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江苏省南京市秦淮区2022-2023学年八年级下学期期中英语试题
江苏 八年级 期中 2024-03-12 296次 整体难度: 适中 考查范围: 语用、语法、单词辨析、词汇、短语辨析、主题、语篇

一、单项选择 添加题型下试题

单项选择 | 较易(0.85)

1. Look at the picture on the right. Neil is busy ________.

A.taking some important notesB.drawing pictures about online tours
C.looking for information on the InternetD.enjoying a wonderful tour with his family
单项选择 | 适中(0.65)
2. —Simon is going to have ________ European tour.
—Oh, really? It must be an unusual trip for him.
A.anB.aC./D.the
单项选择 | 适中(0.65)
3. —What is your sister’s job?
—She is a ________. She often shows tourists around Beijing.
A.waiterB.farmerC.guideD.singer
2024-03-12更新 | 80次组卷 | 1卷引用:江苏省南京市秦淮区2022-2023学年八年级下学期期中英语试题
单项选择 | 适中(0.65)
4. —Where is your father?
—He has gone to Australia and he ________ there for two weeks.
A.has goneB.has beenC.has gone toD.has been in
2024-03-12更新 | 111次组卷 | 1卷引用:江苏省南京市秦淮区2022-2023学年八年级下学期期中英语试题
单项选择 | 适中(0.65)
5. If you go to London by air, you’d better ________ a plane ticket early on the Internet.
A.searchB.tryC.bookD.find
单项选择 | 适中(0.65)
6. Read the sentence. “I can tell her anything because she can keep a secret.” The underlined word “because” is used to ________.
A.show timeB.give examplesC.join ideas togetherD.make new words
2024-03-12更新 | 68次组卷 | 1卷引用:江苏省南京市秦淮区2022-2023学年八年级下学期期中英语试题
单项选择 | 适中(0.65)
7. The small man moved up over Gulliver’s stomach and neck ________ he was standing near Gulliver’s face.
A.untilB.whenC.sinceD.before
单项选择 | 适中(0.65)
8. Take one book ________, boys and girls. And keep quiet please?
A.on timeB.at a timeC.at that timeD.from time to time
2024-03-12更新 | 83次组卷 | 1卷引用:江苏省南京市秦淮区2022-2023学年八年级下学期期中英语试题
单项选择 | 适中(0.65)
9. —Ann is in hospital.
—Oh, really? I ________. I haven’t seen her for a long time.
A.didn’t knowB.don’t knowC.won’t knowD.haven’t known
2024-03-12更新 | 109次组卷 | 1卷引用:江苏省南京市秦淮区2022-2023学年八年级下学期期中英语试题
单项选择 | 适中(0.65)
10. —What will they do with the waste water?
—Oh, they are discussing ________   to use it in a right way.
A.whereB.whatC.howD.which
2024-03-12更新 | 79次组卷 | 1卷引用:江苏省南京市秦淮区2022-2023学年八年级下学期期中英语试题
单项选择 | 适中(0.65)
11. —I’m not sure what to write about The Secret Garden in the report.
—You should read some ________ about the book before writing.
A.reviewsB.reasonsC.resultsD.records
单项选择 | 适中(0.65)
12. Becky ________ in the city now, and she is not as shy as she used to be.
A.used to liveB.used to livingC.is used to liveD.is used to living
2024-03-12更新 | 76次组卷 | 1卷引用:江苏省南京市秦淮区2022-2023学年八年级下学期期中英语试题
单项选择 | 适中(0.65)
13. —The film Chinese Doctors is really wonderful. It ________ me a lot.
—Me, too. I couldn’t stop crying several times when I was watching it.
A.improvedB.missedC.touchedD.worried
2024-03-12更新 | 93次组卷 | 1卷引用:江苏省南京市秦淮区2022-2023学年八年级下学期期中英语试题
单项选择 | 较易(0.85)
14. — Do you mind opening the window? It’s a little hot inside.
—________. Let some fresh air in.
A.Yes, pleaseB.Never mindC.You’d better notD.Of course not
2024-03-12更新 | 63次组卷 | 1卷引用:江苏省南京市秦淮区2022-2023学年八年级下学期期中英语试题
单项选择 | 适中(0.65)
15. — Lily, you’re so kind to help me. Thanks a lot.
—________.
A.I hope soB.My pleasureC.With pleasureD.That’s right
2024-03-12更新 | 65次组卷 | 1卷引用:江苏省南京市秦淮区2022-2023学年八年级下学期期中英语试题

