2 . The idea that the standard human body temperature is about 98.6℉ (37℃) was first presented by the German physician Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich in 1851. Since then, it’s become so widely accepted that it serves as a touchstone for health—a diagnostic tool used by physicians and parents as a basic indicator if someone is sick or well.

However, it turns out that this well-established fact isn’t, in fact, correct—or, to put it more accurately, human beings have been getting cooler over the years.

Recent studies have shown that temperature records of groups of people have tended to run low compared to the accepted norm (标准), so the Stanford team, led by Julie Parsonnet, MD, professor of medicine and of health research and policy, decided to do a more in-depth study to compare modern measurements with historical records to try to identify body temperature trends and, perhaps, uncover the reason why this cooling is happening.

For their research, the Stanford team looked at three distinct datasets (数据集) from three historical periods. One was military service records, medical records, and pension records from Union Army veterans of the American Civil War that were compiled from 1862 to 1930. The second was from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Ⅰ collected between 1971 and 1975, and the third from adult patients visiting Stanford Health Care from 2007 to 2017.

In all, the team went through 677,423 temperature measurements, making sure that temperatures recorded were accurate rather than the result of poorly designed thermometers (温度计). They did this by looking at the change in temperature inside each group over time to ensure that the curves (曲线) showing a decrease were consistent between the datasets.

At the end of the day, the team found that men born in the 21st century had an average body temperature of 0.59℃ lower than those born in the early 19th century, while modern women showed an average decrease of 0.32℃ compared to those born in the 1890s. Together, this means that human body temperatures have fallen by 0.03℃ per decade.

1. What is Wunderlich’s achievement?

A．He was the inventor of the thermometer.

B．He set up a standard for normal body temperature.

C．He discovered humans’ body temperature trends.

D．He put forward the theory of normal human body temperature.

2. How did the Stanford team get their findings on body temperature?

A．By having interviews.	B．By conducting field research.
C．By analyzing historical records.	D．By doing experiments in the lab.

3. What could affect the accuracy of Parsonnet’s study according to the text?

A．The quality of thermometers.	B．The backgrounds of the subjects.
C．The sorting of the collected datasets.	D．The number of adult patients involved.

4. What can we conclude from the last paragraph?

A．Modern women’s body temperatures have risen over the past century.

B．The 19th century saw the greatest increase in men’s body temperatures.

C．The 21st century saw the greatest decrease in men’s body temperatures.

D．Men’s body temperatures have fallen faster than women’s over the years.

4 . Paris is the city of dreams. If you plan to head for Paris for a study period, perhaps a little reality check is in order. But my experience was a romantic one.

I paved my path to Paris through an exchange program. On arrival in Paris, I was constantly reminded of the official processes I had to complete—forms to fill in, meetings to attend—the list seemed endless.

Then the real work began. Once classes were underway, I found myself volunteering to do oral presentations and assignments first rather than last. This method proved to be very helpful.

Once I had finished classes for the week, I had an ever­increasing list of museums to visit, neighborhoods to explore, and cafes to sit in. Maybe you can read books about Paris and talk to locals and other foreigners living there. But the one thing that reading a book or talking to someone cannot do is provide you with the experience of wandering Paris on foot. The people watching, the sounds of the city, and the colors as the seasons change, they all add to the ecstasy that I experienced in Paris as an exchange student.

After spending five months wandering through the charming neighborhoods, I fell in love with the atmosphere that came out from every open door and every spoken word. There is something comforting about walking to the market each Sunday to enjoy the beautiful display of fruits, vegetables and dairy products. There is warmth in saying Bonjour to the passers­by.

On my last day in Paris, I confidently said “Bonjour Monsieur” as I passed the little store down the street. I guess the best part about going on exchange in Paris is falling in love with the city in your own way. And I know mine is unique and special to me—my own little pieces of Paris.

1. What does the underlined word “ecstasy” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?

A．Courage.

B．Imagination.

C．Happiness.

D．Depression.

2. According to the passage, what left the author the deepest impression?

A．The friendly people he met in Paris.

B．The special culture he experienced in the city.

C．The academic achievement he made in his study.

D．The presentations and assignments he did in class.

