1 . Which comes first, happiness or money? Are richer people happier ? And _________, how do people get richer? A recent study could tell you the answer.

The study_________ thousands of teenagers and found that those who felt better about life as young adults_________ to have higher incomes(收入) by the time they _________ 29. Those who were happiest earned an average of $8,000 more than those who were the most_________.

The researchers(研究者), from University College London and the University of Warwick, say that very   depressed(沮丧的) teens, no matter how tall or smart they were, earned 10% less than their peers(同龄人), _________ the happier ones earned _________ 30% more.

Happier teenagers have an easier time _________ school, college and the job interview, _________ because they always feel better about life. It may also be true that happier people find it easier to make friends, who are often the key to homework help or networking.

A report in June suggested that professional(职业的) respect(尊重) was more important than __________ in terms of workplace happiness. In August scientists announced(宣布) that they had found the __________ for happiness in women. Alas! The same gene(基因) doesn’t appear to have __________ effect on men. And in October researchers in the UK and in the US announced that people who eat seven portions(份) of fruit and vegetables a day report being the happiest.

If it is really true that happier kids __________ being wealthier (更富有) kids, is it necessary for parents to get their kids to do the homework? The fact is that no homework will make kids happy but surely hurt their grades(分数). Studies do show, __________, that more education __________ better-paid jobs, which may give us a deep thought.

1.

A．if not

B．if so

C．if any

D．if ever

2.

A．looked around

B．looked into

C．looked out

D．looked through

3.

A．apologised

B．acquired

C．attended

D．tended

4.

A．turned

B．grew

C．went

D．got

5.

A．powerful

B．confident

C．delighted

D．depressed

6.

A．while

B．when

C．as

D．though

7.

A．right now

B．up to

C．right away

D．down to

8.

A．getting off

B．getting through

C．getting out

D．getting on

9.

A．simply

B．just

C．chiefly

D．only

10.

A．jobs

B．dollars

C．friends

D．parents

11.

A．gene

B．brand

C．character

D．nature

12.

A．the best

B．the different

C．the same

D．the most

13.

A．come up

B．end up

C．take up

D．turn up

14.

A．first of all

B．for all

C．at all

D．after all

15.

A．exists in

B．contributes to

C．results from

D．relies on

2 . We all experience “oh crap” moments. Running into the person you canceled a date with — while you’re on another date. Realizing you hit “reply all”on an e-mail that you’d do anything to have back. Whatever the situation, the first thing you probably do is freak out. Everybody does.

While many of us think that we’re cool in a crisis, science tells us that we seldom are. At the moment we need to be keenly aware of our surroundings, our attention can tunnel in on the scariest thing in the scene, leaving us unaware of the other sights, sounds, and even smells around us. Armed robbers go unidentified because witnesses remember little more than the guns. Our ability to remember the things we do notice also becomes compromised; we can be told something, and two seconds later we’ll forget. And we jump to conclusions. When we’re freaked out, we’re anything but at our best.

These normal human reactions can be reversed. Once you calm down, you’ll face the most routinely ignored challenge of any crisis situation — identifying what the crisis is really about. We tend to misdiagnose problems because we don’t practice for them. Do the thinking ahead of time so you can just find the solution when it’s showtime. This is why flight attendants suggest you find the closest exit before you depart — so you don’t have to go exit shopping after the plane has caught fire or is sinking into a river.     

Performing in a crisis is becoming more important for all of us, for two reasons. Back in the good old days, the reliability of most anything we used or did was far less than it is today. Now think about what happens to our preparedness as the possibility of something bad happening shrinks. Unless we practice what hardly ever happens, our ability to respond when it does happen tends to slip away. Reliability can kill you. Also, the systems we use today are more complex. There are seldom moving parts in plain view that allow us to see when things are about to go wrong. When complex systems lack transparency (透明度,显而易见), serious situations can “come out of nowhere.” We should all learn to breathe, recognize the situation, and carry out the plan that we were smart enough to prepare well in advance.

1. What does the underlined phrase “freak out” mean?

A．Be at one’s best.	B．Calm down gradually.
C．Run away immediately.	D．Panic or be scared.

2. Why do armed robbers go unidentified?

A．Because the witnesses jump to conclusions.

B．Because the witnesses focus on their scariest thing.

C．Because the witnesses forget what they have been told.