二、完形填空 添加题型下试题

完形填空(约310词) | 适中(0.65)
文章大意:本文主要介绍了在中国东南部的一列慢火车,它建立了自己的学习车厢,为需要安静学习空间的人们提供服务。

Today, speed has become an important factor (因素) when people choose transportation to start their long-distance trips. Trains are no more the best choice (选择). People hope to get to the places of interest as _________ as possible, and they care less about other factors such as prices or relaxing journeys.

However, a slow train in Southeast China built its own study rooms, which has caught people’s eyes. The train No.5609/5610, which runs between Chongqing and Xiushan is a “slow train” to offer the people in need _________ and relaxing study rooms.

In some carriages (车厢), you cannot see the seats. _________, desks and chairs can be seen everywhere. The two words “Yu Yue” are painted on the train, which means “travelling and reading happily” during the trip. Many young people take the train to experience such a special trip. “I feel like in the _________ at university (大学). Students enjoy themselves in the world of books, _________ most of their time on the coming tests. It’s so good!” Qiu Yangzhi said, a college student from Chongqing. It’s true that you can see students open the books to finish their _________, office workers turn on their computers to prepare materials for the next meetings, and travelers stand by the windows to enjoy the beautiful views quietly. The travelling hours on the train may be _________, but the “moving study rooms” have been popular among travelers and become their best choice.

While speed is often seen as a top factor for most people, the slow train ___________ its study carriages brings people wonderful experience during their journey. In recent years, everyone _________ to be in a hurry and so busy every day. The study rooms on the green train show us a slow-paced world. Why not find a seat in the study carriage, read a book, make some friends, enjoy the views, or just sit there doing __________. It’s time to stop and enjoy the moment of the present.

16.
A.slowlyB.finallyC.quicklyD.suddenly
17.
A.noisyB.boringC.lonelyD.quiet
18.
A.AlsoB.InsteadC.MoreoverD.Otherwise
19.
A.officeB.libraryC.restaurantD.playground
20.
A.payingB.takingC.costingD.spending
21.
A.homeworkB.businessC.interviewD.information
22.
A.harderB.shorterC.longerD.happier
23.
A.inB.withC.overD.above
24.
A.looksB.seemsC.turnsD.becomes
25.
A.nothingB.anythingC.somethingD.everything
2024-03-11更新 | 60次组卷 | 1卷引用:江苏省南京市秦淮区2022-2023学年八年级下学期期中英语试题

三、阅读理解 添加题型下试题

阅读理解-单选(约80词) | 适中(0.65)
文章大意:本文是一则旅游信息的广告,介绍了价格、行程安排等内容。


Take a Wonderful Beach Tour
Soft, white sand
Delicious seafood
Clear, blue water
Lovely, colorful fish
Only $50 per person
You don’t want to miss this wonderful tour!
Timetable
09:00 Pick up at your hotel
09:30 Start of tour at Balinghai Beach and Coral Garden
(if November—April: Crocodile and Bulabog Beach)
12:00 Lunch at Puka Beach; visit to llig-lligan
15:00 End of tour/return to your hotel
26. The picture above is a(n) ________.
A.advertisementB.noticeC.StoryD.report
27. If Bob takes the tour with his parents, they will pay ________.
A.$50B.$100C.$150D.$200
28. On November 1st the tourists will start the tour at ________.
A.Puka BeachB.Coral Garden
C.Balinghai BeachD.Crocodile and Bulabog Beach
2024-03-12更新 | 55次组卷 | 1卷引用:江苏省南京市秦淮区2022-2023学年八年级下学期期中英语试题
阅读理解-单选(约250词) | 适中(0.65)
文章大意:本文主要介绍了中国古代的外卖。

Ordering takeouts is very popular nowadays because it is convenient (便利的). More than 60 percent of the people in China order takeout food at least twice a week. If people don’t want to eat out, they can just order takeouts on the smart phone and wait for it to be delivered (送达). What about people living in ancient times? Did they eat takeouts?

