1 . Born in New York in 1918, scientist Gertrude B. Elion had an impressive career, during which she developed medicines to cure many major diseases. Elion spent her early youth in Manhattan. She attended senior high school and had, in her words, an unbelievable thirst for knowledge.

Influenced by the death of her grandfather, who died of cancer, Elion entered Hunter College at the age of 15 and graduated in chemistry at the age of 19. She had difficulty finding employment after graduation because many laboratories refused to hire women chemists. She found a part-time job as a lab assistant and went back to school at New York University. Elion worked as a high school teacher for a few years after finishing work on her master’s degree.

The start of World War II created more opportunities for women. At the age of 26, Elion was able to get a job at Burroughs Welcome, where she began a 40-year partnership with Dr. George H. Hitchings. Her thirst for knowledge impressed Dr. Hitchings, and he permitted her to take on more responsibility.

Elion and Hitchings set out on a course of creating medicines by studying the chemical composition of diseased cells. Rather than relying on old trial-and-error methods, they used the differences in biochemistry between normal human cells and pathogens(病原体)to design medicines. In all, Elion obtained 45 patents on medicine and was awarded 23 honorary degrees.

In 1988, Elion received the Nobel Prize for Medicine, together with George H. Hlitchings and Sir James Black. She received other awards for her work, including the National Medal of Science in 1991, and that same year, she became the first woman to be absorbed into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. In 1997, she was awarded the Lemelson-MIT Lifetime Achievement Award.

1. What can we say about Elion as a high school student?

A．She had a satisfying part-time job.

B．She had a strong desire for learning.

C．She had a gift for chemistry at high school.

D．She made great achievements in chemistry.

2. Why did Elion choose to study chemistry at college?

A．To meet her grandfather’s wish.

B．To find a good job after graduation.

C．To create medicines to cure diseases.

D．To be a chemistry teacher in the future.

3. When did Elion started working for Burroughs Welcome?

A．In 1944.

B．In 1937.

C．In 1933.

D．In 1984.

4. What does the author mainly tell us about Elion in the last paragraph?

A．Her later life.	B．Her contributions.
C．Her interest in chemistry.	D．Her honors.

2 . I know what courage looks like. I saw it on a flight I took six years ago, and only now can I speak of it without tears filling my eyes at the memory.

Our flight left the Orlando Airport one Friday morning. But immediately upon the take-off, it was clear that something was wrong. The aircraft was bumping (颠簸) up and down. All the experienced travellers, including me, looked around with knowing (会意的) smiles. If you fly much, you see these things and learn to act calmly about them. However, we did not remain calm for long.

Minutes after we were in the air, our plane began falling quickly. The pilot soon made a serious announcement. “We are having some difficulties,” he said. “Our indicators show that the control system has failed. We will be returning to the Orlando Airport. The flight attendants will prepare you for a bumpy landing. Also, if you look out of the windows, you will see that we are dumping (倾倒) fuel from the airplane. We want to have as little on board as possible in the event of a rough touchdown.” In other words, we were about to crash. Many travellers looked visibly frightened now. No one faces death without fear, I thought.

Then a couple of rows to my left, I heard a still calm voice, a woman’s voice, speaking in an absolutely normal conversational tone. I had to find the source of this voice. All around, people cried. Many screamed. Finally, I saw her. In this state of complete confusion and lack of order, a mother was talking to her child. The woman, in her mid-30s, was staring full into the face of her daughter, who looked to be four years old. The child listened closely, sensing the importance of her mother’s words. The mother’s eye held the child so fixed that she seemed untouched by the sounds of grief and fear around her.

Finally, I leaned over and could hear this soft sure voice with the tone of comfort. Over and over again, the mother said, “I love you so much. Remember, no matter what happens, I love you always.” Fortunately, our landing gear (起落架) held at last and our touchdown was not a tragedy.

However, the voice I heard that day never faded. That mom showed me what a real hero looks like.

1. What does the second paragraph mainly tell us?

A．The crew was getting ready for a take-off.

B．The travellers were taken good care of on the plane.

C．The aircraft was not in normal condition when flying.

D．The passengers were enjoying themselves on the aircraft.

