1 . Why It’s Hard to Lose Weight
What makes people gain weight? This seems like a simple enough question to answer. If we eat a lot and don’t do enough exercise, we will become fat.
As we know, what we eat greatly affects our weight. It is widely accepted that people have 100% control over what they eat and how much they eat. This, however, is partly true.
Our bodies themselves can decide whether we are more likely to gain weight or lose weight. Scientists have found that the more delicious the food, the more excited our brains get.
Also, our bodies use a variety of hormones (激素) to tell our brains whether they are hungry or full. Ghrelin(胃饥饿素), for example, tells the brain that the body wants food. Leptin(瘦蛋白), meanwhile, tells the brain that it’s time to stop eating. Ghrelin and leptin help us to maintain a healthy weight.
A.But sometimes, they may work improperly. |
B.People form habits around food at a young age. |
C.If we often have delicious food, over time, our brain will change. |
D.Now you know why fat people often have a tough time losing weight. |
E.There is also evidence to show industrial chemicals may increase body fat. |
F.However, the science behind weight problems is more complicated than we think. |
G.People with low levels of body satisfaction are more likely to gain weight over time. |
In 1989, fresh out of high school, I had the difficult task of choosing a career path before college started in three months. In those days in Pakistan, there were limited choices: becoming a doctor or an engineer, or entering the financial world after getting a business degree. I wasn’t interested in engineering, so that I was left with medicine or business. I couldn’t decide.
My uncle suggested that I do a work placement(实习) to experience it for a month in an international company followed by a month in a hospital. After that, I could make a decision. It seemed like a good idea.
I was accepted for a month’s placement at a foreign bank in Karachi. I got a feel of how the world of finance functioned, made new friends, and generally enjoyed the mostly easygoing work surroundings.
The month passed rapidly, and soon I began working at a leading hospital in Karachi. The experience couldn’t have been more different. The hospital had a stressful environment. The days started early (at 7 am, compared to 9 am at the bank), and were filled with endless duties. And the night calls! This was crazy, working all day, through the night, and again the next day.
I began thinking about my two experiences. The bank had offered a more relaxing atmosphere, better working hours and less stress. The hospital was full of excitement, but studying and training were difficult. It seemed that the business choice was going to win out.
Near the end of my month at the hospital, I was driving home after an especially busy night call. In front of me was a public bus, with college students sitting on the top. As the driver weaved through (穿梭) traffic, I could see the boys shaking from side to side.
注意:1.所续写短文的词数应为150左右;
2.至少使用5个短文中标有下划线的关键词语;
3.续写部分分为两段,每段的开头语已为你写好;
4.续写完成后,请用下划线标出你所使用的关键词语。
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Suddenly, a boy fell off the back of the bus.
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The next day, when I went to the hospital to see the boy, all his family got up, with grateful smiles on their faces.
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Mrs. Miller was our next-door neighbor. Her husband died two years ago. She had no children and no relatives that we knew of. She was gentle and kind, and my sister Laurel and I considered her our special friend.
One December, Mrs. Miller was ill in hospital. Laurel and I were busy making Christmas presents, and we wondered what to make for Mrs. Miller. We couldn’t bear seeing her come home before Christmas to an empty house with no holiday decorations. Then we lit upon the idea of decorating a small tree that would greet her with lights and cheer. We were wondering how to carry out our plan when the answer appeared.
I was in Miss Johnson’s sixth grade class that year, and we decorated a small tree with paper-link chains and ornaments (装饰物) we’d made in art class. It was beautiful. Best of all, it had to be removed from the classroom before Christmas vacation.
Miss Johnson said there would be a drawing (抽签) for the tree. We’d each write our name on a piece of paper and put it in the box she had prepared. On the last day of school before vacation, she’d draw a name from the box, and that student could take the tree home.
Great! That was exactly what I was longing for! So I wrote my name “Helen Wheeler” neatly on a piece of paper and folded it carefully. As I put it into the box, I whispered to Miss Johnson that I really hoped I’d win the tree because my sister and I wanted to give it to our neighbor who was sick and lonely. Though there were 30 children in the class and each might win the tree, I was somehow certain that I would get it because our cause was good: We wanted to make Mrs. Miller happy.
