According to the Associated Press (AP), a Chinese scientist claims he successfully created the world’s first genetically-edited babies.
Chinese researcher He Jiankui, a research professor at China’s Southern University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen, said he had edited DNA of twin girls born a few weeks ago. ①
He’s claims were immediately criticized by some scientists as unsafe and unethical. This kind of gene editing is forbidden in the United States and many other countries. ②Such changes to a person’s DNA can pass to future generations and risk harming other genes.
In interviews, He Jiankui defended his work. He said he had performed the gene editing to help protect the babies from future infection of HIV, the virus responsible for the disease AIDS. He said the process had “worked safely” and the twin girls were “as healthy as any other babies.” He told the AP he felt a strong responsibility “not just to make a first, but also to make an example” for future research. “Society will decide what to do next,” he said.
When He’s claims became public, the university made a statement saying his work had “seriously went against academic ethics and standards.” University officials said they had no knowledge of his research and had looked into the case. ③
China’s National Health Commission was “highly concerned” about the claims and ordered local health officials “to immediately look into” He’s activity. “We have to be responsible for the people’s health and will act on this according to the law,” the commission said.
Scientists discovered in recent years a new way to edit genes that make up a person’s DNA throughout the body. The tool, called CRISPR-cas9, makes it possible to change DNA to supply a needed gene or take one away that is causing problems. So far the tool has only been used on adults to treat deadly diseases, and the changes only affected that person.
④Kiran Musunuru, a scientist from University of Pennsylvania, told the AP that if such an experiment had been carried out on human beings, it could not be “morally or ethically reasonable.” Julian Savulescu, a medical ethics expert at Britain’s University of Oxford, agreed. “If true, this experiment may cause disasters,” he told Reuters.
However, one well-known geneticist, Harvard University’s George Church, defended the attempt to edit genes to prevent infections of HIV. He told the AP that since HIV is “a major and growing public health threat” he finds such experiments “valuable.”
1. What can we learn from this passage?A.All scientists consider He’s experiment unsafe and unethical. |
B.The university He works in supports his experiment. |
C.Many countries don’t allow editing babies genetically. |
D.China’s National Health Commission thinks highly of He’s experiment. |
A.① | B.② |
C.③ | D.④ |
A.Supportive. | B.Uninterested. |
C.Doubtful. | D.Neutral. |
A.Chinese Scientist Claims First Gene Edited Babies |
B.Chinese Scientist Finds A New Cure For AIDS |
C.Gene Editing Still Has A Long Way To Go |
D.China Takes The Lead In Gene Editing |
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【推荐1】Almost everybody in America will spend a part of his or her life behind a shopping cart(购物手推车). They will, in a lifetime, push the chrome-plated contraptions many miles. But few will know—or even think to ask—who it was that invented them.
Sylvan N. Goldman invented the shopping cart in 1937. At that time he was in the supermarket business. Every day he would see shoppers lugging(吃力地携带) groceries around in baskets they had to carry.
One day Goldman suddenly had the idea of putting baskets on wheels. The wheeled baskets would make shopping much easier for his customers, and would help to attract more business.
On June 4, 1937, Goldman’s first carts were ready for use in his market. He was terribly excited on the morning of that day as customers began arriving. He couldn’t wait to see them using his invention.
But Goldman was disappointed. Most shoppers gave the carts a long look, but hardly anybody would give them a try.
After a while, Goldman decided to ask customers why they weren’t using his carts. “Don’t you think this arm is strong enough to carry a shopping basket?” one shopper replied.
But Goldman wasn’t beaten yet. He knew his carts would be a great success if only he could persuade people to give them a try. To this end, Goldman hired a group of people to push carts around his market and pretend they were shopping! Seeing this, the real customers gradually began copying the phony(假冒的) customers.
As Goldman had hoped, the carts were soon attracting larger and larger numbers of customers to his market. But not only did more people come—those who came bought more. With larger, easier-to-handle baskets, customers unconsciously bought a greater number of items than before.
Today’s shopping carts are five times larger than Goldman’s original model. Perhaps that’s one reason Americans today spend more than five times as much money on food each year as they did before 1937—before the coming of the shopping cart.
1. Why was Goldman disappointed at first?2. Why did Goldman hire people to push carts around his market?
3. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
The purpose of Goldman’s invention was to make shopping easier and show off his imagination.
4. What do you think of Goldman? Please briefly explain. (about 40 words)
【推荐2】Now researchers are looking closely at how “green” our payment systems are. They’ve found buyers can help cut some environmental costs, no matter how they pay.
To measure the full “cost” to society of money, researchers examined the life cycle of a U. S. penny. People mine zinc(锌) and copper(铜) rocks at different places. Multiple steps go into separating the metals from these rocks. The metals then go to a factory. Copper coats each side of a thicker zinc layer. Then the metal is shaped into disks known as coin blanks. Those disks travel to U.S. Mint plants. Different processes there form the disks into coins.
Packaged coins travel to banks that are part of the Federal Reserve, the United States’ central bank. These banks ship the pennies out to local banks for release to the public. All of those steps use energy and produce waste.