3. Why did the author like walking to the market?

A．Because of the romantic locals.	B．Because of the pleasant weather.
C．Because of the fresh vegetables.	D．Because of the warm atmosphere.

4. What does the passage mainly tell us?

A．An exchange student’s life.	B．Charming neighborhoods.
C．An exchange program.	D．A traveling experience.

5 . Yosemite National Park

Yosemite is all about restoration this year. This month the park’ s main corridor is being repaired. The park’ s gallery reopened to the public in April after being remodeled to allow full accessibility for the disabled. Even John Muir, known as the father of the national parks, is being revived(使复活)by the actor Lee Stetson, who will answer audience questions about the park and its history at the Yosemite Theater.

Petrified Forest National Park

Petrified Forest National Park is now mapping self-guided hikes to its more remote destinations, in part to remind visitors that the parks are theirs to wander. In August, a new field institute will begin offering classes led by geologists, photographers and other experts. And next year, you will see electric vehicle charging stations at the north and south entrances of the park.

Acadia National Park

Acadia National Park is to begin managing a new campground on Maine’ s Schoodic Peninsula this fall. The site will offer almost 100 recreational vehicles and tent sites, as well as new hiking and biking trails connected to Gouldsboro Village and existing park trails leading to the peninsula’ s tip.

Mesa Verde National Park

Wetherill Mesa in Mesa Verde National Park will have an extended season this year(through mid-October), giving cyclists much time to enjoy new access to the park’ s six-mile Long House Loop, a paved path formerly used for tram service, and the backcountry routes on the park’ s most popular hike. Naturally, plans are in the works to open an on-site bike rental operation within the year.

1. What do we know about Yosemite National Park?

A．Its gallery is accessible to the disabled.

B．It will be closed for repairs all the year.

C．Lee Stetson is well-known as its founder.

D．It will offer almost 100 recreational vehicles and tent sites.

2. In which national park will you be able to rent bikes?

A．Mesa Verde National Park.	B．Acadia National Park.
C．Yosemite National Park.	D．Petrified Forest National Park.

3. What is the purpose of this passage?

A．To appeal to people to preserve the national parks.	B．To observe the wildlife at the national parks.
C．To introduce something new at the national parks.	D．To describe the natural scenery of the national parks.

7 . I was born legally blind. Of all the stories of my early childhood, the one about a ________ is my mother’s favorite. I was only two when the ________ occurred.We had just arrived home from a trip. Mom lifted me out of the car and ________to speak to the driver. I took advantage of my brief ________to dash across the lawn (草坪) and hit a large maple tree! I was running so fast that I bounced off the trunk and landed on my backside. Mom ________me to start crying, but I just sat there for a minute. Then I ________myself up and kept right on going.

Mom loves to use this story as an ________. It reminds her that children don’t enter life ________to take risks or unwilling to ________ again when they fall down. She never wanted me to lose that toughness as I grew older. When I ________ my major life decisions, I was still that little girl tearing full-speed across the lawn. I studied abroad and later moved away from my parents’ home to look for a ________. Through years of ________, I have become a respected teacher in a school serving high-need students.

We are almost certain to get ________ at some point during the process of achieving our goal. When that happens, don’t sit in the grass and ________. Just get up and keep on going. It will all be worth it ________.

1.

A．trip

B．race

C．tree

D．driver

2.

A．incident

B．change

C．illness

D．problem

3.

A．feared

B．refused

C．forgot

D．turned

4.

A．delay

B．absence

C．freedom

D．rest

5.

A．promised

B．encouraged

C．allowed

D．expected

6.

A．woke

B．picked

C．warmed

D．gave

7.

A．answer

B．example

C．excuse

D．order

8.

A．afraid

B．ashamed

C．able

D．anxious

9.

A．ask

B．share

C．fear

D．try

10.

A．regretted

B．reviewed

C．made

D．explained

11.

A．job

B．friend

C．fortune

D．house

12.

A．memories

B．efforts

C．research

D．experience

13.

A．mixed up

B．fed up

C．knocked down

D．settled down

14.

A．play

B．relax

C．dream

D．cry

15.