2. Why were they dumping fuel from the airplane?

A．To prepare for a landing.	B．To have the airplane not bump.
C．To make the airplane to fly faster.	D．To make sure the control system worked well.

3. How was the woman after hearing the pilot’s words?

A．She looked quite angry.	B．She didn’t appear so worried.
C．She felt extremely nervous.	D．She sounded rather hopeless.

4. What do we know about the child on the plane after the announcement was made?

A．She paid attention to her mother’s words.

B．She screamed and cried with other passengers.

C．She comforted her mother after hearing the emergency.

D．She didn’t seem to be interested in what her mother said.

4 . It is calculated that some of the world’s 7,000 languages are in danger of getting extinct. “For example, Ainu, a language in Japan, is now seriously threatened, with only 10 native speakers remaining,“ said lead study author Tatsuya Amano at the University of Cambridge in England.

The scientists found that 25 percent of the world’s languages are threatened(威胁)．After identifying where the endangered(濒危的)languages were，they looked for any environmental and social or economic factors those languages might have in common, such as poor areas or rapid population growth. “We find that at the global scale, language speaker declines are strongly linked to economic growth-that is, declines are particularly occurring in economically developed regions,” said Amano.

“One important finding of this new study is that languages in the tropics and Himalayan region are likely to be increasingly threatened in the near future, because these regions still have many local languages with a small number of speakers, and at the same time are experiencing rapid economic growth,” said Amano.

Economic growth may endanger languages for a variety of reasons. For instance, speakers of endangered languages may view another more popular language as offering economic opportunities, and thus abandon their own languages. “There are other important factors that might endanger languages,” said the researchers. For instance, policies regarding how languages are used and taught in schools can be very different among countries and even within each country, and these factors may explain more detailed patterns in language endangerment.

Amano suggested it could be possible to forecast(预见)future threats to the diversity(多样化) of languages. “There exists detailed information on future changes in the environment， economies and climates(气候)，”Amano said. “Using such information，together with the findings of this study and further analysis, we would like to understand what will happen to the world’s languages, where it will happen and which languages will be threatened in particular.”

1. What can we know about Ainu?

A．It has changed little over the years.

B．It threatens Japanese language.

C．It is a local language in Japan.

D．It is put under protection.

2. What is paragraph 4 mainly about?

A．What should be taught in schools.

B．What might endanger a language.

C．How economic growth is achieved.

D．How a language becomes popular.

3. What does Amano mean in the last paragraph?

A．We must take action to save the environment.

B．More and more languages will get missing.

C．It will be easier to learn language changes.

D．Factors threatening languages will double.

4. What can be known from the study?

A．Over 7,000 languages have been threatened.

B．Local language must be spoken in every school.

C．It is possible to use only one language worldwide.

D．The number of tropics’ local language speakers may become smaller in the future.

6 . Futurologists are making a lot of predictions about our future life and they are predicting how we will travel, work and live in the future. By 2049, some futurologists foresee that some “talking” buildings will appear in our life.

By the middle of the century, it’s believed that buildings will be able to “talk” to people through various sensors when the heating needs to be turned on. As a result, there will be no switches. Instead, a lot of networks will appear, which can be compared to a human nervous system. In the future, buildings will be made from concrete plastics and shape-changing materials. All of them can heal themselves at that time. As architects are racing to develop the world’s tallest buildings, there will be a need for new kinds of elevators, through which vehicles could even travel into the buildings. German engineers have already started working on such technology called Multi.

By mid-century, scientists believe that buildings will be miles tall. Some of them may be very large and they can function as small cities. By comparison, at present, the world’s tallest building, the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, measures 829.8 metres high. As the future building can rise through the clouds, their windows will be replaced by virtual screens. In this way, people can choose any view as they like.

A London Spaceport is also likely to come into being by 2049 as the space industry develops very quickly. There is a huge cost advantage in going to space from a base as high as possible, so a spaceport is very likely to be over 10 km and even as much as 30 km, using carbon-based materials.

1. How will the heating system be controlled in the future?

A．Through the net.	B．Through mobiles.
C．Through sensors.	D．Through switches.

2. What might happen to the future buildings in a disaster?

A．They can recover by themselves.