The day before vacation finally arrived. Laurel and I usually walked to and from school, but that day I persuaded Mom to pick us up in her car after school in case I really got the tree.
注意:1.续写词数应为150左右;
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
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Before school was over, Miss Johnson announced it was time for the drawing.
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The next evening we welcomed Mrs. Miller back at her door.
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4 . It was a quiet early afternoon in the library, and we librarians were enjoying a chat at the library desk. Suddenly, a regular reader, who had been reading a magazine, marched up to us, gave us an annoyed “Shush (嘘)!” and went back to her seat.
Shocked into silence, we tried not to laugh. How strange for a group of librarians to be shushed by a reader! Shouldn’t it be the other way around?
Well, it seems hard to explain. If you’re a baby boomer (婴儿潮出生的人) like me, you probably remember libraries as places of adults’ silent reading. These days, however, libraries are more like busy community centers, where being noisy to some degree is the new normal, especially when kids are taking part.
I am a loud librarian. My voice is naturally on the louder side. The hundreds of programs I led as a children’s librarian were filled with singing, dancing, movement exercises and cheerful readings of books with crowds of children and their caregivers. No shushing allowed!
Growing knowledge about the importance of kids and teens learning through hands-on experiences has since caused a sea change in how public libraries connect with young readers. These types of programs like board games, poetry reading and story times certainly aren’t designed to be silent.
But it’s a balancing act. Not all readers—or librarians—like the idea of a noisy library. It’s clear to me now that on the day my colleagues and I were shushed by a reader, we should have been using our “library voices” as we talked. Still, it’s unlikely that libraries will ever return to the days when they were places of silence. There’s just too much fun and learning happening. I heartily agree with my friend Rachel Payne, an early-childhood service educator at the Brooklyn Public Library, who told me, “When I visit a library and it is quiet, I always feel a bit sad. A library where conversations are happening and tables are full is a very good thing!”
1. How did the author think of the shush from a reader?A.Unexpectedly funny. | B.Really annoying. | C.Quite necessary. | D.Very heartwarming. |
A.They serve kids only. | B.They become quieter. |
C.They are less popular. | D.They have different functions. |
A.To show different voices. | B.To express the author’s idea. |
C.To make the end interesting. | D.To promote a new reading method. |
A.How to Act in the Library | B.It’s OK for a Library to Be Noisy |
C.Why to Keep Silent in the Library | D.It’s Necessary for Librarians to Change |
5 . Age is truly just a number if our hearts are young. Lee Minor, an 85-year-old retired psychologist, has
“I like to run in all kinds of
Minor’s enthusiasm for running is
Last fall, Robert graduated from the university, despite the challenges of his illness. “When I went across the stage, and as I’m getting my
The stories of Minor and Robert are reminders that age and illness need not
A.proven | B.approved | C.won | D.imagined |
A.starting | B.center | C.finishing | D.bottom |
A.depressed | B.thrilled | C.calm | D.uneasy |
A.weather | B.zones | C.illness | D.phases |
A.position | B.footprints | C.reflections | D.route |
A.infectious | B.temporary | C.blind | D.restricted |
A.wait | B.abandon | C.exist | D.run |
A.award | B.suspend | C.quit | D.pursue |
A.powerful | B.visible | C.boring | D.accurate |
A.uniform | B.application | C.certificate | D.license |
A.slid away | B.gave up | C.broke in | D.choked out |
A.emotional | B.identical | C.financial | D.abstract |
A.enjoy | B.reject | C.doubt | D.expect |
A.save | B.define | C.distinguish | D.witness |
A.scholarship | B.fitness | C.passion | D.career |
When I was young, I lived in a quiet small town with my mom. My mom was beautiful and kind but one day she got a contagious(传染的) disease, which was said to be very serious. I was worried about her , seeing her becoming thinner and paler day by day. Mother’s Day was coming. I decided to buy mom some flowers to make her happy. There was only one flower shop in the town-Mr. Rocco’s.