A．all at once

B．in the end

C．in either case

D．as a result

8 . Aesha Ash is a ballet dancer who began The Swan Dreams Project in 2011. It is a program designed to bring ballet to girls of color in her community. Aesha Ash is one of the few women of color to ever grace the stages of the School of American Ballet in New York City. She wants to expose her community to more positive images of women of color through the use of ballet. She wants to show the world that beauty and grace are not defined by status or race.

Aesha grew up in the inner city of Rochester, New York, where crime, gun violence and poverty were among the biggest threats to the community. For her, that’s normal. That’s just life in the neighborhood, but what she remembers most is the dance studio. She started dancing at the age of five. A teacher mentioned to her mother that she had some promise in ballet, and that it would be difficult for her, as a woman of color, to enter the ballet world. But the hardship she faced was the very thing that pushed her to pursue a career in ballet.

And there’s so much negative stereotypes (刻板印象) and misunderstanding of who they are in the media. Through the use of imagery and her career as a ballet dancer, she challenges stereotypes that exist for women of color, particularly those from inner-city communities.

“It’s important that our girls see that side of themselves because for many kids it’s hard to be what you can’t see. I hadn’t seen a black ballet dancer before I decided that was what I wanted to be. It was really important for me to be in my environment displaying that because this is where I’m from. It was always beyond ballet,” Aesha Ash stated.

1. Why did Aesha start The Swan Dreams Project?

A．To promote the images of females of color by ballet.

B．To expose her community to a world of women of color.

C．To grace the stages of the School of American Ballet.

D．To show the world that beauty and grace are defined by status.

2. Which of the following best describes the community she grew up in?

A．Comfortable.

B．Ancient.

C．Peaceful.

D．Unsafe.

3. What can’t we know from the passage?

A．Aesha had a gift for ballet according to her teacher.

B．The hardship Aesha faced was the color of her skin.

C．Acsha wanted to be a ballet dancer because of a woman dancer of color.

D．It is not easy to change the stereotypes that exist for women of color.

4. What is the main idea of the text?

A．A teacher provides chances for girls of color.	B．A woman brings ballet to the girls of color.
C．Ballet changes the life of a woman of color.	D．A woman has changed the negative stereotypes.

10 . When is that magical day going to come when everything is perfect and we can finally be happy? Well, we may sometimes _______ a day like that. But for most of the time there is always something that upsets us. And that is _______. Life is a mixture of happy, neutral, and not-so-happy _______.

The _______ is in what you concentrate on, which determines your mood. I love the saying “Seize the day.” To me it means that we should not just look forward, _______ the happiness to come from the future. Happiness is right here and right now. It is in the little moments, and you’ll _______ have to understand that good things are _______ around you. The other day I did have a try. That day I paid attention to everything I _______ in my day. I liked the sunshine, birdsong, and morning coffee. I liked the purr of a cat, and my _______ jeans. I liked the roads that were in good ________ I liked the leaves of spring. I liked the chat with my coworkers... You can do this with your phone too. Take a picture of everything that you like during the day. At the end of it, ________ your pictures, and maybe write a page about these good things into your diary. If you use a computer, paste the ________ into your electronic diary.

Another thing I did is see the good things even in a bad situation. Here’s how it works: You suffer a terrible thing, but you tell yourself the good aspects of it. You really ________ the day when you are able to concentrate on it. One day it was raining. People were not ________ about it—it was dark, gloomy and wet. But you tell yourself that the climate here is not ________, which explains the attitude.

1.

A．admire

B．achieve

C．earn

D．experience

2.

A．normal

B．perfect

C．suitable

D．right

3.

A．activities

B．moments

C．situations

D．accidents

4.

A．result

B．mystery

C．magic

D．ability

5.

A．accounting for

B．thinking about

C．referring to

D．waiting for

6.

A．hardly

B．simply

C．nearly

D．instantly

7.

A．nowhere

B．somewhere

C．everywhere

D．anywhere

8.

A．faced

B．liked

C．missed

D．wished

9.

A．shabby

B．poor

C．expensive

D．comfortable

10.

A．condition

B．time

C．fit

D．mood

11.

A．get through

B．go through

C．pull over

D．come across

12.

A．sayings

B．words

C．pictures

D．works

13.

A．get

B．remember

C．seize

D．forget

14.

A．happy

B．curious

C．clear

D．upset

15.

A．snowy

B．rainy

C．windy

D．dry