1 . Have you ever suddenly developed an appetite from a passing glance at a freeway billboard featuring a brightly colored cheeseburger, or decided to step into a candy or ice cream store displaying a window full of lively shades and hues (色调)of sweet treats? If so, you are in good company. Unless we are medically restricted or strictly dieting, we are not likely to resist inviting fare simply because we recognize the lack of nutritional value.
Devina Wadhera and Elizabeth D.Capaldi-Phillips in A Review of Visual Cues Associated with Food recognize the impact of sensory cues (信号)on food consumption and enjoyment, and the potential they have to promote healthy eating behavior. They cite previous research in providing some interesting examples of the visual impact of different color schemes (方案)on taste and food enjoyment. They note that pink food on a white plate was considered sweeter and more flavorful than the same food on a black plate. Apparently, we consume with more of our senses than we realize. So given the rainbow of colors around us when faced with so many appealing food choices, is there any way to control our appetite? Thankfully, some research says yes.
Oliver Genschow demonstrated that when it comes to eating less colors impact consumption. They specifically researched the effect of the color red. They found that people ate fewer pretzels when using a red plate, as opposed to white or blue, and drank less from a red cup than a blue cup. They suggest that the color red reduces food and drink intake by functioning as a stop signal.
But when it comes to healthy eating, instead of putting on a pair of sunglasses to block the inviting hues of food cues, consider the value of discipline. Healthy eating involves intentional choices, not mindless responses to sensory cues. And before you invest in many red tableware to slim down, remember that what goes onto those plates is much more important.
1. What may be a major reason for us to refuse eye-catching food?| A．The shortage of nutrition. | B．The rich color of fine foods. |
| C．The doctor’s instructions. | D．Advertisements everywhere. |
| A．Benefits of different color schemes. |
| B．Interesting examples of food service. |
| C．Potentials to promote food consumption. |
| D．Effects of sensory cues on eating behavior. |
| A．Follow the sensory response. | B．Make food choices sensibly. |
| C．Wear sunglasses to block colors. | D．Avoid colorful food intentionally. |
| A．How People can Control Their Appetite. |
| B．How People are Tricked by Color Schemes. |
| C．How Colors Impact Food Appeal and Appetite. |
| D．How Bright Colors Make Food More Appealing. |
2 . Contrary to “popular opinion”, the scientific pursuit for knowledge is not a predictable process. To make new discoveries, researchers need the freedom to be creative, fail, and learn by chance. This aspect is similar to art. This is why Wageningen scientists look to artists for inspiration and exchange ideas about how to increase creative freedom.
“Science and art are two different ways to make something understandable. They both provide a perspective on reality,” says Biochemistry Professor Dolf Weijers. “From the outside, the research process looks very formal and the artistic process looks somewhat messy. But the scientific process can also unfold in an unpredictable way.”
“Scientists can learn a lot from artists,” says Weijers. “Association and creativity are central to art. Those aspects require more attention in science as the creative process is the key of science.”
“As a scientist, you use different methods, but it is equally about how you visualize(可视化) your understanding of reality and the connections that there are. This is sometimes just as visual as art,” says Weijers. One example is a recent special project in which Weijers and his colleague Joris Sprakel, professor of Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, measured the forces that act on plant cells. A molecular(分子的)sensor was used to visualize the different forces. They showed the results in colorful images, each representing a different force.
What science and art also have in common is that they are topics of discussion in society. There are people who say that they do not value art and people who mistrust science. Weijers says, “It often creates the wrong impression because only the results of scientific studies are presented, and people do not have any insight into the process leading to discovery. As a scientist, you are doubted if you say that something is different a few years later. Then you are viewed as unreliable. But what is often poorly understood is that there are no final results in science. What we scientists can achieve in the coming period is to provide more chances for people to focus on the process. Personally, I think that the connection with art can help to lead the focus on the process than the result.”
1. What might be the “popular opinion” about the scientific discovery?| A．It is creative. | B．It can be accidental. |
| C．It allows failures. | D．It is predictable. |
| A．totally differs from the scientific one |
| B．normally looks formal and controlled |
| C．offers inspiration for scientific research |
| D．focuses on putting the messy in order |
| A．To prove that science can be visualized like art. |
| B．To stress that understanding science is difficult. |
| C．To show the value of his scientific achievements. |
| D．To tell obvious differences between science and art. |
| A．They have little to do with the discoveries. |
| B．Their process should be more open to people. |
| C．They always present unchanged final results. |
| D．Their focus is not the process but the result. |
3 . Courage is a highly admired virtue. When asked to describe courage, most people conjure up（脑中浮现）the image of an individual running into a burning building, or maybe a hero saving the world. But there's another form of bravery that's much more important because it comes up more often. It's called moral courage.