In fact, there was takeout as for back as the Song Dynasty. According to history books, Emperor (皇帝) Xiaozong (1127—1194) liked to order takeouts late at night. His servants (仆人) then went around the city to pick up the dishes and bring them back to the palace.

Ordinary (普通的) people also ordered takeouts. Restaurant waiters would go out into the streets and yell out which dishes could be ordered that day. After hearing the waiters, people could then place an order. Later, delivery workers would bring food to their homes. In the famous Song Dynasty painting Along the River During the Qingming Festival (《清明上河图》), people can see a takeout worker on a delivery with food in hand.

People at that time even had a special meal box for takeout dishes. It was a long wooden box with several layers. People also used warming plates made of two layers of porcelain (瓷). Hot water could be put between them to keep dishes warm.

29. According to the passage, takeout has a long history of about ________ years in China.
A.900B.1000C.1100D.2000
30. The underlined word in Paragraph 3 “yell”   probably   means ________.
A.throwB.findC.shoutD.give
31. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A.Only the Emperor could order takeouts in ancient times.
B.People used special bamboo boxes for takeout dishes in ancient China.
C.There’s a takeout worker in Along the River During the Qingming Festival.
D.Many people like to order takeouts nowadays because it is very cheap and delicious.
2024-03-12更新 | 115次组卷 | 1卷引用:江苏省南京市秦淮区2022-2023学年八年级下学期期中英语试题
阅读理解-单选(约290词) | 适中(0.65)
文章大意:本文节选自《汤姆·索亚历险记》,讲述了汤姆和哈克发现一个有很多钱的盒子的经历

The two boys, Tom and Huck, were very afraid because they worried about being found by Injun Joe and his friend. Through the hole in the floor, the two boys upstairs (楼上的) saw the men eat and talk. Then the men were tired and fell asleep. Tom and Huck lay there for a very long time. Finally, the two men woke up and lifted up a stone (石头) in the ground and took out some money they had stolen (偷). Then Injun Joe lifted up another stone and found a box.

“What’s this?” Injun Joe asked.

The two men pulled the box out of the ground and opened it. The two boys, Tom and Huck, could see there was much money in it. They were very excited.

“There’s thousands of dollars in the box!” said his friend.

“It must have been left here by Murrel,” said Injun Joe.

“What will we do with it?”

“We’ll take it to my hideout (隐匿处).”

“Number one or number two?”

“Number two, under the cross.”

Then Injun Joe and his friend saw some tools in the corner and decided to go upstairs. But the stairs (楼梯) broke when Injun Joe stood on them! So the two men left the house and went towards the river. Tom went home as quickly as he could.

The next day, the two boys remembered the “Number two”, thinking this must be the number of the room in the hotel. They got all the keys they could find anywhere. But Tom found that the door was not locked. He opened it!

—Adapted from The Adventure of Tom Sawyer

32. Tom and Huck were very excited after they saw ________.
A.Murrel and Injun JoeB.a box in the ground
C.Injun Joe and his friendD.much money in the box
33. What would Injun Joe do with the money?
A.He would throw it away.B.He would hide it in the ground.
C.He would take it to his hideout.D.He would give it to the two boys.
34. What happened when Injun Joe stood on the stairs?
A.The stairs broke.B.Another box was found.
C.He fell off the stairs.D.He saw Tom and Huck.
35. From the story, we can know ________.
A.Injun Joe and his friend found many works of art in the box
B.Tom followed the men when Injun Joe and his friend left the house
C.the two boys thought “Number two” was the number of the room in the hotel
D.the two boys opened the door of the room in the hotel with the key that they found
2024-03-12更新 | 64次组卷 | 1卷引用:江苏省南京市秦淮区2022-2023学年八年级下学期期中英语试题
阅读理解-单选(约520词) | 适中(0.65)
文章大意:本文主要介绍了著名的作家列夫·托尔斯泰的故事。

“Why do I live? Why do I wish for anything, or do anything? Is there anything in my life that will not be destroyed (损坏) by my death?” Like Leo Tolstoy, the famous Russian writer, many people ask these difficult questions. Tolstoy spent his whole life trying to answer these difficult questions.

As a young man, he thought people could achieve perfection (完美) if they tried hard enough. So he worked very hard to be the best in everything. He thought that he would find meaning and truth in success.

