1 . Racial Discrimination in Science

You might expect that science, particularly American science, would be colour-blind. Once Someone from the country's ethnic minorities has got bench space in a laboratory, he might reasonably_______ to be treated on merit （功绩）and nothing else.

_______ a study published in Science by Donna Ginther of the University of     Kansas suggest? That is not true. Dr. Ginther, who was working _______ America's National Institutes of Health （NIH）, looked at the pattern of research grants awarded by the NIH and found that _______mattered a   lot .Moreover, it is not just a question of white supremacy. Asian and Hispanic scientists do just as well as white ones. Black scientists, _______ , do badly.

One possible explanation is that review panels are inferring applicants ethnic_________ from their names, or the institutions they attended as students. Consciously or not, the reviewers may then be awarding less merit to those from people with "black-sounding names, or who were educated at universities whose students are predominantly black. Indeed, a(n) _______ bias has been found in those recruiting for jobs in the commercial world. One well-known study, published by researchers at MIT and the University of Chicago, found that fictitious C以(简历) with stereotypically white names got 50% more _______of interviews than did CVs with black names, even when the applicants' stated_________were identical.

Another possible explanation is social __________: It is in the nature of groups of experts (such as review panels) to know both each other and each other's most promising assistants and followers. Applicants outside this charmed circle might have less chance of __________ consideration. If the charmed circle itself were racially unrepresentative, those____________from the network because their racial group was under-represented in the first place would find it harder to break in.

Though Dr. Ginther's results are______________, it is to the NIH's credit that it has published her findings. The agency is also starting a programme intended to alter the____________of the review panels to see whether removing potential racial cues from applications changes outcomes. Other agencies, and not just in America, should pay strict attention to all this, and ask themselves if they, too, are____________people of particular races. Such discrimination is a sheer waste of talent!

1.

A．expect

B．cooperate

C．decide

D．challenge

2.

A．Similarly.

B．Evidently

C．Unfortunately

D．Undoubtedly

3.

A．in favour of

B．on behalf of

C．in honor of

D．in the name of

4.

A．health

B．nationality

C．gender

D．race

5.

A．however

B．otherwise

C．therefore

D．meanwhile

6.

A．divisions

B．customs

C．origins

D．designs

7.

A．unknown

B．similar

C．obvious

D．strong

8.

A．feedback

B．types

C．elements

D．offers

9.

A．qualifications

B．interviews

C．names

D．researches

10.

A．security

B．status

C．networking

D．order

11.

A．moral

B．favorable

C．casual

D．minor

12.

A．excluded

B．installed

C．downloaded

D．restored

13.

A．positive

B．conclusive

C．troubling

D．encouraging

14.

A．position

B．subject

C．prospect

D．composition

15.

A．reminding

B．employing

C．informing

D．failing

2 . Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.

Virtual Fitness

Exercise plays a very important role in a healthy lifestyle. But you may not have time or money to go to a gym on a regular basis. The good news is that today's technology lets you access fitness classes from the comfort of your home. A quick Internet search will turn up thousands of online fitness classes. You can watch videos on your phone, computer or tablet and do the exercises right where you are. All you need is an Internet connection and a space large enough to move around in.

Online fitness classes take a wide variety of forms. Some focus on stretches and slow movements. Other classes involve fast aerobic activity, while others build muscle strength. Some require equipment such as weights, but others use only your body. This means that you can choose a class that does what you like. And you can try a different one whenever you like.

Anyone can post a fitness video on the Internet. Not everyone knows what they are doing. So it is important to think about who is teaching the class. Try to find teachers who are certified by an organization with a good reputation. I tried some virtual fitness classes several years ago.The reason was simple: convenience. I could do a fitness class at any time of day. I didn't need to travel to a gym and back, which saved me a lot of time. But being able to work out any time meant I kept putting it off. I'd do everything else first and then the day would be over. I’d never actually get around to exercising.

Having to exercise at a definite time means I have to put it on my schedule. So for me, scheduled classes such as those at a gym are helpful.

Anyhow,if the gym isn't for you, you may want to give an online fitness class a try.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3 . Over the last 15 years, digital communication has ushered（引入）in more changes than the printing press did in 1570. And the stand-out early adopters in this world are teenagers, whose brains appear to have an extraordinary _____ to adapt to the world around them, according to Dr Jay Giedd, an adolescent brain expert.