Years later, Federal Reserve banks collect worn-out pennies. These are melted and destroyed. Again, every step requires energy—and produces pollution.
But cash is more than just pennies. Most countries also use banknotes or bills. Great Britain began its switch from cotton-fiber paper to plastic in 2016. Shonfield, one of the researchers, compared the environmental impacts of the two types of bills.
Both types of bills had advantages and disadvantages, he found. On balance, their report found, plastic bills last longer. So over time, “you don’t have to create nearly as many banknotes with plastic notes as with paper,” Shonfield says. That cuts the overall need for raw materials and energy. And, he adds, plastic bills are thinner than paper ones. More of them fit into ATMs than older paper bills. So, keeping the machines full takes fewer trips.
Shonfield’s group concluded that about 31 percent of those environmental impacts came from making coins. A much bigger share—64 percent—came from energy for running ATMs and transporting bills and coins. Fewer ATMs and more renewable energy could reduce those impacts, the study concluded.
1. What feature of “disks” is mentioned?A.They are of different value. | B.They have nothing on them. |
C.They are of different sizes. | D.They are made of plastic. |
A.By doing various experiments. | B.By observing the way people pay. |
C.By examining the life cycle of a penny. | D.By analyzing the raw materials of coins. |
A.Paper bills produce less waste than coins. |
B.Pennies will retire from the stage of history. |
C.Coins make use of less energy than paper bills. |
D.Plastic bills are more environmentally friendly. |
A.The ways we pay affect our planet. |
B.Money produces most waste when in use. |
C.“Green” payment systems are catching on. |
D.E-payment can also pollute the environment. |
【推荐3】In the early 1980s,an American engineer Chuck Hull went to his boss with an idea:to build a machine that prints out things you can hold in your hand. His manager told him that the company produced UV lamps, not machines that were able to make copies of things of all kinds. But finally they reached an agreement. Hull would spend the day working on the company’s lamps;at night he’d work on his machine.
It was the UV lights that gave Hull the idea at first. The lamps were used in factories to harden a plastic veneer(薄片镶饰). Hull realized that he could use UV lights to cut plastic pieces into whatever shape he liked and then pile these pieces to form a 3-D thing. Then he had to write programs to tell his machine how to cut each piece. At last,his first 3-D printer was put together.
But by the mid-1980s,the printer had developed into a working product,though it cost hundreds of thousands of dollars. Because the printer was too heavy to carry to exhibitions,Hull made home movies to show it to people. “The movies were pretty boring,but even so,”he said,“we got a strong reaction,especially in Detroit. Back then,the US car industry had been far behind Japan and the car companies were eager for a secret weapon(武器). “The 3-D printer was just that:engineers could make their own models for parts such as door handles(把手),rather than send plans to a tool and dye shop,saving months during the design process and thus making their cars more competitive.
Now that the technology is becoming affordable,all kinds of people have caught 3-D fever. A professor from the University of California is working on printing out an entire house. Another 3-D artist has made a robotic hand that lets his son,who was born without several fingers,pick up a water bottle. “Anything that can be made will be made by anyone anywhere,”wrote Joris Peels,a 3-D pioneer. “Anyone will be able to 3-D-print a spoon,a truck or a rose. ”
1. What was Hull?A.An engineer working for a lamp company. |
B.A worker in a printer company. |
C.A professor from the University of California. |
D.A moviemaker. |
A.Because he didn’t want people to know too much about it. |
B.Because it was too heavy. |
C.Because it still could not work. |
D.Because it was too expensive. |
A.It has a bright future. |
B.It is difficult for people to use. |
C.It still needs improving. |
D.It will be used as a powerful weapon. |
A.To introduce an engineer. |
B.To make us know how the 3-D printer was invented. |
C.To advertise for a printer company. |
D.To tell us that a lamp company can also make printers. |
【推荐1】On Wednesday, two things happened. In Syria, 80 people were killed by government airstrikes. Meanwhile, in Florida, Elon Musk’s SpaceX successfully launched and fired a sports car into space. Guess which story has dominated mainstream news sites?
The launch of Musk’s Falcon Heavy rocket, the most powerful ever launched by a private company, went off successfully. Musk sent his cherry-red Tesla roadster running toward Mars, launching “a new space age”. The event attracted phenomenal publicity and made the rocket launch a masterstroke of advertising for Tesla.
Meanwhile, in Syria, where hundreds of thousands of refugees(难民) may be forced to return to unsafe homes, a UN human rights coordinator for Syria said despondently(沮丧地) that he was no longer sure why he bothers to videotape the effects of bombing, since nobody ever pays attention. He wondered what level of violence it would take to make the world care.
There is, perhaps, no better way to appreciate the tragedy of 21st-century global inequality than by watching a billionaire spend $90m launching a $100,000 car into space.
Musk said he wanted to participate in a space race because “races are exciting” and that while strapping his car to a rocket may be “silly and fun … silly and fun things are important”. Thus, anyone who mentions the huge waste the project involves, or the various social uses to which these resources could be put, can be dismissed as a killjoy.
