1 . NASA will crash a spacecraft into an asteroid (小行星) to try to change its orbit, attempting to prevent humans going the same way as the dinosaurs.
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Earth is constantly being disturbed by small pieces of debris (碎片), but they usually burn up or break up long before they hit the ground. Once in a while, however, something large enough to do significant damage makes impact. About 66 million years ago, one such crash is thought to have wiped out the dinosaurs. Someday, something similar could end human beings—unless we can find a way to tackle it.
NASA’s Double Asteroid Redirection Test (Dart) mission is the first attempt to test if such asteroid redirection is a realistic strategy: investigating whether a spacecraft can autonomously reach a target asteroid and intentionally crash into it, as well as measuring the amount of redirection. “If it works, it would be a big deal, because it would prove that we have the technical capability of protecting ourselves,” said Jay Tate, the director of the National Near Earth Object Information Center.
The 610kg Dart spacecraft is scheduled to be launched at the target—the Didymos system—a harmless pair of asteroids consisting of a 163-metre “moonlet” asteroid called Dimorphos that orbits a larger 780-metre asteroid called Didymos (Greek for “twin”). The plan is to crash the spacecraft into Dimorphos when the asteroid system is at its closest to Earth—about 6.8 million miles away.
About 10 days before impact, a miniaturized satellite called LiciaCube will separate from the main spacecraft, enabling images of the impact to be relayed back to Earth. Combined with observations from ground-based telescopes, and an onboard camera that will record the final moments before the crash, these recordings will enable scientists to calculate the degree to which the impact has changed Dimorphos’s orbit. The expectation is that it will change the speed of the smaller asteroid by approximately 1% and reduce its orbit around the larger asteroid.
Then, in November 2024, the European Space Agency’s Hera spacecraft will visit the Didymos system and conduct a further close-up analysis of the consequences of this snooker (斯诺克) game, recording details such as the precise makeup and internal structure of Dimorphos, and the size and shape of the hole left by Dart. Such details are vital for transforming asteroid redirection into a repeatable technique.
Even then, it is impossible that any single redirection strategy would be enough. “The problem is that no two asteroids or comets are alike, and how you redirect one depends on a huge number of variables. There is no silver bullet in this game. What you need is a whole folder of different redirection methods for different types of targets,” said Tate.
So, while this may be one small step towards planetary protection, many more are likely to be necessary to avoid destruction.
1. What is the purpose of Paragraph 2?A.To explain the necessity of launching a spacecraft. |
B.To examine the impact of dinosaurs’ extinction. |
C.To highlight the crisis threatening human beings at present. |
D.To show the damage caused by small pieces of debris. |
A.![]() | B.![]() |
C.![]() | D.![]() |
A.Helping the satellite separate from the spacecraft. |
B.Recording the scientists’ ground-based observations. |
C.Sending impact data back to Earth. |
D.Calculating the length of Dimorphos’s orbit. |
A.There is no possibility to satisfy NASA’s needs. |
B.There is no challenge too big to overcome. |
C.There is no strategy to help make an obvious decision. |
D.There is no single solution to the complex problem. |
2 . On Wednesday, two things happened. In Syria, 80 people were killed by government airstrikes. Meanwhile, in Florida, Elon Musk’s SpaceX successfully launched and fired a sports car into space. Guess which story has dominated mainstream news sites?
The launch of Musk’s Falcon Heavy rocket, the most powerful ever launched by a private company, went off successfully. Musk sent his cherry-red Tesla roadster running toward Mars, launching “a new space age”. The event attracted phenomenal publicity and made the rocket launch a masterstroke of advertising for Tesla.
Meanwhile, in Syria, where hundreds of thousands of refugees(难民) may be forced to return to unsafe homes, a UN human rights coordinator for Syria said despondently(沮丧地) that he was no longer sure why he bothers to videotape the effects of bombing, since nobody ever pays attention. He wondered what level of violence it would take to make the world care.
There is, perhaps, no better way to appreciate the tragedy of 21st-century global inequality than by watching a billionaire spend $90m launching a $100,000 car into space.