In the 1850s, Tolstoy wrote his first stories. He wrote about his life in the army. He also told stories about his childhood. These works were published and Tolstoy became a well-known writer.

He won the respect (尊重) he always wanted. Many rich and smart men met and talked with Tolstoy. Some of them were writers like him. They talked a lot about faith (信仰) and the meaning of life. But soon Tolstoy realized that these men were not perfect. Now he knew they could not answer his questions about faith.

So in the 1860s, Tolstoy tried a different way to find the meaning of life. He opened a school for the children of his serfs—the people who worked on his land. These workers were very poor. He wanted to help them because he thought they were more honest than the rich people he knew.

Tolstoy learned a lot from his workers. He understood how they worked hard to support their families. He began to believe that marriage and family would give his life meaning. So in 1862, Leo Tolstoy married a young woman named Sonya Behrs.

The next 15 years were the best years of Tolstoy’s life. It was during this time that he wrote his most famous books— War and Peace and Anna Karenina. Many experts say that War and Peace is one of the greatest books ever written. In these books, Tolstoy believed humans should live a simple life and take care of their families. Tolstoy thought this would bring him happiness.

Leo Tolstoy is still a very respected writer today. His faith and writings have influenced (影响) many people all over the world.

36. Why did Tolstoy want to be the best in everything when he was young?
A.To make a lot of money.B.To show his power.
C.To prepare for his books.D.To achieve perfection.
37. Which is the correct order of the following events?
① Tolstoy worked in the army.                                                ② Tolstoy got married.
③ Tolstoy wrote War and Peace.                                           ④ Tolstoy opened a school.
⑤ Tolstoy became a well-known writer.
A.①⑤③②④B.⑤①③②④C.①⑤④②③D.⑤④①③②
38. According to the passage, which of the following is the most important to Tolstoy?
A.Family.B.Success.C.Money.D.Work.
39. Tolstoy thought he would learn a lot from his workers because they were ________.
A.poorB.honestC.smartD.patient
40. What does the passage mainly talk about?
A.Leo Tolstoy: Influencing the world.
B.Leo Tolstoy: Being the best in everything.
C.Leo Tolstoy: Searching for the meaning of life.
D.Leo Tolstoy: Living for writing perfect stories.
2024-03-12更新 | 72次组卷 | 1卷引用:江苏省南京市秦淮区2022-2023学年八年级下学期期中英语试题

四、单词拼写 添加题型下试题

单词拼写-根据汉语提示填空 | 较易(0.85)
41. He has a wide ________ (知识) of painting and music.
单词拼写-根据汉语提示填空 | 适中(0.65)
42. A Chinese saying is at the ________ (底部) of each page in this book.
2024-03-12更新 | 74次组卷 | 1卷引用:江苏省南京市秦淮区2022-2023学年八年级下学期期中英语试题
单词拼写-根据汉语提示填空 | 适中(0.65)
43. In China, ________ (小学的) schools are for children between ages of 6 and 12.
单词拼写-根据汉语提示填空 | 适中(0.65)
44. We can now ________ (接收) over 500 TV programmes with the help of the Internet.
2024-03-12更新 | 79次组卷 | 1卷引用:江苏省南京市秦淮区2022-2023学年八年级下学期期中英语试题
单词拼写-根据汉语提示填空 | 较易(0.85)
45. Everyone ________ (除了) me has seen The Wandering Earth II, so I’ll go to see it today.
2024-03-12更新 | 62次组卷 | 1卷引用:江苏省南京市秦淮区2022-2023学年八年级下学期期中英语试题
单词拼写-用单词适当形式填空 | 较易(0.85)
真题
46. The _________(France) writer Victor Hugo wrote some famous novels.
2022-10-07更新 | 462次组卷 | 3卷引用:2022年江苏省淮安市中考英语真题
单词拼写-用单词适当形式填空 | 较易(0.85)
真题
47. The noise made sleep _________ (possible), so I got up and read a book.
单词拼写-用单词适当形式填空 | 适中(0.65)
48. —The government has taken actions to stop water and air ________ (pollute).
—Yes. Clear water and green hills are like mountains of gold and silver.
单词拼写-用单词适当形式填空 | 适中(0.65)
49. Kobe Bryant, a famous basketball player, has been ________ (die) since January 26th, 2020.
单词拼写-用单词适当形式填空 | 适中(0.65)
50. When we arrived there in the afternoon, we saw Alice ________ (tie) her dog to the tree in the garden.
2024-03-12更新 | 130次组卷 | 1卷引用:江苏省南京市秦淮区2022-2023学年八年级下学期期中英语试题

