1 . Transhumanism, first coined in 1957 by biologist Julian Huxley, meant “man remaining man, but going beyond himself by realizing new possibilities of and for his human nature.” Generally speaking, transhumanism in its modern meaning implies that human beings can be enhanced by the means of science to the extent when they rise above biological limitations and capabilities programmed by nature. The species into which humanity transforms this way will be called post human, or trans human, as it would have been something new — based on human nature, but going beyond it at the same time.
There are numerous areas which, according to transhumanists, require enhancement, as well as there are countless proposals on the means of such enhancement. In particular, transhumanists work on such problems as overcoming the physical boundaries of the human body. Starting with aging, which they believe to be rather a disease than a natural process, and ending up with replacing organs with their artificial ones, transhumanists believe that the human body is imperfect, and that it should be improved. All kinds of nanotechnologies for repairing damaged organs; nerve stimulants and drugs to alter mood and eliminate negative emotions; brain implants and implanted technologies to allow interconnectivity between multiple human beings and to advance intelligence—these and many more actions are just some of the means transhumanists plan to use to make humanity better. Some of the technologies transhumanists plan to employ to push the boundaries of humanity are available already. For example, gene therapy allowing to cure or stop certain diseases that were considered terminal; CRISPRi or SHARP-2 methods, which were discovered not so long ago, have already proved to be efficient in treating a number of complicated medical conditions, and in case further research is conducted, they might significantly improve the quality of medicine worldwide. Virtual reality, another technology from science-fiction movies of the late 1980s, has become not so virtual either, after all. VR device can be easily purchased from online stores, and the prices are affordable — given that we are speaking of technology capable of substituting actual reality. So far, it has been mostly used for games and education, but in the future, the range of its useful applications will definitely broaden. Other technologies, which have not yet been invented but which definitely will, include large scale engineering, self-copying robotics, artificial intelligence, mind uploading technologies, molecular manufacturing, space colonization, and other technological wonders.
About a hundred years ago, the idea of flying in the skies seemed absurd, until Wilbur and Orville Wright proved this assumption wrong. Who knows, perhaps in a couple of decades the concepts listed here, no matter how fantastic they look now, will become reality. Moral aspects and the price humanity will have to pay for such advancements are a different subject.
1. Which of the following statements is true about transhumanism?A.Promoting human health but remaining their physical appearances |
B.Improving the human condition through social and cultural change |
C.Developing human beings beyond their natural capabilities by technology. |
D.Going beyond human beings physical limitations through natural evolution. |
A.replacing organs with their artificial ones is ideal |
B.aging is rather a disease than a natural process |
C.it’s practical to use nanotechnologies to improve life |
D.the human body is imperfect and needs improvement |
A.ridiculous | B.creative | C.reasonable | D.practical |
A.various kinds of definitions of transhumanism |
B.different technologies substituting human reality |
C.proposals on the human beings enhancement |
D.artificial intelligence and human beings life |
2 . While people who are both trustworthy and capable are the most sought after when it comes to team assembly, friendliness and trustworthiness are often more important factors than ability.
“We assume that people are
Maupin and her colleagues focused on a group of MBA students to conduct their study. Students were
“We wanted to find out what people did to
The researchers
●Challenging voice: Communicating in a way that challenges the present circumstances and is
●Supportive voice: Communicating in a way that
The researchers found that people who
“As might be expected, anyone who was very strong in terms of signaling both their human and social capital were extremely sought after. They’re doing all the right things to
However, the researchers found that students who only exhibited social capital through
“Our findings suggest that when people feel like they can trust you, even if you’re not
A.qualified | B.selected | C.examined | D.accounted |
A.dissatisfied | B.favourite | C.permanent | D.comfortable |
A.sacrifice | B.exchange | C.prohibit | D.contribute |
A.deliberately | B.originally | C.randomly | D.purposefully |
A.bargain | B.assess | C.negotiate | D.neglect |
A.signal | B.contribute | C.devote | D.manage |
A.indefinitely | B.frequently | C.considerably | D.specifically |
A.occasion | B.mission | C.degree | D.opinion |
A.engaged in | B.focused on | C.gotten across | D.taken off |
A.adjusts | B.decreases | C.monitors | D.strengthens |
A.exhibited | B.developed | C.evaluated | D.concealed |
A.separating | B.dominating | C.assembling | D.maintaining |
A.establish | B.resolve | C.analyze | D.estimate |
A.challenging | B.moderate | C.healthful | D.supportive |
A.doubtfully | B.necessarily | C.questionably | D.fortunately |
Rising To the Challenge
Cyclists must dig deep to complete what’s been called the toughest climb in the world. They race up to Wuling Peak to the finish line in the King of the Mountain (KOM) Challenge. Every October some of the world’s best cyclists battle
Ever since I started cycling seven years ago, completing the KOM climb
Last summer I finally decided to take on Wuling with some friends. Our 89-kilometer route started at the base of the mountain and was a little shorter than the official KOM race. But it’s the final 10 kilometers
We began early in the morning as a group of 17 riders. But only three of us would make it to the top. A support car was necessary, especially on a ride like this,
The first part of the ride went through Taroko Valley, a magnificent park. I’ve hiked there,
Walmart has a plan to tackle the climate crisis. Can it pull it off?