It was time for Mr. Rocco to shut up shop when I hurried into the florist’s (花店). “Now, what is it that you want?” Mr. Rocco turned to me. “I want the most beautiful flower you have.” I replied, still breathing hard. “And just how much do you have to pay for this most beautiful flower?” I held out a wet hand showing a quarter and a dime. He nodded, thought for a while and then showed me a plant on the counter. “I can give you this one for 35 cents.” he said. “Aw, no,” I protested, looking desperately at the poor plant “it looks like a weed (野草)!” About 18 inches high, the plant was in a small pot covered with faded red paper. “Now trust me, boy — I promise that tomorrow morning when you get up, you will find your most beautiful flower.” said Mr. Rocco. I knew him to be a good honest man, so I agreed to take it. I believed what Mr. Rocco said about the flower and hoped tomorrow morning there would be a nice surprise for my mom.
It was almost midnight when I arrived home. Mom was seriously sick and using the front bedroom. I looked in to see if she was asleep, and then quietly tiptoed in and set the plant on the table beside her bed. I wanted her to be surprised when she woke on Mother’s Day.
注意:
1.续写词数应为150左右;
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
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The next morning, I dressed and hurried downstairs.
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My dear Mom died the next night.
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Having held the interschool (校际) story tell g championship for the past two years, I was the shining star of my school. When it came to choosing the right candidate (候选人) to participate in such competitions, I was always the first choice. Naturally, I was once again selected to represent my school in the approaching contest this year.
Upon hearing the fact that I was chosen again, my classmates and friends acknowledged that I would undoubtedly be the champion again. Consequently, I became conceited (自负的). I was so proud that I ignored the importance of practicing for the contest.
A week before the contest, my teacher Ms. Sara asked, “Selena, would you like to stand in front of the class to rehearse (排练) for the contest?” She had tutored me in the past two competitions and knew how important practice was. “Just imagine you are on the stage
in the audience,” she added.“I’m sorry, Ms. Sara,” I replied. “I have a bit of a sore throat.”
This was usually the lie I would tell whenever my teacher requested me to practice in front of the class. I always found excuses to avoid doing it because I believed that I was the best and therefore the practice was unnecessary. On one occasion, I event old Ms. Sara not to worry too much as I was well prepared for the contest. In fact, I did everything but practice my script (讲稿) .I only managed to glance briefly through the story the day before the contest. As the best storyteller among the students of the local secondary schools, I was too vain to practice and expected everything to be fine.
The contest was being held in the local community hall. On the day of the contest, the hall was crowded with people. My schoolteachers and principal were there along with many of my classmates and schoolmates. I was the eighth contestant out of twenty in total. Those who spoke before me did extremely well. On seeing their fascinating and outstanding performance, I began to lose confidence in myself. My palms (手掌) sweated heavily and I started to feel nervous.
1.续写词数应为150左右;2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Soon it was my turn to talk.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Finally, I heard the results announced after the contest and felt sad.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Huron, Ohio, was where I’d spent my twenties, working on a ship out on the Great Lakes. My wife and I started our family there, and later we came back to Huron to retire. Then, during the final stages of construction on our new home, I had difficulty breathing. The doctor determined I needed an open-heart operation. I was admitted to a hospital in Sandusky.
The night before my operation, I was so worried that I couldn’t sleep. I lay in my hospital bed, praying (祈祷) and thinking about the events in my life. I remembered how I had loved Huron and its people. I remembered a Christmas many years ago...
The shipping season had been good to me, so that winter I decided to buy some Christmas gifts and help out a family in town. “I know a family that would appreciate a visit from Santa Claus,” the owner of store said. “A woman with six children just lost her husband.”
The store owner and his wife helped me wrap (包) some presents and gave me the family’s address. That evening I delivered the packages. A little girl with shining brown eyes and the sweetest smile answered the door. “Santa asked me to bring these gifts to you and your family,” I said.
The girl’s eyes lit up even more. “Tell Santa thank you from Dorothy,” she said. I never saw her or her family again, but they, and the other folks I met in town, helped give Huron a lifelong place in my heart. A heart that now needed fixing, badly.
注意:
1.续写词数应为150左右;
2.开头已给出。
A nurse came into check on me.
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“Yes, Dorothy,” I said, suddenly confident about my operation. “That was me.”
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9 . Machine learning sees reasoning as a categorization task with a fixed set of predetermined labels. It views the world as a fixed space of possibilities, calculating and weighing them all. This approach, of course, has achieved notable successes when applied to stable and well-defined situations such as chess or computer games. When such conditions are absent, however, machines struggle.