Musk said he wanted to participate in a space race because “races are exciting” and that while strapping his car to a rocket may be “silly and fun … silly and fun things are important”. Thus, anyone who mentions the huge waste the project involves, or the various social uses to which these resources could be put, can be dismissed as a killjoy.
But one doesn’t have to hate fun to question the justification for pursuing a costly new space race at exactly this moment. If we examine the situation honestly, it becomes hard to defend a project like this.
A mission to Mars does indeed sound exciting, but it’s important to have our priorities straight. First, perhaps we could make it so that a child no longer dies of malaria every two minutes. Or we could try to address the level of poverty in Alabama which has become so extreme that the UN investigator did not believe it could occur in a first-world country. Perhaps when violence, poverty and disease are solved, then we can head for the stars.
Many might think that what Elon Musk chooses to do with his billions is Elon Musk’s business alone. If he wanted to spend all his money on medicine for children, that would be nice, but if he’d like to spend it making big explosions and sending his convertible on a million-mile space voyage, that’s his right.
But Musk is only rich enough to afford these money-consuming projects because we have allowed social inequalities to arise in the first place. If wealth were actually distributed fairly in this country, nobody would be in a position to fund his own private space program.
Elon Musk is right: silly and fun things are important. But some of them are an indefensible waste of resources. While there are still humanitarian crises such as that in Syria, nobody can justify vast spending on rocketry experiments.
1. Why does the writer mention the two pieces of news at the beginning of the passage?A.To illustrate the inequality of wealth distribution and the consequent inequality of attention distribution. |
B.To highlight the significance of SpaceX’s successful launch of a rocket and a car into space. |
C.To appeal to the government for more attention to the air strikes and refugee crisis in Syria. |
D.To find out which news dominated the mainstream news sites. |
A.Because nobody appreciated his work and all the efforts he made. |
B.Because the violence in Syria is not serious enough to make the world care. |
C.Because however hard he tried, nobody seemed to care about the situation in Syria. |
D.Because he had great difficulty videotaping the effects of bombing. |
A.The space project of SpaceX cost the government too much money. |
B.It kills the fun to question the justification of the pursuit of space programs. |
C.Space programs are a waste of money that cannot be justified. |
D.Addressing problems of violence, poverty and diseases should be our top priority. |
A.We should pay equal attention to space projects and solving social problems. |
B.No private companies should be allowed to spend money in rocketry experiments. |
C.The money and resources used in space projects could have been used to deal with various social problems. |
D.Elon Musk should be blamed for misleading the public. |
3 . We live in an age when all scientific knowledge — from the safety of vaccines (疫苗) to the reality of climate change — faces organized and often angry opposition. Doubters have declared war on the consensus (共识) of experts. It seems that people have turned argumentative overnight.
In a sense, all this is not surprising. Our lives are affected by science and technology as never before. The world seems full of real and imaginary dangers. Though scientists agree that the Ebola virus is spread only by direct contact with blood or body fluids (液体), if you type “airborne Ebola” into an Internet search engine, you’ll find that some people believe that this virus has almost supernatural powers.
In this often confusing world, we need to rely on science to decide whether what we choose to believe has a basis in the laws of nature or not. But science doesn’t come naturally to most of us. Science has often led us to truths that are really mind-blowing. For example, although the roundness of the Earth has been known for thousands of years, some still feel it hard to accept.
Even when people become scientifically educated, most of them still try to make sense of the world by relying on personal experience, stories or emotions rather than statistics. When they hear a number of cancer cases in a town with a dangerous waste dump (垃圾场), they believe pollution caused the cancers. Yet two things happening together doesn’t mean one caused the other. Even when they turn to the Internet, they let in only the information they agree with to strengthen beliefs that have already been shaped by their worldview.
How can scientists convince doubters? Throwing more facts at people may not be enough. More efforts are supposed to be made.
