying work is key to happiness. |
B.Psychologists’ opinion is well proved by Grandma’s case. |
C.Grandma often found time for social gatherings. |
D.Grandma’s happiness came from modest expectations of life. |
A.They consider pressure something blocking their way. |
B.They stress their right to happiness too much. |
C.They are at a loss to make correct choices. |
D.They are more likely to be happy. |
A.Happiness lies between the positive and the negative |
B.Each man is the master of his own fate. |
C.Success leads to happiness. |
D.Happy is he who is content. |
【推荐2】In the digital age, we rely on technology such as social media in trying to build interesting and varied lives. Social networking sites like Facebook are designed and promoted to make us believe enthusiastically that they are able to open up new experiences for us. There are constant notifications (通知)and updates, urging us to check-in to find out what is new.
But if we do not use the technology wisely, we can end up becoming overly attached and trapped in a cycle of social media FOMO, a sign of deeper unhappiness. FOMO, or fear of missing out,is a fear that exciting or interesting events are happening somewhere else and that we are not able to take part.
People who experience high levels of FOMO have been found to be more likely to give in to urges to write and check text messages while driving, as well as to use Facebook more often directly after waking, while going to sleep and during meals.
When it comes to lasting happiness, it is best not to give in to FOMO, but rather to deal with the cycle of desires that fuel it. Hard as it is, we are better off working toward facing the fearful reality that we cannot experience everything we might like than to get caught in a cycle of checking behaviors that only cause anxiety.
If we have become used to using social media as part of our attempts at living interesting lives, we must admit that it is not easy to change our approach. But change is almost always worthwhile in the long run.
The fact that FOMO is so common in our digital age is a sign that there is something wrong with the way we are pursuing happiness and that we are not as happy as we might think we are. It should warn us that, in our eagerness to use digital technology to try to make ourselves happier, we may unintentionally be bringing on exactly the opposite result.
1. From paragraph 1, we know that social media ________.A.is not worthy of our trust |
B.tries to attract our attention |
C.needs to be checked constantly |
D.provides new reliable information |
A.Feeling anxious about socializing with others. |
B.Being afraid of missing a Facebook update. |
C.Posting food photos on social media. |
D.Handling multiple tasks at once. |
A.Get rid of the desire to check social updates. |
B.Make small changes on a daily basis. |
C.Accept there are limits to enjoyment in life. |
D.Select the social media platform that is suitable to your taste. |
A.To tell us the danger of FOMO. |
B.To introduce wise ways of using technology. |
C.To show there is a direct link between digital technology and happiness. |
D.To persuade us to get out of FOMO for lasting happiness. |
【推荐3】The mushrooming video screens in buses, taxis and apartment halls in cities like Shanghai are taking away our already rare resource: a place for a moment of peace. Taking a nap or reading a book on buses is less pleasant now, as the LCD screens broadcast news, entertainment and advertisements at unbearable volumes.
You pay the bus fare simply to get a ride—undisturbed—but now you are exposed to this “added value”, whether you like it or not. If it’s a crowded bus, the noise is even more exasperating. More and more Chinese cities have joined Shanghai, regarded as the first to put video screens on buses, disturbing millions of passengers.
Some may like to watch programme aired on buses or in apartment halls. But those who don’t should be equally respected. Because of the bus screens, students cannot focus on reviewing their lessons or preparing for a test. People who like to read or reflect feel unsettled by the noise. Youngsters who like to listen to music on their iPods must increase the volume to fight against the competing audio. If you already feel stressed after a busy day, the bus video advertising certainly increase the tension of both your muscles and nervous system. Bus drivers are surely the worst victims because they have to bear it at least eight hours a day, non-stop.
A high public tolerance for noise pollution has helped bus video advertisers to expand their businesses. But opposition has already started to make its voice heard. Some people have already accused bus companies of breaking their contracts, since their obligation is only to deliver passengers to their destinations.
Shanghai, as a world-class city, should set an example for the country. It should first adopt world-class behavior in its massive public transportation system to return the public a peaceful place.
1. What does the underlined word “exasperating” in Paragraph 2 mean?A.Entertaining. |
B.Encouraging. |
C.Disappointing. |
D.Annoying. |
A.Students. |
B.Bus drivers. |
C.Youngsters. |
D.Office employees. |
A.More use of public transport. |
B.An increase in bus video advertising. |
C.More complaints about bus companies. |
D.Lower public awareness of consumer rights. |
A.Opposed. |
B.Unclear. |
C.Supportive. |
D.Indifferent. |
This new museum will trace 200 years of boats and boat-building in the Lakes. The vessels on show will range from historic steam launches to record-breaking speed boats. The conservation workshop will also allow visitors to watch the restoration work take place. Venture out on to the water on cruise boats and grab the opportunity to sail on the Osprey, a restored Edwardian steam boat.
.Opens 23 March, adult £ 9, under 16s £7.
Yorkshire Sculpture Park
This art-filled landscape has 500 acres of rolling hills home to works by many artists. The newly-built visitor centre, the Weston, is to open to the public, with a gallery space,restaurant and a shop selling produce that includes honey made at the park.