Moral courage is the ability that allows us to face our fears and to conquer our darkest fears. It's the ability to face the future without knowing what is certain. It's the ability to stand tall and confront those who oppose us, those who prevent us from realizing who we are and what we are. But most importantly, it's the ability to stand up for what's right, even though there are risks that stand in your way. Sara Anderson once said that “It takes great courage to faithfully follow what we know to be true.”
The potential of showing moral courage has the power of changing the world. It was because of the moral courage that Mahatma Gandhi was able to make India free from British rule. He fought bravely against them without the use of any weapon by presenting great moral courage. In this way, he also became a great example for the people of the whole world. It is not that we remember Gandhi because of his body or beauty. We remember him because of the great ideas and principles of his life.
Moral courage is essential not only for a noble life, but a happy one. Without moral courage, we have no control over our lives. Our fears destroy our spirit and make us trapped in depression. Mark Twain said, “Courage is not the absence of fear but the resistance of fear, the mastery of fear.” If our fears cause us to lose confidence in the power of virtue, we will lose something very precious.
People with moral courage rarely get medals, but it is the best marker of true character and a virtue others can be proud of. We must try to develop the power of moral courage that will surely help in ending injustice and wrong and grant us a better world.
1. What is the main function of paragraph 1?| A．To make a comparison. | B．To propose a definition. |
| C．To provide the background. | D．To introduce the subject. |
| A．Moral courage restricts great ideas and principles. |
| B．Moral courage makes people faithfully follow the truth. |
| C．Moral courage is essential for leading a happy life. |
| D．Moral courage can make a difference to the world. |
| A．Courage is a spirit to overcome the fear. | B．Courage is being brave without any fear. |
| C．Having a fear can limit our future lives. | D．Fear can stop us from achieving our goals. |
| A．To end injustice and wrong. | B．To strengthen moral courage. |
| C．To pursue excellent virtues. | D．To create a better world. |
4 . When romantic partners argue over things like finances, jealousy, or other interpersonal issues, they tend to employ their current feelings as fuel for a heated argument. But thinking about the future helps overcome relationship conflicts, according to a University of Waterloo study just published online in Social Psychological and Personality Science. Alex Huynh. a doctoral candidate in psychology is the lead author of the study, which he published with Igor Grossmann from the University of Waterloo, and Daniel Yang from Yale University.
Previous research has shown that third-perspective reasoning can be a positive strategy for reconciliation（调解）of interpersonal struggles. Huynh and his collaborators investigated whether similar benefit can be induced by simply thinking about the future. Study participants were instructed to reflect on a recent conflict with a romantic partner or a close friend. One group of participants were then asked to describe how they would feel about the conflict one year in the future, while another group was asked to describe how they feel in the present.
The team examined participants' written responses through a text-analysis program for their use of pronouns—such as I, me, she, he. These choices of pronouns were used to capture participants' focus on the feelings and behaviour of those involved in the conflict. Written responses were also examined for forgiveness and reinterpreting the conflict more positively, both of which implied the participants' use of reasoning strategies.
The team examined participants' written responses through a text-analysis program for their use of pronouns-such as I, me, she, he. These choices of pronouns were used to capture participants' focus on the feelings and behaviour of those involved in the conflict. Written responses were also examined for forgiveness and reinterpreting the conflict more positively, both of which implied the participants' use of reasoning strategies.
The researchers found that envisioning （展望）future relationship affected both participants' focus on their feelings and their reasoning strategies. As a result, participants reported more positivity about their relationship altogether, especially when study participants extended their thinking about the relationship a year into the future.
“Our study demonstrates that adopting a future-oriented perspective in the context of a relationship conflict-reflecting on how one might feel a year from now—may be a valuable coping tool for one's psychological happiness and relationship well-being,” said Huynh.
1. What do romantic partners do in face of most disagreements?| A．They lose faith in their future. | B．They look forward to a fierce conflict. |
| C．They focus on their present feelings. | D．They care more about financial problems. |
| A．Explained. | B．Caused. | C．Reduced. | D．Improved. |
| A．The reasoning strategies in participants' written responses were well worthy of note. |
| B．Study participants described their recent relationship with their romance partners or friends. |
| C．A text-analysis program was employed to examine participants' use of negative words. |
| D．All the study participants described how they felt both in the present and in the future. |
| A．You Have a Year to Solve Your Interpersonal Problems! |
| B．Beneficial Reasoning Is a positive Strategy for Reconciliation! |
| C．Your Current Feelings Are the Real Cause of Your Heated Arguments! |
| D．Thinking About Future Is Essential for Relationship Maintenance! |
5 . The “little voice in your head” can be your worst critic and greatest supporter. It’s been known to help with directions, give advice, and even remind you to put potatoes on the grocery list.