D．Because the witnesses are keenly aware of the surroundings.

3. Why is it more important for us to perform in a crisis today?

A．Because of less reliability and less complexity.

B．Because of more reliability and more complexity.

C．Because of worse transparency and less preparedness.

D．Because of better transparency and more preparedness.

4. What would the passage suggest doing in case a fire breaks out?

A．Taking a deep breath and dialing 119.

B．Staying cool and ignoring the challenge.

C．Calming down and remembering the situation.

D．Performing escaping and rescuing beforehand.

3 . It’s late in the evening, time to close the book and turn off the computer. You’re done for the day. What you may not realize, however, is that the learning process actually continues in your dreams.

It might sound like science fiction, but researchers are increasingly focusing on the relationship between the knowledge and skills our brains absorb during the day and the often strange imaginings they generate at night. Scientists have found that dreaming about a task we’ve learned improves performance in that activity (suggesting that there’s some truth to the popular idea that we’re “getting” a foreign language once we begin dreaming in it). What’s more, dreaming may be an essential part of understanding, organizing and retaining what we learn.

While we sleep, research indicates, the brain replays the patterns of activity it experienced during waking hours, allowing us to enter what one psychologist calls a neural (神经的) virtual reality. A vivid example of such replay can be seen in a video researchers made recently about sleep disorders. They taught a series of dance moves to patients suffering from sleepwalking and related conditions. They then videotaped the subjects as they slept. Lying in bed, eyes closed, one female patient on the tape performs the dance moves she learned earlier.

This shows that while our bodies are at rest, our brains are drawing what’s important from the information and events we’ve recently encountered, then integrating that material into the vast store of what we already know. In a 2010 study, researchers reported that college students who dreamed about a computer maze (迷宫) task they had learned showed a 10-fold improvement in their ability to find their way through the maze compared with participants who did not dream about the task.

That study’s chief researcher Herbert Smith suggested that studying right before bedtime or taking a nap following a study session in the afternoon might increase the probability of dreaming about the material. Think about that as you go to sleep tonight.

1. What happens when one enters a dream state?

A．The body continues to act as if the sleeper were awake.

B．The neural activity of the brain will become intensified.

C．The brain once again experiences the learning activities of the day.

D．The brain behaves as if it were playing a virtual reality video game.

2. What does the brain do while we are sleeping?

A．It replaces old information with new material.

B．It processes and absorbs newly acquired information.

C．It regroups information and places it in different files.

D．It systematizes all the information collected during the day.

3. How can learning be enhanced according to Herbert Smith?

A．Staying up late before finally going to bed.

B．Having a period of sleep right after studying.

C．Having a dream about anything you are interested in.

D．Thinking about the chances of dreaming about the material.

4. What is the research discussed in the passage mainly about?

A．How study affects people’s dreams.

B．Why people learn more after sleeping.

C．What time students should study and sleep.

D．How dreaming may lead to improved learning outcomes.

4 . The way Jason Momoa describes Hawaii’s beloved inactive volcano, Mauna Kea, makes you understand why it’s considered sacred(神圣的).

"It’s kind of the umbilical cord(脐带) to earth," the actor tells CNN. "You know, if you think about the Hawaiian islands, that’s the biggest mountain in the world, right? All the way up. So Mauna Kea is the most sacred. We call it the belly button, too. That’s like our birthplace. That’s how our islands were formed. So how can that not be sacred?"

He would know. Jason, a native of Hawaii, has had a near-constant presence there when he’s not working, fighting with local protestors to stop the construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope, or TMT, which would drill directly into the mountain and invade its precious water supply. So far, protestors have successfully blocked the only road crews seeking to go up the mountain in order to build the billion-dollar observatory.

"It started in 2015. What’s happening over there was just not right," Jason says. "And I went over there to meet with everyone to bring the point to the world." Jason joins the protests when he can. He cared so deeply about the preservation of the land that when he had spare time to lend his support, he was there. "You also have to remember, that’s our water source. So having an 18-story building built on top of the tallest mountain from the sea level on our water level is terrible."

The Game of Thrones star says he feels the movement is working and describing his part in it as a calling to do what he feels right in his soul. "There’s massive progress that’s bringing our people together," he says, adding, "I think there are a lot of problems in Hawaii. There are a lot of things that have happened in our history, a lot of injustice, and so we’re shining a light on it. People like myself or Dwayne Johnson, Bruno Mars are trying to spread the concern all around the world. For my soul I need to be there."