1. What’s the text mainly about?A.How people view the world. | B.What challenges science faces. |
C.Whether science is worth respect. | D.Why people show disbelief in science. |
A.Unbelievable. | B.Desirable. | C.Dangerous. | D.Obvious. |
A.They apply logical thinking. |
B.They stick to their own beliefs. |
C.They form the views on assumptions. |
D.They rely on the information on the Internet. |
A.Through comparison. | B.Through quotation. |
C.By giving examples. | D.By making definitions. |
4 . Earth is lighted up by bioluminescence(生物发光)but,for many of us,seeing the natural phenomenon is a rare treat:Catching the glow(光)of a firefly or witnessing a dolphin swimming through electric blue waters is a thrill.
Researchers are currently engineering glowing flowers and decorative plants that can cast a green light onto our living rooms. Observing plant’s health via its glow can be a way to instantly measure its health,and the side effect is anybody who wants a healthy glowing plant in their living room can have one.
A study published on Monday in Nature Biotechnology shows that this goal is well on its way to being a reality. The study authors announce they’ve created a method that causes plants to glow much brighter,and for a longer period of time,than previous efforts.Plants adapted by this method should be available for purchase within a few years.
The research was conducted through a teamwork between three scientific institutions and Plant,a biotech startup in Moscow.When this team examined a poisonous mushroom,they discovered that caffeic acid is responsible for its bioluminescence. In this new study, the team employed that information and inserted(嵌入)enzymes(酶) —which are specific to the mushroom —into the DNA of tobacco plants.In turn,the enzymes were able to interact with the caffeic acid in the tobacco plants,and cause them to glow both in the dark and in the daylight.
This method,the scientists claimed,made the plants 10 times brighter than previous efforts and the continuous light production didn’t harm the health of the plants. Interestingly, the light decreased as the leaves aged—but it also increased when the leaves were damaged. In turn, the team suggested this method could also help other researchers monitor plant responses to various pressures and changes in the environment. If a plant is short of water or a hungry sheep is harming a plant,bioluminescence could warn of this damage before it’s too late.
1. How can people quickly identify a decorative flower’s health condition?A.By monitoring its glow. | B.By making it greener. |
C.By testing the chemicals in it. | D.By putting it in the living room. |
A.They may take the place of lamps. | B.They will appear on the market. |
C.They can light up a whole living room. | D.They glow less bright than previous efforts. |
A.They inserted caffeic acid into it. | B.They made it give out brighter light. |
C.They grew it on the tobacco plants farm. | D.They put its enzymes into the tobacco plants. |
A.Warning of potential damage from glowing plants. |
B.Increasing light when glowing plants receive damage. |
C.Effects of continuous light production on the glowing plants. |
D.Benefits of combining specific enzymes with caffeic acid in plants. |
5 . It’s a struggle to learn a second language at any age. Now, in a new study, scientist have found out the exact age after which your chances of reaching fluency in a second language seem to plummet: 10.
The study published in the journal Cognition, found that it’s “nearly impossible” for language learners to reach native-level fluency if they start learning a second language after age 10. “It turns out you’re still learning fast,” says study co-author Joshua Hartshorne. “It’s just that you run out of time, because your ability to learn starts dropping at around 17 or 18 years old,” People who start a few years after age 10 may still become quite good at a language, the authors say, but they are unlikely to become fluent.
Kids may be better than adults at learning new languages for sound reasons. Children’s brains are more plastic than those of adults, meaning they’re better able to adapt and respond to new information. Kids may also be more willing to try new things than adults are. Their comparatively new understanding of their native language may also be advantageous.
These findings may seem discouraging, but it was inspiring for scientists to learn that the key period for fluent language learning might be longer than previously thought. Some scientists believed that the window begins to close shortly after birth, while others made it longer to very early childhood. Compared with those judgments, age 17 or 18—when language learning ability starts to drop off—seems relatively old.
For this study, the researchers created an online test promising to guess people’s native language and home country based on their responses to English grammar questions. Almost 670,000 people took it, giving the researchers huge amounts of data from English speakers of many ages and backgrounds. Examining the responses and grammar mistakes allowed them to made unusually exact judgments about language learning.