But one doesn’t have to hate fun to question the justification for pursuing a costly new space race at exactly this moment. If we examine the situation honestly, it becomes hard to defend a project like this.
A mission to Mars does indeed sound exciting, but it’s important to have our priorities straight. First, perhaps we could make it so that a child no longer dies of malaria every two minutes. Or we could try to address the level of poverty in Alabama which has become so extreme that the UN investigator did not believe it could occur in a first-world country. Perhaps when violence, poverty and disease are solved, then we can head for the stars.
Many might think that what Elon Musk chooses to do with his billions is Elon Musk’s business alone. If he wanted to spend all his money on medicine for children, that would be nice, but if he’d like to spend it making big explosions and sending his convertible on a million-mile space voyage, that’s his right.
But Musk is only rich enough to afford these money-consuming projects because we have allowed social inequalities to arise in the first place. If wealth were actually distributed fairly in this country, nobody would be in a position to fund his own private space program.
Elon Musk is right: silly and fun things are important. But some of them are an indefensible waste of resources. While there are still humanitarian crises such as that in Syria, nobody can justify vast spending on rocketry experiments.
1. Why does the writer mention the two pieces of news at the beginning of the passage?A.To illustrate the inequality of wealth distribution and the consequent inequality of attention distribution. |
B.To highlight the significance of SpaceX’s successful launch of a rocket and a car into space. |
C.To appeal to the government for more attention to the air strikes and refugee crisis in Syria. |
D.To find out which news dominated the mainstream news sites. |
A.Because nobody appreciated his work and all the efforts he made. |
B.Because the violence in Syria is not serious enough to make the world care. |
C.Because however hard he tried, nobody seemed to care about the situation in Syria. |
D.Because he had great difficulty videotaping the effects of bombing. |
A.The space project of SpaceX cost the government too much money. |
B.It kills the fun to question the justification of the pursuit of space programs. |
C.Space programs are a waste of money that cannot be justified. |
D.Addressing problems of violence, poverty and diseases should be our top priority. |
A.We should pay equal attention to space projects and solving social problems. |
B.No private companies should be allowed to spend money in rocketry experiments. |
C.The money and resources used in space projects could have been used to deal with various social problems. |
D.Elon Musk should be blamed for misleading the public. |
【推荐2】Imagine that as you are boarding an airplane, half the engineers who built the plane tell you there is a 10 percent chance the plane will crash, killing you and everyone else on board. Would you still board?
In 2022, over 700 top academics and researchers behind the leading artificial intelligence companies were asked in a survey about future AI risk. Half of those surveyed stated that there was a 10 percent or greater chance of human extinction from future AI systems.
The fear of AI has haunted humanity since the mid-20th century, yet until recently it has remained a distant prospect, something that belongs in sci-fi more than in serious scientific and political debates.
In the beginning was the word.
A.Humans often don’t have direct access to reality. |
B.Language is the operating system of human culture. |
C.In games like chess, no human can hope to beat a computer. |
D.By gaining mastery of language, AI is seizing the master key to civilization. |
E.Technology companies are caught in a race to put all of humanity on that plane. |
F.For thousands of years we humans have lived inside the dreams of other humans. |
G.It’s difficult for human minds to grasp the capabilities of GPT-4 and similar tools. |
【推荐3】The Good Gym was created by Ivo Gormley, 29, who discovered that combining a weekly run with a visit to a housebound(足不出户的)friend of the family was just the inspiration he needed to keep him exercising. It helped that his elderly friend was a former boxer who could offer training tips. As Gormley did his suggested sit-ups, he thought about this: how few people have the time or energy to volunteer and yet use gyms to burn off energy, and how little dialogue there is between working people and the elderly.
Through working with charities and local community centers, the Good Gym matches runners with an individual(个人的)coach 一 a housebound elderly person who would like a regular visitor. They are encouraged to take a newspaper or a modest gift to the value of £1.
Cawley, 38, a hairdresser, heard about the Good Gym through Twitter. "It seemed such a great idea," she said. It took four months for her to be checked by the Criminal Records Bureau・ Then she got Mulcahy to run to, based on the distance she requested.
Having a break in her running works well from a training point of view: she does a speed run to Mulcahy's house, rests there, then does a more gentle, warm-down jog on the way home. Cawley is from Stockport and has no grandparents in London, so she enjoys chatting to her elderly coach. While the Good Gym advises runners to stay for about 10 minutes, Cawley sometimes chats to Mulcahy for an hour. Although he has family, and regular visits from professional carers, Cawley thinks he enjoys a visit from someone who does not worry like relatives and is not there out of professional duty. She didn't really know what he thought of "this person turning up and chatting to him” until she told him she was going away on holiday. He said, "I'll really miss you."
1. What inspired Ivo Gormley to start the Good Gym?A.His elderly coach's advice. |
B.People's care for the elderly. |
C.His own personal experience. |
D.People's craziness about sports. |
A.Unclear. | B.Supportive. | C.Doubtful. | D.Unconcerned. |
A.The visiting time of Cawley is longer. |
B.Cawley treated him like her granddad. |
C.The care from Cawley is very professional. |
D.He felt more comfortable with Cawley's visits. |