But does everyone have an inner monologue(独白)? For a long time, it was assumed that an inner voice was simply part of being human. But it turns out, that’s not the case—not everyone processes life in words and sentences.
“By inner monologue, we mean that we can have private speech that’s addressed to ourselves and that is carried out without any sound,” said Helene Loevenbruck, a senior neurolinguistics researcher at CNRS.
With true inner speech, you almost “hear” your inner voice, she told Live Science. You’re aware of its tone and intonation (语调). For example, the voice can “sound” angry or worried.
This long-held assumption was first challenged in the late 1990s by Russell Hurlburt, a psychologist at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Hurlburt studied participants’ inner speech by asking them to wear a beeper(传呼机). Whenever the device beeped, they had to write down what they were thinking or experiencing in their mind just before the sound.
Perhaps the participant wrote down, “I need to buy some bread.” He would then ask if that’s what they actually thought. “Or did you think ‘bread’? Or were you hungry?” Loevenbruck explained. After several meetings, participants got better at articulating (流利连贯地表达)their true thoughts, she said. Eventually, this method revealed that some people had inner speech every time the device beeped. But others had less inner speech than usual, and some didn’t have inner speech at all. They experienced images, sensations and emotions, but not a voice or words.
The lack of an inner monologue has been linked to a condition called aphantasia (心盲症)sometimes called “blindness of the mind’s eye.” People who experience aphantasia can’t mentally picture their bedroom or their mother’s face. Many times, those who don’t experience visualizations don’t experience clear inner speech, either, Loevenbruck noted.
1. What was previously assumed about the inner monologue?| A．It rarely existed in humans. | B．It could help solve all kinds of problems. |
| C．It was something everyone was born with. | D．It was mainly displayed in the form of writing. |
| A．It lacks tone and intonation. | B．It is delivered in public. |
| C．It can be heard by others. | D．It can convey emotions. |
| A．He used a beeper to note down participants’ inner speech. |
| B．He required participants to describe their grocery lists. |
| C．He checked participants’ notes and asked about their true thoughts. |
| D．He placed something in participants’ heads to record their inner speech. |
| A．They suffer serious brain damage. | B．They cannot distinguish what they see. |
| C．They misunderstand their true thoughts. | D．They fail to mentally picture what they see. |
6 . On January 1st, 2018, “gaming disorder” — in which games are played uncontrollably, despite causing harm — gained recognition from the World Health Organization (WHO). Last year, China, the world’s biggest gaming market, announced new rules limiting children to just a single hour of play a day. Clinics are appearing around the world, promising to cure patients of their habit.
Are games really addictive? Psychologists have different opinions. The case for the defence is that this is just another moral panic. Similar warnings have been given about television, rock’ n’ roll, jazz, comic books, and even novels. As the newest form of mass media, gaming is merely enduring (忍受) its own time before it finally stops being controversial.
However, some argue that unlike rock bands or novelists, games developers have both the motive and the means to engineer their products to make them addictive. For one thing, the business-model has changed. In the old days games were bought once and for all. But these days, games are free and money is earned from purchases of in-game goods, which ties playtime directly to developers’ income. For another, games makers combine psychological theory and data, which helps them maximize the playtime. Smartphones and modern video game machines use their permanent Internet connections to send gameplay data back to developers. That allows products to be constantly adjusted to increase spending on games.
The gaming industry should realize that, in the real world, it has a problem, and that problem is growing. Now that gaming addiction comes with an official WHO recognition, diagnoses (诊断) become more common. Clinics are already reporting booming business, as lockdowns have given gamers more time to spend with their hobby. And being put together in the public mind, fairly or not, with gambling will not do the industry any favours.
