1 . Sometimes trees can be a little too respectful of one another’s boundaries. Or maybe they just stop growing when they get too close. The phenomenon is called crown (树冠) shyness-the tops of individual trees do not touch each other, creating a visible gap between the tree crowns.
Experts aren’t exactly sure why the naturally occurring phenomenon happens, but they’ve been studying it for decades and have a few theories. In 1955 a biologist Putz noticed that the trees, which grow close together, can rub against each other when the wind is strong enough. The resulting abrasion (磨损) helps form and maintain the shyness gaps. In 1986, this theory was backed up by Dr. Miguel Franco, who noticed that the branches of Picea sitchensis and Larix kaempferi trees suffered physical damage during abrasion, which killed the leading branches. The presence of broken tips at the points where branches meet lends support to the abrasion theory.
However, one Malaysian scholar suggests that shyness gaps result from the influences individual trees have on one another. Trees cannot move, so if they have nearby neighbors, they are forced to compete for resources, especially light. According to this theory, each tree forces its neighbors into a pattern that maximizes resource collection and minimizes harmful competition. Trees grow in the direction of light, so branches would naturally try to avoid other plants that could shade them or prevent their growth, creating a gap between the tree crowns.
Another possible reason for crown shyness is to prevent the spread of harmful insects, which could eat the tree’s leaves. Still someone believes the best scientific explanation so far is that the leaves of the tree release certain chemicals to stop other trees from growing too close.
The answer could be just one of the above, or a combination of more. But some species have been adapted to take advantage of crown shyness to grow into shapes that go well with nearby trees and therefore economic profits can be maximized out of the phenomenon.
1. What is crown shyness according to the text?A.A behavior exhibited by insects in the crown of trees. |
B.A disease that affects the leaves of certain tree species. |
C.A phenomenon where trees grow taller than surrounding ones. |
D.An occurrence where crowns of trees avoid touching each other. |
A.Supportive. | B.Critical. | C.Tolerant. | D.Uncertain. |
A.The blowing wind effect. | B.The release of a special chemical. |
C.A natural way of shade avoidance. | D.An adaptation to stop insect spreading. |
A.A further explanation of the theoretic framework. |
B.Supporting evidence for the research conclusions. |
C.A reasonable doubt about the research implications. |
D.Practical application of crown shyness phenomenon. |
2 . Van Gogh painted sunflowers for the first time in the summer of 1886. Two years later, his interest appeared again after he settled in Arles. After he had invited the French artist Paul Gauguin, whom he admired, to join his Studio of the South, he began painting sunflowers to brighten up the whitewashed walls of the yellow house he was living in, not far from the town’s railway station.
Gauguin accepted Van Gogh’s invitation. When he began dragging his heels, Van Gogh painted the last two of the four original Sunflowers for the modest bedroom where his guest would sleep following his arrival that autumn. “Van Gogh saw the Sunflowers for Gauguin’s bedroom as a way of attracting his friend to come from Brittany,” says Bailey.
According to Martin Gayford, “Gauguin was very surprised by the Sunflowers, which he repeatedly praised and asked for as a gift. Years later, Gauguin himself painted some sunflower pictures.”
Van Gogh’s Sunflowers stand for his relationship with Gauguin. “I think he painted them for the joy of it,” says Jansen. “Van Gogh was at the height of his powers in the summer of 1888,” explains Bailey. “He painted the Sunflowers quickly and with great energy and confidence.” Van Gogh wrote to his brother Theo in late August, “I’m painting quickly now, which won’t surprise you when it’s a question of painting large Sunflowers.”
Van Gogh recognized at once that he had created something important and that his sunflowers were so different. As he told Theo in January 1889, while other artists were known for painting other flowers, “The sunflower is mine.” This, in fact, explains the reason for the popularity of Van Gogh’s Sunflowers today.