We are now proving that as a species, our brains are still flexible and _____during adolescence. Having a more flexible brain means that some _____ of it, such as impulse control and the ability to make long-term decisions, haven’t developed yet, which may also explain why we spend a/an _____ period living under the protection of our parents rather than leaving home at the age of 12 or 13. This also means that the adolescent brain can adapt to new technology, allowing teenagers to _____ the accelerating pace of digital technology and giving them a multitasking advantage.

In the US, teenagers are spending 8.5 hours using computers, mobiles and other devices to learn, interact and play. This jumps to 11.5 if you take into account all of the _____ that goes on, such as talking on the phone while you’re watching TV. Australian teenagers were found to be spending an average of 7 hours and 38 minutes using these devices in 2009.

There are _____as to how social media is affecting the way in which the brain learns to _____ , as one of the most important skills that we learn as children is how to make friends and interact with people around you. Geidd says that from a biology standpoint, a lot of what goes on inside our brains is social.“A lot of the brain changes are sort of set up to develop these social skills. ” These interactions are now being _____ by technology—you could have hundreds of friends, all of whom are real people that you interact with—and scientists aren’t sure whether we’ll be able to develop the same _____using Facebook.

There is possible _____ of the growing digital trend: Youtube indicates that teenagers all over the world are watching the same clips and laughing at the same jokes, indicating that they are more _____ than their predecessors. Sharing the same jokes could possibly go a long way to breaking down some of the prejudices out there. They may be _____ to texting their friends and posting updates on Facebook, but teenagers today are probably going to have access to technology and _____ social and educational opportunities that anyone with a less flexible brain might have trouble imagining. _____, there is a cut off and by the age of 30, our brains become more set in their ways, making it harder for us to adapt and cope with new technologies.

1.

A．activity

B．capacity

C．responsibility

D．opportunity

2.

A．operating

B．promoting

C．adjusting

D．establishing

3.

A．functions

B．options

C．restrictions

D．positions

4.

A．opposed

B．imposed

C．limited

D．extended

5.

A．keep up with

B．come up with

C．put up with

D．end up with

6.

A．entertaining

B．multitasking

C．interacting

D．gossiping

7.

A．curiosities

B．criticisms

C．concerns

D．shortcomings

8.

A．memorize

B．internalize

C．realize

D．socialize

9.

A．changed

B．controlled

C．troubled

D．interrupted

10.

A．attitudes

B．prospects

C．trends

D．skills

11.

A．advantage

B．distraction

C．indication

D．tuition

12.

A．narrow-minded

B．global-minded

C．absent-minded

D．quick-minded

13.

A．keen

B．addicted

C．obsessed

D．enthusiastic

14.

A．however

B．hence

C．moreover

D．instead

15.

A．Consequently

B．Additionally

C．Nevertheless

D．Thus

4 . Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.

It’s time to re-evaluate how women handle conflict at work. Being overworked or over-committed at home and on the job will not get ou where you want to be in life. It will only slow you down and hinder your career goals.

Did you know women are more likely than men to feel exhausted? Nearly twice as many women than men ages 18-44 reported feeling, “very tired” or “exhausted,” according to a recent study.

    1    It’s also the age range when many women are trying to balance careers and home. One reason women may feel exhausted is that they have a hard time saying “no.” Women want to be able to do it all -- volunteer for school parties or cook delicious meals -- and so their answer to any request is often “Yes, I can.”

Women struggle to say “no” in the workplace for similar reasons, including the desire to be liked by their colleagues.    2    .

At the workplace, men use conflict as a way to position themselves, while women often avoid conflict or strive to be the peacemaker, because they don’t want to be viewed as aggressive or disruptive at work.    3    Men are more likely to face that dispute from the perspective of what benefits them most, whereas women may approach the same dispute from the perspective of what’s the easiest and quickest way to resolve the problem -- even if that means doing the boring work themselves.

This difference in handling conflict could be the deciding factor in who gets promoted to a leadership position and who does not.    4    Shouldering more of the workload may not earn you that promotion. Instead, It may highlight your inability to delegate effectively.