1. What is the function of Paragraph 1?| A．To arouse the readers’ interest about the topic. |
| B．To inform the readers of the harmful effects of games. |
| C．To discuss whether it is necessary to panic about games. |
| D．To show growing public concern about the problem of games. |
| A．To prove that the panic over games will fade away. |
| B．To show that they are as highly addictive as games. |
| C．To compare the differences among these media forms. |
| D．To argue that these media forms are not harmful at all. |
| A．They don’t charge players for in-game goods. |
| B．They adjust products based on received data. |
| C．They reward top players with more playtime. |
| D．They keep players’ video game machines updated. |
| A．offer a suggestion | B．make a prediction |
| C．give a warning | D．put forward a solution |
7 . EVEN when money is short, an occasional high-end experience is appealing. From luxury clothes to a round of golf, indulging not only makes people feel better, but may also enhance their status with their friends and relations. And for those without much status to start with, that seems to matter more. Researchers have long observed that people who have low incomes spend a bigger part of their earnings on things they observe as status-enhancing than do those with money in more abundance. However, work by Blaine Land is and Joe Glad stone of University College, London, suggests that this is not equally true of everyone. Differences in personality have a big effect on how people respond to poverty.
In their study, just published in Psychological Science, Dr Land is and Dr Gladstone analyse a year of data from more than 700 British bank accounts in 2014. They sort purchased into categories, ranging from high-status (foreign air travel, electronic goods and so on) to low-status (money spent at discount stones). They then correlate the results with those from personality tests taken by the account-holders.
Though neither group was exactly wasteful— spending on status-enhancing items amounted to only a few hundred pounds a year—the study found that outgoing people spent more of their income on luxury goods and services than did their introverted peers. Since past research shows that people who are outgoing care more about status than do those who are inward-looking that result is, perhaps, hardly surprising.
Dr Land is and Dr Glad stone also found, though, that the gap widened with poverty. Extroverts with an annual income of £10,850 ($17,780; the 25th percent of British individual in comes in 2014), spent approximately 65 % more on high-status goods than similarly paid introvert did. At the 75th percent, £28, 470, they spent only 14 % more. This suggests how keenly outgoing people feel about keeping up appearances.
Dr Land believes such information is relevant to policymakers, who may be trying to design one-size-fits-all approaches to helping people on low incomes manage their money. He suggests that an approach which takes account of people’s personalities might be more effective. Possibly that is true. But it is hard to picture the average person, however outgoing, allowing a government inspector to measure his or her level of being outgoing.
1. Low-income people invest luxury goods and services with the purpose of ________| A．making their friends and relations better | B．promoting their social status among others |
| C．boosting personal finance when money is short | D．indulging themselves during the economic recession |
| A．all people of lower status | B．people with abundant wealth |
| C．high-status people who are outgoing | D．Outgoing people starting with lower status |
| A．high-status and wealthy | B．indulging and generous |
| C．quiet and inward-looking | D．keen and enthusiastic |
| A．Opposing. | B．Indifferent. | C．Positive. | D．Objective |
8 . The idea of low material desire, low consumption and refusing to work, marry and havechildren, concluded as a“lying down”lifestyle, recently struck a chord with many young Chinese who are eager to take pause to breathe in this fast-paced and highly-competitive society.
Many millennials(千禧一代)and generation Zs complained to the Global Times that burdens, including work stress, family disputes and financial pressure, have pushed them“against the wall”. They said they hate the“involution(内卷)”, joking that they would rather give up some of what they have than get trapped in an endless competition against peers.
“Instead of always following the’virtues’of struggle, endure and sacrifice to bear thestresses, they prefer a temporary lying down as catharsis(宣泄)and adjustment,”said ascholar. “It is no wonder that some young people, under the growing pressures from child-raising to house costs today, would try to live in a simple way and leave the worries behind.”
Interestingly, the majority of millennials and Gen Zs reached by the Global Times, whoclaim to be big fans of the lying down philosophy, admitted that they only accept a temporarylying down as a short rest. It is true that with the great improvement of living conditions, some Chinese youths have partially lost the spirit of hardship and are not willing to bear toomuch hard work. But in fact, lying down is not entirely comfortable. Young people who liedown always feel guilty about their constant loss of confidence in pursuing the dreams beyondtheir reach.
“Young people on campus have both aspirations and confusion about their future, butmost of us have refused to set ourselves up in chains to waste opportunities and challenges,”apostgraduate student told the Global Times. “It’s no use running away. I have to ‘stand up’and face the reality sooner or later.”
1. What might have caused the“lying down”lifestyle among the young?| A．Growing pressure from family and social life. |
| B．Improvements in living conditions. |
| C．Increasing material possessions from families. |
| D．Temporary adjustment to failure in competitions. |
| A．Discussion. | B．Argument. | C．Meeting. | D．Agreement. |
| A．Understanding. | B．Objective. | C．Supportive. | D．Unclear. |
| A．They would rather escape than take challenges. |
| B．They really enjoy the“lying down”lifestyle. |
| C．They find their dreams far beyond their reach. |
| D．They never really drop their responsibilities. |
9 . It seems like giant pandas might not be the best at hide-and-seek. With their noticeable black and white coats, they would appear to have a hard time blending (融合) into so many environments. But a new study finds that the symbolic markings help them disappear into their surroundings.