五、补全对话 添加题型下试题

补全对话-选择单词 | 适中(0.65)
文章大意:本文是一则对话,A建议B使用ChatGPT来帮助自己阅读小说,并介绍了这个聊天机器人的功能。
根据对话内容,从下面方框中选择适当的单词或短语填空。
magic; translate; open up; written by; communicate with
A: Hi, Tom. What are you reading?
B: The Old Man and the Sea, an English novel     51     Ernest Miller Hemingway. It has many new words and it’s a little bit difficult for me to understand the long sentences.
A: Why not try to use ChatGPT to help you     52     the foreign language into Chinese?
B: ChatGPT? What is that?
A: It is an AI chatbot (聊天机器人) and has been quite popular online recently. It has a strong ability of word processing. It can not only     53     you in a way like a real human being, but also answer almost all kinds of questions you ask in just a few seconds.
B: It sounds like     54    .
A: Exactly!   I’m   sure it will     55     a whole new world to you.
B: I can’t wait to try it now!

六、任务型阅读 添加题型下试题

任务型阅读-阅读填表(约410词) | 适中(0.65)
文章大意:本文是一篇说明文,主要介绍了当前最流行的短视频apps,以及人们对此的一些看法。
阅读下面短文,根据所读内容,在文章后1-8小题的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意:每个空格只填1个单词。

If you want to know which social app Chinese young people use a lot now, you had better not miss “smart videos”. Some users use apps like TikTok (抖音) and Kuaishou because they think it is fun to share short videos about their lives, while others have different purposes (目的) as well.

A 12-year-old user named Elsa has up to 2.7 million followers on TikTok. The girl has shared videos about her dancing studies since last July. One of the two million fans. “I feel really happy to go on sharing happiness with other people by short videos,” said Elsa.

As some videos are about the latest news, a group of users depend on (依靠) them to get information. To some other users, they have a different purpose. “Because I can’t spend many hours watching a complete video and I am a very impatient (不耐烦的) person. I don’t like waiting for a program to end. I choose to watch   short videos of wonderful parts in a concert or a TV series,” said Wang Zhihao.

However, some young Chinese feel bored with some short videos. “Killing time is the main reason for me to watch the short videos, but many are almost the same, so I think it is a waste of time. Moreover, I really don’t like the videos which show strange even dangerous things,” said Wen Nan, another college student.

Recently, something else has happened. Some videos are asking people to buy some expensive products (产品). Some users buy the products after watching, but they should think carefully. Otherwise, they may regret (后悔) soon. Some short videos even sell fake (假的) products, but these sellers won’t offer any service (服务) like letting you get your money back, or dealing with your trouble.

The use of short videos in     56    
An introduction to short videos●Short videos, including TikTok and Kuaishou, are very     57     now.
●Some users share short videos for     58     while others share for other purposes.
Reasons for short videos●Elsa feels happy to     59     sharing videos with others.
●A group of people like     60     short videos to get information about the latest news.
●To users who are not patient enough, it takes     61     time to watch short videos.
Reasons     62     short videos● Wen Nan believes that they shouldn’t spend too much time on short videos     63     many of them are almost the same.
● Some users easily buy products which are introduced in the videos     64     thinking carefully, and they may regret soon.
●Some short videos sell fake products, but they don’t     65     buyers with any service after selling.
2024-03-12更新 | 67次组卷 | 1卷引用:江苏省南京市秦淮区2022-2023学年八年级下学期期中英语试题

七、短文填空 添加题型下试题

短文填空-首字母填空(约250词) | 适中(0.65)
文章大意:本文主要介绍了在社交媒体上与人争论的现象。
根据短文内容及首字母提示,填写所缺单词。

What is social media? It m    66     all kinds of Internet applications (应用), such as QQ, blogs, WeChat and so on. Social media (媒体) plays an important part in our daily life. By using them, users can s    67     things like photos, videos and posts with other people.