A．Unfortunately, this inability to say “no” may be hurting women’s health as well as their career.

B．Leaders have to be able to delegate and manage resources wisely -- including staff expertise.

C．For example, there’s a problem that needs to be addressed immediately, resulting in a dispute over who should be the one to fix it.

D．Men and women tend to behave differently when faced with a dispute

E．This may not be surprising given that this is the age range when women have children .

F．The reason why women in this age range suffer so much is that they cannot say “no.”

5 . As the world changes, our language changes with it. That's why Merriam-Webster recently added more than 250 new words to its online dictionary, ___________ changes in fields from lifestyle to politics and from business to technology.

“These new words have been added to the dictionary because they have___________ themselves in the English language, and are part of the current, active vocabulary of America.” Merriam- Webster associate editor Emily Brewster said in a press___________ .

Here our newspaper has chosen three of the dictionary’s new entries. Let’s take a look.

Froyo(冻酸奶)

While ice cream has been around for more than 100 years, froyo or frozen yogurt--is comparatively new. Even though it was first invented back in the 1970s, it only started to gain___________recently, which is why the shorter version"froyo"is entering people’s daily vocabulary.

Compared to ice cream, the main___________ point of froyo is that it's healthier. It takes away people's___________while still allowing them to have the satisfaction of eating something sweet. As The Huffington Post put it, froyo is"starting a___________ in the healthier dessert industry".

Word salad(文字沙拉)

It was first used to refer to a series of words said by people with mental illness. Just like the vegetables in a salad bowl, each word makes perfect sense by itself, but when put together, they become hard to ____"Dogs moon purple monkey dishwasher," for example.

Now the phrase is more often used to refer to the words of a politician, although this refers to the speaker's logic rather than their mental state. US President Donald Trump,'s interviews are often referred to as word salad.__________ , he told an AP reporter in April:"But he said, will be the greatest president but I would also accept the other. In other words, if you do your job, but I accept that.

Troll (网络喷子)

The __________meaning of "troll" (巨魔) is a mythical __________ that is huge, ugly and angry and lives in places like caves. Now it's also used to refer to the kind of Internet user who __________posts comments, some of which seem___________to hurt other people.

Other phrases and usage have also been__________from"troll" , including "Internet trolling" --the act of unleashing(发泄) unfriendly remarks online, and"being trolled"--which means to fall__________to a troll.

1.

A．overtaking

B．covering

C．engaging

D．experiencing

2.

A．enjoyed

B．polished

C．established

D．trapped

3.

A．release

B．congress

C．negotiation

D．demonstration

4.

A．permission

B．package

C．popularity

D．patent

5.

A．turning

B．cooling

C．starting

D．selling

6.

A．guilt

B．taste

C．appetite

D．diet

7.

A．resolution

B．revolution

C．recommendation

D．reservation

8.

A．interrupt

B．indicate

C．interact

D．interpret

9.

A．in a word

B．For instance

C．All in all

D．As a result

10.

A．cultural

B．obvious

C．original

D．hidden

11.

A．creature

B．giant

C．worm

D．ghost

12.

A．dramatically

B．delicately

C．disorderly

D．deliberately

13.

A．offensive

B．objective

C．progressive

D．productive

14.

A．evolved

B．invented

C．expanded

D．transformed

15.

A．civilian

B．fairy

C．victim

D．pedestrian

6 . Talking to human-like devices can be great fun - just ask Siri to tell you a joke. But it may also lead to problems.

A recent study by scientists from the University of Kansas (KU) in the US found that human-like devices keep people from seeking out normal human interaction when they feel lonely.

During a series of experiments, participants were asked to write about a time when they felt lonely. They also took part in an online game of “catch” against a computer program that was designed to “throw” the ball other player more often, but participants believed they were playing with real people online.

Participants were then introduced to human-like products, including a vacuum cleaner (真空吸尘器) designed to appear as if it were smiling. They were also asked to think about their phone in human-like terms, considering questions like “how much does it help you?”

The results showed that the participants were happy with the comfort they got from the machines and didn’t need to seek out normal human interaction.

Generally, when people feel socially excluded, they seek out other ways to reduce the feeling of loneliness. Normal ways include increasing their number of social media friends or engaging in behaviors to seek out interaction with other people, according to Jenny Olson, assistant professor of marketing at KU.