For their study, researchers analysed photos of giant pandas in their natural habitat. They found that the animals are good at visually (视觉上地) hiding in their environments because they use habitats with dark and lighting conditions, and also snow during some of the year.
They found that the black fur blends mainly into shade and dark tree trunks (树干). But it also matches the ground, rocks, and leaves. The white fur matches snow, rocks, and bright leaves. Sometimes pandas also have pale brown fur that blends into rocks, ground, leaves, and shady background areas.
As a last step, the researchers used a color map technique to compare how giant pandas resemble their background with other species that are considered able to visually hide in their environments. They found that pandas fell in the middle of this list.
It might seem a bit confusing because giant pandas are very easy to discover at a zoo. But the viewer and environment make a difference. “We modeled their coloration through predators’(捕食者的) eyes as well as how humans see them so we are sure of the results,“ study author Tim Caro of the University of Bristol says. ”It seems that giant pandas appear eye-catching to us because of short viewing distances and specific backgrounds: when we see them, either in photographs or at the zoo, it is almost always from close up, and often against a background that doesn’t reflect their natural habitat,“ says author Nick Scott—Samuel of the University of Bristol.
1. What did the researchers find out about giant pandas?| A．Their coloring helps them hide in nature. |
| B．They are well protected in nature reserves. |
| C．They can always find their favourite surroundings. |
| D．They have difficulty adapting to new environments. |
| A．Pandas take cover in trees. | B．Brown pandas are very unique. |
| C．There’re many types of giant pandas. | D．Different colors serve different functions. |
| A．Stay in. | B．Look like. | C．Come from. | D．Get familiar with. |
| A．To tell us the importance of pandas’ living in natural habitats. |
| B．To show the living conditions of giant pandas in a zoo. |
| C．To give a further explanation to clear people’s doubts. |
| D．To list people’s different points of view on their study. |
10 . Despite the fact that there were a lot of great Hong Kong movies and singers in the 1990s, Hong Kong has been called a cultural desert for quite a long time.
But since the handover, the situation has changed. Currently known as one of the world’s top international financial centers, Hong Kong also wants to achieve the status of a global art center.
Galleries from the Chinese mainland began to come to Hong Kong in 2008. After three years, international galleries also set their sights on Hong Kong. Within three months, 10 international galleries opened locations.
After Art Basel, an international art fair, launched in Hong Kong in 2013, the region became one of the three global art markets, after New York and London. The Hong Kong Tourism Board seized the opportunity to make art the region’s new cultural and tourism product. “Art March” became a regular art festival along with Art Basel and Art Central, an event showcasing talent from innovative galleries.
In just 25 years, commercial art in Hong Kong has seen a lot of development. The number of galleries has increased from 10 to hundreds. Famous auction（拍卖）houses have also set up offices in Hong Kong, all of which represent Hong Kong’s flourishing art trade.
In the past couple of years, Hong Kong’s museums and art galleries have sprung up like mushrooms after rain.
In 2021, Hong Kong’s new landmark cultural and art project - the M+ Museum - officially opened. It has received positive feedback from people in Hong Kong. It is the world’s largest museum dedicated to modern visual art from Asia.
What’s more, in July this year, the Hong Kong Palace Museum will also be completed. With a new curatorial （策展）approach of presenting both global and local perspectives, it will promote the public’s appreciation for Chinese art and culture.
1. What opportunity did the Hong Kong Tourism Board seize to promote art?| A．The launch of Art March as an art festival. |
| B．The increased value of artworks auctioned. |
| C．The flourishing art market in Hong Kong in 2010s. |
| D．The Chinese mainland opening galleries in Hong Kong. |
| A．It officially opened in 2021. |
| B．It is the largest museum of its kind in Asia. |
| C．It received local and global positive feedback. |
| D．It aims to boost people’s love for Chinese art and culture. |
| A．The benefits art has brought to Hong Kong. |
| B．Hong Kong’s famous cultural and art projects. |
| C．The fast development of art in Hong Kong. |
| D．The factors that make Hong Kong a global art center. |
| A．City Development | B．Sports Express | C．Education of Arts | D．Science & Technology |