.Park Is open year round. new visitor centre opens 30 March, admission free, parking from £ 3 an hour.
National Centre for Children's Literature
Neverland is real after all. The "enchanted land", surrounding Moat Brae, a Georgian townhouse in Dumfries, south-west Scotland, was the inspiration behind the tale of Peter Pan. The house is being restored to its former glory and transformed into a cultural centre celebrating children’s literature. It will include an interactive exhibition, garden adventure trails, bookshop, cafe, as well as hosting workshops and events.
.Opens 3 May, tickets on sale in April.
Adventure Parc Snowdonia
New activities at this redeveloped adventure centre in Wales include indoor climbing and artificial caving, and an adventure playground. The centre was the world's first inland surf hub. Currently there's pod and camping, including use of hot tubs and sauna, with plans for an on-site hotel and spa for 2020.
.Off-peak surfing £ 35 adult, £ 25 child; surf lessons from £ 50 adult, £ 40 child.
1. What can be expected in Windermere Jetty?A.Different crafts | B.Great scenery |
C.Riding a steam boat | D.Restoring some ships |
A.Windermere Jetty |
B.Yorkshire Sculpture Park |
C.National Centre for Children's Literature |
D.Adventure Parc Snowdonia |
A.Neverland | B.Moat Brae | C.Dumfries. | D.Scotland |
【推荐2】The "cloud war" is taking place as the dispute between the United States and China about data hacking and computer network security grows stronger. Chinese companies such as Alibaba, Baidu and Huawei are expanding within their country and gaining customers in other countries. They are creating data centers in multiple countries and trying to sell data management services throughout the world.
The increasing competition in cloud computing and storage incurs the new challenge and worries some experts. They are concerned about the safety of data. After all, companies often use the cloud to store important, confidential information and to operate such activities as data-driven machinery, telecommunications, banking and transport systems — including plans for driverless vehicles.
Lee Branstetter is an associate professor of economics at the Heinz School of Policy and Management of the Carnegie Mellon University. He told many multi-national companies "have serious concerns about the protection of their intellectual property (知识产权)."Branstetter said some of these large companies already believe they have lost valuable information.
Sheila Jasanoff is the director of the program on science, technology and society at Harvard's Kennedy School. She called the cloud computing industry "unruly". In other words, the industry is not strictly governed.
"People (in the business) are making rules as they go along or taking advantage of the lack of rules," Jasanoff said. She said cloud computing companies are not clear about what security measures they are promising customers. She is worried that a major accident may happen before governments realize the need for stronger rules in the cloud computing industry. She believes there should be internationally-accepted rules to meet the new challenge. But she does not believe an international agreement will be reached anytime soon.
1. What does the "cloud war" refer to?A.The war up in the sky. |
B.Some kind of cold war. |
C.The China-US relationship. |
D.The competition on the "cloud". |
A.Information security. |
B.Wars among countries. |
C.The storage of “cloud”. |
D.The lack of technology. |
A.A major accident is bound to take place soon. |
B.An agreement is to be reached in the near future. |
C.The cloud industry needs guiding and monitoring. |
D.Governments have kept an eye on cloud industry. |
A.China's Rise or Not |
B.New War, New Challenge |
C.Chances on Cloud Information |
D.Growth of Cloud Computing Industry |
【推荐3】Organic food is very popular. It is also expensive. Some organic food costs twice as much as non-organic food, but new parents and pet owners are willing to pay up to 200% more for organic food. However, there are people who think it is a waste of money.
There is one main difference between organic and non-organic food. Organic farms do not use agricultural chemicals, such as pesticides. In many countries organic foods have special labels. These guarantee that the products are natural.
Some people think organic means locally grown. Originally this was true. Over time organic farming became more difficult. The demand for organic food grew larger than the supply. Small companies had to sell out to large companies. There weren't enough organic ingredients, such as grain and cattle. This made it difficult for many organic companies to stay in business. Today, many large companies have an organic line of products.
Is organic food more nutritious? This is part of the debate. Many farmers and consumers believe it is. They think agricultural chemicals cause health problems such as cancer. Many health professionals disagree. Few studies prove that organic foods prevent health problems. Health specialists worry more about bacteria, such as E.coli and salmonella. These can get into contact with organic and non- organic food. Doctors recommend washing produce very carefully. Handling meat carefully is important too.
Most people agree that naturally grown food tastes better. Is tastier food worth the extra money? This is a matter of opinion. Whether it is healthier or not may require more research. However, organic consumers argue it is better to be safe than sorry.
1. What is probably the major concern of organic food consumers?A.Price. | B.Safety. |
C.Freshness. | D.Variety. |
A.Grow your own food. | B.Reduce the use of pesticides. |
C.Make sure the food is clean. | D.Buy large companies’ products. |
A.It tastes better. | B.It is easier to grow. |
C.It contains more fat. | D.It is more nutritious. |
A.A recipe book. | B.A chemistry paper. |
C.A medical report. | D.A health magazine. |