In 2008, Google launched Flu Trends, a web service that aimed to predict flu-related doctor visits using big data. The project, however, failed to predict the 2009 HINI flu outbreak. After several unsuccessful adjustments to its algorithm (算法), Google finally stopped the project in2015.
In such unstable situations, the human brain behaves differently. Sometimes, it simply forgets. Instead of getting trapped in irrelevant data, it relies only on the most recent information and makes creative decisions. This is a feature called intelligent forgetting. Adopting this approach, an algorithm that relies on a single data point would have reduced Google Flu Trends' prediction error by half.
Intelligent forgetting is just one dimension of psychological AI, an approach to machine intelligence that also includes other features of human intelligence such as causal reasoning, intuitive (直觉) psychology, and physics. Soon, this approach to Al will finally be recognized as fundamental for solving poorly-defined problems. Exploring these amazing features of the human brain will finally allow us to make machine learning smart.
One feature of psychological Al is that it is explainable. Until recently, researchers assumed that the more transparent an AI system was, the less accurate its predictions were. This mirrored the widespread but incorrect belief that complex problems always need complex solutions. Now, this idea will be laid to rest. As the case of flu predictions illustrates, powerful and simple psychological algorithms can often give more accurate predictions than complex algorithms. Psychological AI opens up a new vision for explainable AI: Instead of trying to explain complex systems, we can check first if psychological Al offers a simple and equally accurate solution.
Without the help of human psychology, it will become clearer that the application of this type of machine learning to unstable situations eventually runs up against impassable limitations. We will finally recognize that more computing power makes machines faster. Not smarter.
1. Why is Flu Trends mentioned?A.To clarify a concept. | B.To tell the serious outbreak. |
C.To support the author's idea. | D.To provide readers with the truth. |
A.It can think outside the box. | B.It can avoid unclear problems. |
C.It is capable of learning over time. | D.It is good at following instructions. |
A.Similar. | B.Unique. | C.Complete. | D.Clear. |
A.AI speeds up the computing greatly. |
B.Psychological Al can make smarter AI. |
C.AI system works well in stable situations. |
D.AI will outperform the human brain someday. |
10 . Most of us have told a lie at one time or another. Some lies are harmful. Others are mostly harmless. Still other lies may even be created with the best of intentions. But no matter what kind of lie you tell, it takes a great deal of brainpower to keep your lie covered.
People lie for different reasons. Sometimes they do it to make themselves look better. Sometimes they lie to get out of trouble. Some lies are well-intended, which scientists call “prosocial lies”. Maybe you tell your parents that you loved the sweater they gave you for your birthday (even though you were really hoping for a new cell phone). That’s a prosocial lie.
When you tell the truth, your brain doesn’t have to do anything unusual. Lying takes much more work. For example, when you are late for class, you tell a lie that you have to stop by the library and pick up a book. Your teacher may ask to see the book or even ask you to read it. This may result in a series (系列) of lies, causing a lot of brain work done in the prefrontal cortex (前额皮层). It’s the part in charge of working memory. Working memory keeps something in mind just for a little while. When you use self-control to keep from telling the truth, this part comes into play.
Spending so much brainpower trying to keep a story straight means prefrontal cortex has a harder time doing other tasks that require planning, self-control or working memory, such as planning a study schedule. Kid’s prefrontal cortex is not fully developed until around age 25. So they have fewer resources (资源) there to begin with. That is why researchers feel it’s important that kid students find dependable people to whom they can safely tell even painful truths about themselves.
“Nearly all cultures value honesty,” Talwar says. And, she adds, “There are things people can do to help create a culture that strengthens the value of honesty. Rather than punishing people for lying, it is more important to praise them for telling the truth.”
1. What does the first paragraph intend to tell us?A.Lying steals brainpower. |
B.Harmless lies are welcome. |
C.Trust is nowhere to be seen. |
D.Many lies are well intended. |
A.They bring tellers a lot of fun. |
B.They get tellers out of trouble. |
C.They make receivers feel good. |
D.They lead receivers to a deep thinking. |
A.To make them feel safe. |
B.To improve their control. |
C.To guide their study schedule. |
D.To free up their working memory. |
A.Making people suffer from telling lies. |
B.Giving people praise for being honest. |
C.Helping people to lead a creative life. |
D.Asking people to learn different cultures. |