1. Why is Mauna Kea sacred according to Jason?

A．It’s still growing upwards.	B．It looks like the belly button.
C．It’s the birthplace of Humans.	D．It brings the islands into being.

2. What does “It” refer to in Paragraph 4?

A．The project of building TMT.	B．The event of blocking the road crews.
C．The shooting of Game of Thrones.	D．The movement of preserving the land.

3. According to Jason,what’s the significance of their movement?

A．Bringing Hawaiian people together.	B．Witnessing the history of Hawaii.
C．Bringing Hawaii problems into focus.	D．Making Mauna Kea better-known.

4. In which section might the text be read?

A．Travel.	B．Celebrity.
C．Culture.	D．Technology.

5 .

It’s common knowledge that the woman in Leonardo da Vinci’s most famous painting seems to look back at observers, following them with her eyes no matter where they stand in the room. But this common knowledge turns out wrong.

A new study finds that the woman in the painting is actually looking out at an angle that’s 15. 4 degrees off to the observer’s right-well outside of the range that people normally believe when they think someone is looking right at them. In other words, said the study author, Horstmann, “She’s not looking at you. “ This is somewhat ironic, because the entire phenomenon of a person’s gaze (凝视) in a photograph or painting seeming to follow the viewer is called the “Mona Lisa effect” . That effect is absolutely real, Horstmann said. If a person is illustrated or photographed looking straight ahead, even people viewing the portrait from an angle will feel they are being looked at. As long as the angle of the person’s gaze is no more than about 5 degrees off to either side, the Mona Lisa effect occurs.

This is important for human interaction with on-screen characters. If you want someone off to the right side of a room to feel that a person on-screen is looking at him or her, you don’t cut the gaze of the character to that side-surprisingly, doing so would make an observer feel like the character isn’t looking at anyone in the room at all. Instead, you keep the gaze straight ahead.

Horstmann and his co-author were studying this effect for its application in the creation of artificial-intelligence avatars(虚拟头像) when Horstmann took a long look at the “Mona Lisa” and realized she wasn’t looking at him.

To make sure it wasn’t just him, the researchers asked 24 people to view images of the “Mona Lisa” on a computer screen. They set a ruler between the viewer and the screen and asked the participants to note which number on the ruler intersected(和……相交) Mona Lisa’s gaze. To calculate the angle of Mona Lisa’s gaze as she looked at the viewer, they moved the ruler farther from or closer to the screen during the study. Consistently, the researchers found, participants judged that the woman in the “Mona Lisa” portrait was not looking straight at them, but slightly off to their right.

So why do people repeat the belief that her eyes seem to follow the viewer? Horstmann isn’t sure. It’s possible, he said, that people have the desire to be looked at, so they think the woman is looking straight at them. Or maybe the people who first coined the term “Mona Lisa effect” just thought it was a cool name.

1. It is generally believed that the woman in the painting “Mona Lisa”___________.

A．attracts the viewers to look back

B．seems mysterious because of her eyes

C．fixes her eyes on the back of the viewers

D．looks at the viewers wherever they stand

2. What gaze range in a painting will cause the Mona Lisa effect?

A．

B．

C．

D．

3. The experiment involving 24 people was conducted to______.

A．confirm Horstmann’s belief

B．create artificial-intelligence avatars

C．calculate the angle of Mona Lisa’s gaze

D．explain how the Mona Lisa effect can be applied

4. What can we learn from the passage?

A．Horstmann thinks it’s cool to coin the term “Mona Lisa effect”.

B．The Mona Lisa effect contributes to the creation of artificial intelligence.

C．Feeling being gazed at by Mona Lisa may be caused by the desire for attention.

D．The position of the ruler in the experiment will influence the viewers’ judgement.

6 . Rishi Sharma, a young man, is living his life differently. When he was a kid, Sharma was __ by the men who __ World War II. They were lucky to __ bullets (子弹), finally returning home and living a simple life, which interested Sharma very much. Sharma watched many documentaries on WWII and became __ that some of these men were still alive and he could __ them.