Social media is certainly an interesting p    68     to learn others’ opinions on the Internet. But when you are reading so many opinions online, it’s quite possible for you to see some opinions that you strongly disagree with. In fact, you might feel like you should r    69     to these opinions at once. You might do some research, f    70     some facts and reply to them. You finish writing out your reply, click “post”and win the argument (争论)!

Most people don’t like it when other people disagree with their ideas, especially (尤其) online strangers. It’s not possible that they will c    71     their opinions just because you argued with them. In fact, you may make them feel more sure that they’re c    72    .

And the thing is that, when you get in these kinds of fights online, it s    73     influences (影响) you. You might not know it at first, b    74     the argument that you take part in can easily make you feel unhappy. If you argue often, you start to enjoy arguing and then end up doing it even more. It’s a dangerous cycle.

I guess the best thing to do is to tell y    75     that most arguments are meaningless. There are much better and more interesting things to do, both online and in real life.

2024-03-12更新 | 80次组卷 | 1卷引用:江苏省南京市秦淮区2022-2023学年八年级下学期期中英语试题

八、书面表达 添加题型下试题

书面表达-讲稿 | 适中(0.65)

76. 去旅行,这是身体在路上,可以拓宽人的眼界;去读书,这是灵魂在路上,让心智成长。你们学校正在组织一次主题为“Your Body and Soul (心灵) on the Way”的英语演讲,请根据下表中的要求完成演讲稿。

Body on the WayTalk about an interesting place you have visited;
Soul on the WayTalk about a good book you have read;
What you have learnt from the trip and the book.
注意:
1.文中不得出现你的真实姓名和学校名称;
2. 短文须包括所有内容要点,语言通顺,意思连贯,条理清楚,书写规范;
3. 词数80左右,文章开头已写好,不计入总词数。

We students should always improve ourselves. Travelling and reading are good for us. Our body and soul must be on the way. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

试卷分析

整体难度:适中
考查范围:语用、语法、单词辨析、词汇、短语辨析、主题、语篇

试卷题型(共 34题)

题型
数量
单项选择
15
完形填空
1
阅读理解
4
单词拼写
10
补全对话
1
任务型阅读
1
短文填空
1
书面表达
1

试卷难度

知识点分析

序号
知识点
对应题号
1
语用
2
语法
3
单词辨析
4
词汇
5
短语辨析

细目表分析 导出

题号 难度系数 详细知识点 备注
一、单项选择
10.85常识和习语
20.65a/an的区别  不定冠词表泛指
30.65farmer  guide  singer  waiter  名词辨析
40.65have been to(或in)/have gone to区别
50.65find(found found)  search  try  动词辨析
60.65because引导原因状语从句
70.65before  until  till/until引导时间状语从句  从属连词辨析
80.65at a time  from time to time  on time  介词短语
90.65过去发生的动作/状态
100.65how  what  where  which  疑问词+动词不定式
110.65result  review  名词辨析
120.65be used to sth.  used to do sth.  动词短语
130.65touch  worry  动词辨析
140.85同意和不同意
150.65致谢
二、完形填空
16-250.65交通/运输
三、阅读理解
26-280.65时文/广告/布告  应用文单选
29-310.65说明文  外卖/订餐单选
32-350.65诗歌/小说  文学名著单选
36-400.65记叙文  文学家单选
四、单词拼写
410.85knowledge  名词作主宾表补定根据汉语提示填空
420.65bottom  名词作主宾表补定根据汉语提示填空
430.65primary  形容词作定语根据汉语提示填空
440.65情态动词后加动词原形根据汉语提示填空
450.85except  表示“除……以外”根据汉语提示填空
460.85French  形容词作定语用单词适当形式填空
470.85impossible  make sb./sth. adj.  形容词作宾语补足语  派生用单词适当形式填空
480.65pollution  名词作主宾表补定用单词适当形式填空
490.65含since/for的现在完成时  延续性动词与非延续性动词用单词适当形式填空
500.65现在分词作补足语  过去进行时含when、while用单词适当形式填空
五、补全对话
51-550.65科学技术  介绍  劝告/建议选择单词
六、任务型阅读
56-650.65说明文  微信/微博/短视频阅读填表
七、短文填空
66-750.65微信/微博/短视频首字母填空
八、书面表达
760.65阅读  旅行讲稿
共计 平均难度:一般