B．They can seek help automatically.

C．They can transport people to space.

D．They can protect people against harm.

3. What’s the possible advantage of Multi?

A．Seeing the beautiful scenery.

B．Allowing vehicles to enter buildings.

C．Connecting the earth with space.

D．Making it possible to build high buildings.

4. Which is the best title for the text?

A．Be the Best Buildings with Carbon-based Materials

B．The Higher the Building, the Better

C．Smart Buildings in the Future

D．More Functions, Less Cost

7 . Summer Camp Jobs

Looking to have the best summer experience ever? Our camps employ staff (员工) for a number of roles, including camp counsellors (顾问), sports specialists, and arts, theatre and outdoor adventure specialists. It would be better if you have any experience in working with children! JCUSA (Jewish Camps USA) will work with you to find the most suitable role and camp for you.

What you are going to do

This is a job like no other; we personally get to know you and our most important thing is to make sure that you go to a camp that suits you best.

★ The right overnight camp: You can select this kind of camp to have a start. Don’t worry. You will feel comfortable and right at home.

★ The correct role: At camps there are many different roles and we will decide together from your application and interview what will suit you best. We will look into your previous experiences and focus on what you need for your future to give you the chance to do something you love every day.

★ Ready for camping: You will have specific training for your role at the camp so you will be fully prepared for your job. You will be part of a group to go to camp and will know everyone before going.

What we offer

★ You will get paid in your first year between $1,650 and $2,400. The salary is based upon the completion of your camp task.

★ You will get a chance to go with a group of JCUSA staff and meet them before you arrive at your own camp.

★ You will travel around the USA for up to 60 days!

What we ask

★ You need to finish high school and must be 18 by 2021.

★ You are energetic, outgoing and looking for a cultural summer experience.

★ You do not need to be Jewish to apply to work at a Jewish summer camp.

1. Which of the following is an advantage for an applicant to get the job?

A．Having a night job.	B．Working with kids.
C．Studying abroad.	D．Being a gardener.

2. What will the new staff get?

A．A new specific training card.

B．A salary of more than $2,400 a month.

C．A chance to travel around the world for 60 days.

D．A chance to work with a group of JCUSA staff.

3. Which is unnecessary for the new staff?

A．They must be 18 or older by 2021.

B．They should graduate from high school.

C．They need to be Jewish for a Jewish summer ramp.

D．They should be outgoing and willing to camp.

8 . Different weather makes people feel different. It influences health, intelligence and feelings.

In August, it is very hot and wet in the southern part of the United States. People there have heart trouble and other kinds of health problems during this month. In the Northeast and the Middle West, it is very hot at some times and very cold at other times. People in these states have more heart trouble after the weather changes in February or March.

The weather can also influence intelligence. For example, in a 2018 report by scientists, IQs of a group of students were very high when a very strong wind came; but after the strong wind, their IQs were 10% below. The wind can help people have more intelligence. Very hot weather, on the other hand, can make it lower. Students in many schools of the United States often get worse on exams in the hot months of the year (July and August).

Weather also has a strong influence on people’s feelings. Winter may be a bad time for thin people. They usually feel cold during these months. They might feel unhappy during cold weather. But fat people may have a hard time in hot summer. At about 18℃, people become stronger.

Low air pressure (气压) may make people forgetful. People leave more bags on buses and in shops on low — pressure days. There is “good weather” for work and health. People feel best at a temperature of about 18℃.

Are you feeling sad, tired, forgetful, or unhappy today? It may be the problem of weather.

1. When do people in the Northeast in America have more heart trouble?

A．In February.

B．In July.

C．In August.

D．In November.

2. Which is not mentioned in the text that weather has an effect on?

A．People’s health.	B．People’s appearance.
C．People’s intelligence.	D．People’s feelings.

3. How can people turn out to be at about 18℃?

A．More hesitant.	B．More friendly.
C．More energetic.	D．More generous.

4. Why does the text mention “People leave more bags on buses and in shops” in paragraph 5?

A．People can feel best when air pressure is high.

B．People may be forgetful when air pressure is high.

C．People may buy more things when air pressure is low.

D．People can’t remember things so well when air pressure is low.