1. Van Gogh painted sunflowers in 1888 in order to ________.A.give them to Gauguin | B.make his living |
C.decorate his house | D.show his artistic talent to others |
A.In the British museum | B.In Gauguin’s bedroom |
C.In the town’s railway station | D.In a rich businessman’s house |
A.Putting up his paintings. | B.Packing up his baggage. |
C.Preparing for his departure. | D.delaying his coming. |
A.Van Gogh was not good at painting large Sunflowers |
B.Van Gogh had much trouble in painting the Sunflowers |
C.Van Gogh didn’t like his Sunflowers at all at that time |
D.Van Gogh realized the Sunflowers would make him known |
3 . How do we make good things out of bad? How do we look at ourselves? Can there be a
There was an elderly woman who needed to walk down to the river every morning to
One of the buckets was newer, perfectly sealed (密封) and
One day, on the walk down to the river, the cracked bucket that had always felt like it wasn’t as good as the other bucket said to the elderly woman, ‘‘I want you to know that water has been
We all have a few cracks, but choose to see how it’s exactly those
A.riper | B.wiser | C.broader | D.brighter |
A.order | B.fetch | C.drop | D.boil |
A.carried | B.repaired | C.searched | D.lost |
A.store | B.school | C.cottage | D.farm |
A.purified | B.held | C.hid | D.heated |
A.leak | B.absorb | C.pollute | D.empty |
A.reasonably | B.suddenly | C.amazingly | D.typically |
A.running | B.escaping | C.spilling | D.climbing |
A.ordinary | B.comfortable | C.boring | D.difficult |
A.mark | B.replace | C.reward | D.combine |
A.smiled | B.sighed | C.shouted | D.defended |
A.wall | B.tree | C.path | D.border |
A.abandoned | B.saved | C.booked | D.planted |
A.picked | B.watered | C.removed | D.spread |
A.characteristics | B.buckets | C.cracks | D.strengths |
In the 12th century, the Southern Song Dynasty moved its capital to Lin’an. Near Lin’an, on the banks of Lake Tai is the city of Suzhou. Given its location near the capital and its
Since it is such a large garden, no simple
A.Volleyball. | B.Basketball. | C.Baseball. |
A.A drawing. | B.A novel. | C.A photo. |
Peking Opera is
Peking Opera comes
Speech, song, dance and combat
No China trip is complete without
All over the world millions of people take part in different
Many people while they are at home alone imagine having the opportunity
10 . How to save money to visit Shanghai Disneyland?
The “happiest place on earth” is a top destination on many families’ bucket lists. But taking a vacation to Disney World can be difficult to do on a budget. There are some considerations that you can make to reduce the cost of your Disney World vacation.
1. Buy Souvenirs in AdvanceDisney has influenced practically every industry, which makes it easy to find Disney items anywhere, from Walmart, Target, and your local grocery store to department stores and Amazon. You can save a lot of money by purchasing items before your trip at these less-expensive places than at Disneyland.
2. Make an Autograph BookAn autograph book is seen as a must-have by many Disneyland enthusiasts and is a memory you can take home with you. These books can cost anywhere from $7.95 to $19.95 at the Disney Store and up to $30 for the latest-and-greatest autograph book at Disneyland, such as the park’s 60th anniversary edition. Other choices can get the job done for under $5.For example, you can buy a small photo album, cute pads or notebooks.
3. Eat Breakfast before You ArriveBreakfast is almost as pricey (昂贵的) as lunch or dinner if you eat inside the Disneyland parks. If you have a hotel with a free breakfast, take advantage of it. If you want to eat out, eat at a local restaurant that is inexpensive or has a kids’ menu, such as McDonald’s which is close to the park.
4.Take Advantage of Discounts Offered to Special GroupsDisney offers a wide variety of discounts, including for military service members, college students, teachers, and youth groups. If you think you might qualify for a special discount or group rate, call the Disneyland Resort to book tickets.
1. It may take you more money to buy souvenirs at .A.Disneyland | B.Department stores | C.Walmart | D.Amazon |
A.$7.95. | B.$19.95. | C.$5. | D.$30. |
A.You had better eat at Disneyland. | B.You can eat at a local restaurant. |
C.You should prepare it well at home. | D.You can ask the hotel to supply it for free. |