One day, Sharma came across the information that Lyle Bouck, a WWII hero, was living quite near his home. __, Sharma looked up the __ and dialed. Soon after, he __ visiting military veterans (退伍军人) in nursing homes.

Since graduation from high school, Sharma has made it his __ to interview as many WWII veterans as he can. Because many of them are in their 80s and 90s, Sharma __ that he has just around 10 years before the veterans of the so-called greatest generation are gone. Therefore, he’s __ everything else in his life — college, dating and hunting a job — to __ himself to this cause.

For each veteran __, Sharma creates a DVD of their stories. These men are known for their stoicism (淡泊) and the __ to discuss what happened during the war. __, with frequent contact with the veterans, they’re finally __ to share their stories.

Sharma tried to meet at least one WWII veteran every day until the last of them __. In May 2016, Sharma founded Heroes of the Second World War, a non-profit organization aiming to __ the stories of WWII veterans. He also launched a GoFundMe page which has __ in more than $186,000 up to now. Sharma uses that money to pay for his travel and __ equipment. He hopes to collect as many stories as he can — for their sakes, and for ours.

1.

A．adopted

B．selected

C．attracted

D．trained

2.

A．looked into

B．ran into

C．commented on

D．fought in

3.

A．shoot

B．escape

C．load

D．remove

4.

A．aware

B．worried

C．shocked

D．grateful

5.

A．consult

B．encourage

C．visit

D．praise

6.

A．Eventually

B．Immediately

C．Suddenly

D．Naturally

7.

A．number

B．file

C．address

D．schedule

8.

A．imagined

B．considered

C．denied

D．began

9.

A．lesson

B．duty

C．profession

D．challenge

10.

A．argues

B．declares

C．hopes

D．figures

11.

A．putting off

B．searching for

C．giving away

D．preparing for

12.

A．introduce

B．refer

C．recommend

D．devote

13.

A．helped

B．admired

C．interviewed

D．appointed

14.

A．intention

B．curiosity

C．refusal

D．anxiety

15.

A．However

B．Therefore

C．Otherwise

D．Besides

16.

A．satisfied

B．willing

C．afraid

D．confident

17.

A．showed up

B．set off

C．got away

D．passed away

18.

A．sell

B．design

C．preserve

D．assess

19.

A．turned

B．brought

C．broken

D．taken

20.

A．video

B．office

C．research

D．computer

7 . One British school is finding that allowing children to listen to music or even to have the TV on while studying is helping improve grades.______ your teenager starts a family quarrel by sitting in an armchair listening to music while doing his homework, why not ______ a simple experiment? ______ taking the heavy handed(严厉的)line of ______ him to his bedroom to get on with it ______, let him do the homework the ______ he wants. You might well find that his essay is more sparkling than ______ he’s done before.

According to the research of Millfield preschool, around 20% of youngsters ______ best with background music, 10% excel(突出) when allowed to ______ their work with short walks around the room while up to 80% can concentrate ______ if allowed to fiddle(用手拨弄)with a small object.

The research has advised the school to adopt a complete ______ approach, analyzing pupils to discover which learning style _____ them best then letting them do their work listening to music or______ lying down.______ parents at first regarded the ______ as a layabout’s(懒散闲荡的人) deed but many are now applying it at______ where children are also allowed to do their work ______ the television on.

”I ______ to work on the floor with music on low,” admits Susan, 13, a day girl.”At first my parents thought I was skiving (逃避),but my ______ persuaded them to look at my homework and when they saw it was okay, they ______.”

1.

A．Then

B．Next time

C．Before long

D．In case

2.

A．take

B．allow

C．form

D．try

3.

A．Rather than

B．Except for

C．In place of

D．In spite of

4.

A．causing

B．advising

C．ordering

D．permitting

5.

A．quickly

B．carefully

C．quietly

D．attentively

6.

A．way

B．atmosphere

C．method

D．means

7.

A．everything

B．anything

C．nothing

D．something

8.

A．progress

B．relax

C．think

D．work

9.

A．break out

B．break down

C．break up

D．break in

10.

A．faster

B．better

C．deeper

D．worse

11.

A．new

B．special

C．common

D．interesting

12.

A．interests

B．affects

C．suits

D．improves

13.

A．still

B．perhaps

C．almost

D．even

14.

A．Puzzled

B．Doubtful

C．Angry

D．Unpleased

15.