1. What does the underlined word “plummet” in paragraph 1 mean?A.Appear gradually. | B.Increase greatly. |
C.Double suddenly. | D.Drop sharply. |
A.Adults’ learning ability can boost their second language. |
B.All these new findings are quite discouraging for scientists. |
C.Children are at an advantage in acquiring a new language. |
D.People have different key periods for mastering a language. |
A.The process of the study. | B.The findings of the study. |
C.The subject of the study. | D.The purpose of the study. |
A.Never Too Early to Learn New Languages |
B.Better to Learn a New Language Before Age 10 |
C.Never Say Die When Learning a New Language |
D.Best Ways to Improve the Second Language Fluency |
6 . Wildlife populations around the world are facing dramatic declines, according to new figures that have led environmental campaigners to call for urgent action to rescue the natural world. The 2022 Living Planet Index (LPI), produced by the Zoological Society of London (ZSL), reveals that studied populations of mammals, birds, reptiles (爬行动物) and fish have seen an average decline of 69 per cent since 1970, faster than previous predictions. The LPI tracked global biodiversity between 1970 and 2018, based on the monitoring of 31,821 populations of 5230 vertebrate (脊椎动物) species. Mark Wright of WWF says the degree of decline is destructive and continues to worsen. “We are not seeing any really positive signs that we are beginning to bend the curve of nature,” he says.
Freshwater vertebrates have been among the hardest-hit populations, with monitored populations showing an average decline of 83 per cent since 1970. The Amazon pink river dolphin, for example, has experienced a 65 per cent decline in its population between 1994 and 2016. Meanwhile, some of the most biodiverse regions of the world are seeing the steepest falls in wildlife, with the Caribbean and central and south America seeing average wildlife population declined by 94 per cent since 1970. Habitat loss and reduction is the largest driver of wildlife loss in all regions around the world, followed by species overexploitation by hunting, fishing or poaching (偷猎).
In December, governments from around the world will gather in Montreal, Canada, for the COP15 Biodiversity Framework, a much-delayed summit that aims to agree on a set of new targets intended to prevent the loss of animals, plants and habitats globally by 2030. “This is a once-in-a-decade opportunity that’s coming up,” says Robin Freeman of ZSL. He says it is vital that governments use the summit to agree on “meaningful, well measurable targets and goals”. “We need governments to take action to ensure that those goals deal with the complicated combined threats of climate change and biodiversity, in order for us to see a meaningful action,” says Freeman. But some researchers are critical of the LPI’s use of a headline figure of decline, warning it is easy to be misunderstood.
The findings don’t mean all species or populations worldwide are in decline. In fact, approximately half the populations show a stable or increasing trend, and half show a declining trend. “I think a more appropriate and useful way to look at it is to focus on specific species or populations,” says Hannah Ritchie at Our World in Data. But Wright says the LPI is a useful tool that reflects the findings of other biodiversity indicators. “All of those show they all scream there is something going really very badly wrong,” says Wright.
1. What does the underlined phrase in the first paragraph mean?A.Loving and protecting nature. | B.Preserving the diversity of nature. |
C.Underestimating the benefits of nature. | D.Destroying and changing nature. |
A.the number of Amazon dolphins is on the rise |
B.freshwater vertebrates are at risk of extinction |
C.there are no positive measures to protect nature |
D.some of the world’s wild animals are in decline |
A.It makes sense to focus on a particular species. |
B.Preventing the loss of habitats by 2030 is certain to happen. |
C.New agreement on the prevention of habitat loss will be in vain. |
D.The Caribbean wildlife has been well protected in recent decades. |
A.The COP15 Biodiversity Framework |
B.Wildlife Population Declining Sharply |
C.Urgent Action to Save the Earth |
D.Correct Interpretation of LPI |
7 . I walked along the sidewalk that borders the west side of Central Park this morning, wondering at its shape: Hexagonal(六边形的) paving stones underneath my feet were bordered by brickwork, with a tidy stone wall running alongside. Just past the wall lay the park itself, where delicate branches of leafless trees reached to the blue sky, and sparrows emerged from trees.