But it wasn’t all bad news, as the team found that there were limits to how far this effect would extend.

“As soon as we tell people we know that it looks like the [vacuum cleaner] is smiling, they seemed to realize it was a machine and not a person,” Olson told Daily Mail. “The effect goes away. This seems to happening on a very subconscious level.”

Researchers believe the results are important for consumers to realize how these types of products could affect their social interaction with real people, especially because so many new products feature interactivity.

“If someone notices they are talking more to Siri lately, maybe that has something to do with felling lonely,” Olson said. “From that standpoint, it’s important to be aware of it.”

The study could also help companies design products that can increase the well-being of people who feel lonely, without sacrificing normal social interaction.

“Maybe it is more about improving our current relationships,” Olson said, “such as taking a break from screen time and focusing on developing your real personal connections.”

1. Researcher from the University of Kansas found that _______.

A．human-like devices may help people interact with others.

B．interaction with human-like devices may make people feel lonely.

C．lonely people may easily become addicted to human-like devices.

D．human-like devices may reduce people’s social interaction in real life.

2. During the experiments, participants _______.

A．were allowed to talk with human-like devices.

B．were shown devices with human features.

C．played online games with both machines and real people.

D．were encouraged to engage in normal human interaction.

3. The underlined phrase “this effect” in Paragraph 7 refers to the fact that _______.

A．lonely people are more likely to seek out interaction with other people.

B．lonely people are content to only interact with human-like machines.

C．the feeling of loneliness deepens as people interact more with human-like devices.

D．People who are socially excluded would get uninterested in socializing.

4. What is the significance of the study according to Jenny Olson?

A．It shows people why human-like products make them feel lonely.

B．It warns people to stop using human-like devices completely and focus on real social interaction.

C．It may help the well-being of people who fell lonely and improve their current relationships.

D．It points out the effects of human-like devices and could help companies improve their products.

7 . There have always been a lot of commonly believed but false ideas about being fat and doing exercise. Some people believe that they can’t help putting on weight as they get older, while others hold that if they stop exercising, their muscles will turn into fat. Here are some more myths:

I’ll never lose weight--I come from a fat family

Wrong! While we can't change the body type we are born with, we can't blame our genes for making us fat. There's plenty of evidence that fatness runs in families, and the main reason is that they share the same habit of eating too much and exercise too little.

I am fat because I burn calories slowly

Wrong! Fatness is not caused by a slow metabolism(新陈代谢).In fact, although fat people consume more energy than slim people, they also fail to realize how much they eat! Keeping a diary can help you work out your daily food intake mom accurately.

Exercise is boring

Wrong! Anything will become boring if you do it repetitively. The key is to develop a balanced and varied program that's fun as well as progressive. If you enjoy a Sunday walk, take a different mute. If you do yoga, try a Tai chi class. If you like swiping, set yourself a distance or time challenge.

No pain, no gain

Wrong! Exercise is not meant to hurt. Indeed, pain is you body telling you something's wrong, and continuing to exercise could lead to serious injury. You may experience mild discomfort as you begin to exercise regularly, but this is your body adapting to the positive changes in your lifestyle and the aches should disappear relatively quickly. If they don't, rest and seek medical advice.

1. What does the author think about being fat?

A．It is the family genes that make people fat.

B．People are fat because they consume too little energy.

C．A diary of exercise can prevent people from becoming fat.

D．It is the consequence of people's unbalanced lifestyle.

2. According to the author, how can we make exercise mom interesting?

A．By taking varied exercise.	B．By choosing simple exercise.
C．By doing regular exercise.	D．By sticking to outdoor exercise.

3. What is the author's opinion about "No pain, no gain" in exercising?

A．Keeping lit is essentially a painful experience.

B．Exercise should be stopped if continuous pain is felt.

C．Pain in exercise is a precondition for reaching your goal.

D．Getting used to pain leads to positive changes in your body.

4. What is the purpose of the passage?

A．To declare the importance of keeping lit.

B．To clarify some misconceptions about fatness and exercise.

C．To confirm what has long been believed about keeping fit.

D．To explain some medical facts about being fat and doing exercise.