A．move

B．suggestion

C．research

D．problem

16.

A．school

B．class

C．home

D．last

17.

A．while

B．when

C．as

D．with

18.

A．continue

B．hope

C．hate

D．prefer

19.

A．teacher

B．classmate

C．friend

D．neighbor

20.

A．refused

B．agreed

C．stopped

D．blamed

8 . The structure in organizations has changed. It has transformed from a boss to a leader being at the top and from method directing to cooperation, _______ how many of us have actually made this _______ within ourselves?

Let's not get personal about any person or connect this to any _______ organization. Consider the _______ pattern on a social media website such as LinkedIn. We often see good articles written by junior-level employees which _______ new enthusiasm and new perspectives, but how many senior-level _______ go and "Like" the article? Not _______read it, but actually "Like” it. More often than not, the answer is none. Leaders read such articles, but they _______ to press the "Like" button due to some fear!

A friend of mine, who holds the _______ of Director of Human Resources in a reputed organization, happened to mention an article that his team member had written. I casually enquired ________ the absence of a "Like" or comment from him. His answer really ________ me! He said: "You know what my ________ is? I cannot be commenting or liking his article in public!" Amazed by this behavior, I did my research on this pattern on a few social media platforms. Yes, people want to “Like" or comment on articles and photos that are published by people with a（n） ________ level and do so as well.

While we are ________ the "Like" button on a junior-level employee's one — year anniversary, we jump to be one in a few hundreds to offer ________ on a senior-level leader's one — year completion. However, I think our precious “Like" for the employee ________ a lot and encourages him, while, on the other hand, it is ________ many hundreds and is not ________ noticed by the leader.

Encourage new talents and ________ them. If we do not exhibit this socially, I am sure we will not ________ it in our job either.

1.

A．so

B．otherwise

C．yet

D．while

2.

A．organization

B．method

C．cooperation

D．transformation

3.

A．unusual

B．ordinary

C．common

D．particular

4.

A．behavioral

B．online

C．popular

D．personal

5.

A．oppose

B．contain

C．promote

D．lack

6.

A．leaders

B．writers

C．employers

D．readers

7.

A．precisely

B．barely

C．merely

D．thoroughly

8.

A．stop

B．hope

C．hesitate

D．regret

9.

A．name

B．title

C．faith

D．honor

10.

A．for lack of

B．on account of

C．in need of

D．with regard to

11.

A．confused

B．astonished

C．dissatisfied

D．annoyed

12.

A．team

B．level

C．habit

D．reputation

13.

A．superior

B．different

C．average

D．junior

14.

A．pressing

B．missing

C．skipping

D．considering

15.

A．congratulations

B．suggestions

C．opinions

D．remarks

16.

A．changes

B．requires

C．proves

D．means

17.

A．intended for

B．replaced by

C．judged by

D．buried in

18.

A．even

B．just

C．ever

D．still

19.

A．know

B．motivate

C．demand

D．observe

20.

A．represent

B．like

C．show

D．notice

9 . Children remain"bundles of joy" all over the world. We love their innocence and their need is our command. But have you ever been ______ to their healing （治愈）powers?

A good lady friend of mine, a school teacher, had _____ her beloved husband in a tragic car accident. She had been enjoying a _____ married life only for two and a half years when tragedy（悲剧）struck.

No one was able to ____ my friend. She stopped attending her school job, _____ to communicate with anyone and ____ instantly. As ____ we tried our best to bring her out of the dark and __ home but she refused stubbornly till her school principal, a _____ person visited her one day. He ____ her to get back to school and commented that the _____ of children would bring her peace of mind as nothing else could. Unwillingly, my friend started ____ school again, after nearly three or four months. I met her after a month and this is the time I was quite ______. Where was that depressed soul who I met last time? Here was my friend, back to her old self-happy, humorous and hill of ________ . When I asked her about the   ______of returning to where she belonged, she squarely put the ________ onto the children in the school with whom she spent a better part of her day.

This ________left a deep impression in my mind and I started to explore deeper into the _________of healing powers of children. My friend gave me many inputs to my study and she _______ that the more time you spend with people who are innocent, who give you unconditional love, the more joy and peace of mind you can get,   ______     during the troubled times.

1.

A．exposed

B．devoted

C．committed

D．attracted

2.

A．saved

B．missed

C．lost

D．deserted

3.