The contrast between the straight-lined, orderly, man-made sidewalk and the complex diversity of nature just beyond its border made me think about the differences between natural creation and man’s creation.
The world holds many examples of circles: the moon, grapes, drops of water and the center of flowers. Triangles(三角形) are readily evident, too. There are kitty cat noses and ears, mountain peaks and river deltas.
But what about the most common shape in the man-made world, the rectangle(矩形)? I searched my brain for natural equals. Though I thought and thought, I came up with only two: teeth and salt crystals. That surprised me. Do we prefer rectangles simply because it’s easier to plan and build with blocks and straight lines? Or does it have something to do with the idea that humans tend to assume life is supposed to be linear? I don’t know.
There are bent lines everywhere. As I look at the beauty of, a tree in winter, with its branches reaching skyward in a seemingly untidy but obviously planned pattern, I can apprehend something of what that means.
Our world isn’t always tidy and predictable in the way that I want it to be. There are twists and turns in my life that I can’t foresee or predict. That doesn’t mean branching off in unexpected directions is bad or wrong. It means that when I find myself in each new place, I need to continue growing and reaching upward.
1. How did the author feel about the sidewalk’s shape?A.disappointed. | B.surprised. | C.worried. | D.pleased. |
A.negative. | B.cautious. | C.unconcerned. | D.objective. |
A.create. | B.imagine. | C.understand. | D.arrange. |
A.People should live in a complex world. |
B.Triangles are the most common in nature. |
C.Natural creation and man’s creation should be balanced. |
D.We should move forward in the face of uncertainties. |
8 . Rescarchers in the US treated healthy mice with a form of gene therapy that refreshed older cells, making the animals more youthful according to biological markers that are used to measure the effects of ageing. Repeating the trick in humans is far from straightforward, but the findings will fuel interest in new therapiesthat aim to slow or reverse theageing process as a means of tackling age-related diseases such as cancers and Alzheimer’s.
The scientists drew on previous work by the Japanese Nobel winner Prof Shinya Yamanaka, who showed that a mixture of four molecules(原子)—known as Yamanaka factors—can turn adult cells into youthful stem cells that are capable of forming almost any tissue (组织) in the body.
Writing in the journal Nature Aging,the US team led by Jasper and Prof Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte at the Salk Institute in California and the San Diego Altos Institute, found that mice who received Yamanaka factors for several months were similar to younger animals in many ways, with their skin in particular showing signs of rejuvenation(恢复青春).
The experiments showed that rejuvenation was more effective when the therapy was given for a long time—7 to 10 months—starting when the animals were 12 to 15 months old, equal to age 35 to 50 in humans. Whén older animals, equal to 80 years old in human terms, were treated for one month, the scientists saw little impact.
Rather than using Yamanaka factors to rejuvenate aged humans, many scientists suspect that new drugs will be needed to partially reprogram cells safely and effectively. “In theory, biological age reversal or reduction could be possible. However, we are at very early stages where we need to understand the basic science behind it much better,” said Dr.Tamir Chandra, an expert in the biology of ageing at the University of Edinburgh.
1. Which of the following best describes the findings of the research?A.Suspicious. |
B.Tricky. |
C.Amusing. |
D.Inspiring. |
A.They are made up of three molecules. |
B.They can probably rejuvenate mice’s skin. |
C.They were first found by a Japanese scientist. |
D.They can become a part of mice’s body tissue. |
A.The therapy given for a long time works better. |
B.Humans may have better outcomes than animals. |
C.The rejuvenation is more effective for people aged 12 to 15. |
D.Older animals can live longer with the help of the treatment. |
A.The researches are far from complete. |
B.The process of growing old cannot be stopped. |
C.The basic rule behind rejuvenation is fully understood. |
D.The new drug has been put into use safely and effectively. |
9 . Liao Wentao, a pet undertaker, put the body of 2-year-old Garfield on a small bed surrounded by flowers. Then he let the cat’s owner say a last goodbye before cremation (火化). “We send off 400 to 500 pets each year, and there’s a great demand for pet funerals,” he told China News.