A．typical

B．happy

C．simple

D．hard

4.

A．stop

B．encourage

C．comfort

D．support

5.

A．refused

B．preferred

C．tended

D．liked

6.

A．whispered

B．complained

C．sang

D．cried

7.

A．colleagues

B．family

C．leaders

D．friends

8.

A．pleasing

B．depressing

C．disappointing

D．puzzling

9.

A．noble-minded

B．open-minded

C．warm-hearted

D．white-haired

10.

A．advised

B．begged

C．forced

D．allowed

11.

A．nature

B．attraction

C．crowd

D．company

12.

A．appreciating

B．attending

C．joining

D．helping

13.

A．surprised

B．satisfied

C．moved

D．encouraged

14.

A．curiosity

B．stress

C．life

D．sense

15.

A．consequence

B．purpose

C．course

D．secret

16.

A．honor

B．victory

C．credit

D．blame

17.

A．incident

B．phenomenon

C．accident

D．tragedy

18.

A．description

B．theory

C．conclusion

D．progress

19.

A．expected

B．realized

C．confirmed

D．suggested

20.

A．actually

B．naturally

C．commonly

D．especially

10 . Ecology is a complicated thing. Given the facts that elephant damage often kills trees and bush fires often kill trees, it would be________to assume that a combination of the two would make things worse. Contrary to this assumption, ________, as the recently-published research by Benjamin Wigley shows, if a tree has already been damaged, fire can________help to make things better.

One common way in which elephants harm trees is by stripping(剥) them of their bark(树皮). Dr Wigley, who did indeed start from the obvious________, set off to find out how much worse bush fires would make the effects of this bark stripping. To serve this purpose, he set up a study in the Kruger National Park. Since 1954, the Kruger has been the site of experiments in which plots of land have been burned________, to understand the effects of fire on plain ecology. In these experiments, Dr Wigley looked at trees in three different zones, in one of which, the trees were burned every year; in the second, they were burned every other year, while the third zone, by contrast, was actively________fire. To keep things consistent, he looked at the fate of the same tree species, the marula(马鲁拉树), in all three zones. He picked marulas because they are particular________of elephant activity. Their fruit are delicious, and prized by elephants and people alike. But elephants also seem to enjoy eating their bark. In July 2016 he and his colleagues identified 20 marulas in every zone and used special tools to________from each of them a circular section of bark 5 cm in diameter. Having imposed this damage, they________the wounds over the course of the following two years, to see what would happen. To their________, they discovered that the wounds of trees in fire zones recovered far better than those of trees that had seen no fires at all. Wounded trees in the annual burn zone re-grew 98% of their lost________during the two years of the study. Those living in the biennial(两年一次的) burn zone re-grew 92% of it. But those in the zone where fires were________re-grew only 72%.

The researchers also found something else when they were measuring the trees’ wounds: ants. Ten of the 20 trees in the fire-prevention zone developed ant colonies in their wounds. The ants in question were a species that is known to damage trees and is supposed to________tissue healing. By contrast, only five trees in the biennial burn zone and three in the annual zone developed ants’ nests in their wounds. It looks, therefore, as if bush fires are treating trees’ wounds by killing ants that might________colonize and damage them. Though such fires are surely harmful to healthy trees, it seems, in an example of two negatives making a positive, as if they are actually________to sick ones.

1.

A．difficult

B．reasonable

C．necessary

D．awful

2.

A．however

B．therefore

C．furthermore

D．somehow

3.

A．uniquely

B．barely

C．actually

D．merely

4.

A．phenomenon

B．evidence

C．imagination

D．assumption

5.

A．equally

B．regularly

C．severely

D．purposely

6.

A．burnt with

B．protected from

C．covered by

D．exposed to

7.

A．participants

B．partners

C．victims

D．friends

8.

A．mark

B．remove

C．hit

D．measure

9.

A．regulated

B．checked

C．healed

D．monitored

10.

A．disappointment

B．surprise

C．joy

D．relief

11.

A．vitality

B．height

C．bark

D．strength

12.

A．controlled

B．prevented

C．started

D．boosted

13.

A．disturb

B．promote

C．impact

D．quicken

14.

A．therefore

B．nevertheless

C．then

D．otherwise

15.

A．beneficial

B．unbelievable

C．effective

D．cruel