Keeping pets has become a trend for young people in China and people are more than willing to pay for whatever their pets need. From 2019 to 2021, China’s pet market grew by almost 18% and hit 348.8billion yuan in value in 2021, according to a report by Research Consulting Group.
As the pet economy develops, animal lovers’ various needs have boosted the emergence and development of related businesses such as bathing, pet food, pet beauty and healthcare.
In addition to basic services, pet owners are increasingly paying for many new services, such as training, pet funerals, insurance, photography and entertainment. The growing pet market has also given birth to a large number of new pet-related jobs, noted CCTV News.
Liu Wei, 33, is a famous pet detective in Shanghai. He and his team work on finding families’ lost pets. “We have successfully helped find more than 1,000 pets. Besides cats and dogs, there are other pets like birds, lizards and hamsters,” Liu said. “In many big cities, cats and dogs have become an important part of many families and are taken good care of. So what we look for are not just pets, but family members.”
Apart from pet undertakers and detectives, some people work as pet food testers, pet sitters and pet trainers. According to Tu Di, secretary—general of the Hunan Pet Industry Association, the booming pet market shows people’s improved living standards.
However, there are also problems with the industry, for example, the high fees of taking pets to the vet (兽医). Many pet owners have called for stricter pricing regulations for pet medical services, reported Global Times.
1. Why is Liao’s story mentioned in the first paragraph?A.To introduce the topic. | B.To teach readers a lesson. |
C.To sum up the main idea. | D.To involve readers in a story. |
A.By introducing an argument. | B.By telling some true stories. |
C.By giving numbers and examples. | D.By focusing on basic pet—related services. |
A.Negative. | B.Positive. | C.Doubtful. | D.Indifferent. |
A.The low quality of services. | B.The rapid growth of the industry. |
C.The lack of related regulations. | D.The various needs of animal lovers. |
10 . Have you ever considered trading your everyday routine for a different experience and ever a new uniform? Although the world has nearly changed overnight, new opportunities have risen in light of the pandemic. Everyday heroes have appeared and adopted the ways in which they can use their skills and newfound time to help others.
One such hero who has made a career switch is Peter Login from Horsham, England. While previously he worked on a plane as a pilot, he has now taken on his new role as a Tesco supermarket delivery truck driver, bringing food to those who need it most. For many of the customers who live alone, Login is bringing them not only the essentials (必需品) to survive but also something even more important—hope.
In Italy, an experienced driver has also taken to the streets to lend a helping hand during these troubling times. F1 Ferrari team boss, Maurizio Arrivabene, is now transporting sick Italians to the hospital as an ambulance driver. From a racer enjoying the excitement of a race track to becoming an essential part of Italy’s rescue team, Arrivabene didn’t waste a minute putting his stellar driving experience to good use.
Over in Edmonton, Canada, instead of showing off kitchens to potential buyers, house agent Jordan Zabloski is now busy baking hundreds of bread in the kitchen of The Mustard Seed, which supports Western Canada’s homeless population. Zabloski thoughtfully states that there are always some ways to volunteer or help out.
These incredible workers are only three out of thousands worldwide who are finding new ways to apply their skills, experience and free time. As uncertain as our current reality may be, we can take comfort in knowing that people are still trying to do their best and look out for each other.
1. How does Peter Login help others?A.By chatting with lonely people. | B.By delivering food to people in need. |
C.By teaching people driving skills. | D.By taking sick people to the hospital. |
A.Exciting. | B.Unique. | C.Unforgettable. | D.Excellent. |
A.He takes care of patients. | B.He provides jobs for the poor. |
C.He sells houses to customers. | D.He bakes bread for the homeless. |
A.Heroes are taking on new roles to help others. |
B.Many people are out of work during the pandemic. |
C.People are creating new jobs to support themselves. |
D.Neighbors work together to make communities better. |