Every day a seemingly never-ending stream of toothbrushes, toilet paper, tape, thumbtacks, toys and
The retailer, which was for many years
Walmart has declared its mission
Over the past years, Walmart
"It's extraordinary," said Michael Vandenbergh, co-director of the Climate Change Research Network at Vanderbilt Law School,
Yet it's an uphill task for a retail giant with a business model based on providing tens of millions of low-priced products to a growing number of customers. The big question will be
A. resulting B. repeatedly C. relatively D. unusual E. difficult F. fluent G. fed H. mastered I. planning J. previously K. convenient |
How and why, roughly 2 million years ago, early human ancestors evolved large brains and began making
Roger Summons of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has a solution. Together with his team, he analyzed 1.7 million-year-old sandstones that formed in an ancient river at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania. The region is famous for the large number of human fossils that have been discovered there, alongside an impressive assembly of stone tools. The sandstones themselves have
Dr. Summons and his colleagues say the hot springs would have provided a(n)
Loving Legacy
Magic wands, flying broomsticks, terrifying monsters... these are the features of the fantasy genre. And over the last few decades, Harry Potter has remained at the top of the list for
Harry Potter might have started off as
I grew up reading Harry Potter. Like millions of other children, I waited on my eleventh birthday for an owl carrying a letter to inform me that I
Some may think that fantasy or science fiction has no place in literature, as they corrupt the mind and provide no useful lessons. These people are wrong. Characters in popular fantasy or science fiction novels are not much different from those in classic literature novels. Each embodies the emotion, character and thought
学校正在招募暑期支教志愿者,你有意申请参加此次志愿服务,请写封申请信,需包含以下内容:
1. 你为什么申请这个岗位?
2. 对此岗位,你有什么优势?
3. 如果你被录用,你将会怎么做?
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8 . As we age, our ability to think and remember stars to deteriorate. It is normal for old age to be associated with gradual decline in memory and brain mass.
Scientists know that parts of the brain decrease in size with age. But in super-agers that process is much slower. Emily Rogalski is a neuro-scientist at Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine, in Chicago, Illinois. In a recent study, she showed that super-agers have young brains. The area of the brain responsible for attention and memory -- the cortex (脑皮层)— was shown to be thicker in super-agers.
"When we look at the cortex of their brain, we see that, on average, it looks more like a 50-year-old brain than it looks like an average 80-year-old brain."
Several factors affect how our brains age. Scientists say super-agers have several things in common, including an active lifestyle. Many travel and play sports. They are often big readers.
Super-agers also seem to have certain common personality traits. Rogalski says they are, for the most part, known for their optimism, resilience and perseverance. Growing old, she adds, does not have to be depressing and sad. "Perhaps, if we expected a bit better from ourselves, then we would understand that not all aging is doom and gloom."
Gurolnick's own father was diagnosed with Alzheimer's in his fifties Solving this mystery, Rogalski says, may help those who suffer from brain diseases such as Alzheimer's.
"We think if we can understand the factors contributing to super-aging, it may offer new hypotheses and new ways to explore the challenges in Alzheimer's disease."
A.Nowadays scientists are peeking into the brains of these "super-agers" to uncover their secret. |
B.As lead investigator of the study, Rogalaski jokingly said that super-agers do not grow on trees. |
C.And they usually have healthy relationships and spend time with friends. |
D.Not only do super-agers have thicker cor-texes, they have more von Economo neurons. |
E.However, there are reports of individuals who seem immune to age-related memory impairment. |
F.It's pretty extraordinary for people in their 80s and 90s to keep the same sharp memory as someone several decades younger. |
9 . The number of devices you can talk to is multiplying -- first it was your phone, then your car, and now you can boss around your appliances. Children are likely to grow up thinking everything is interactive. After interacting with Amazon's Alexa 2, my 2 year old son started talking to cup mat. But even without chatty gadgets, research suggests that under certain circumstances, people anthropomorphize (人格化) everyday products.
So how do people assign traits to an object? In part, we rely on looks. On humans, wide faces are associated with dominance. Similarly, people rated cars, clocks, and watches with wide faces as more dominant-looking than narrow-faced ones, and preferred them -- especially in competitive situations like confronting a former bully at a school reunion.
A.It's little wonder so many companies use mascots to bring brands to life. |
B.Sometimes we see things as human because we're lonely. |
C.Some purchasers saw certain features as increasing a product's aggressiveness and friendliness, respectively. |
D.There are various images that people use to anthropomorphize everyday products. |
E.as if they were treated as real friends in either friendly or aggressive situations. |
F.unless they were first given tasks that caused them to interact with their phone as if it had human qualities. |
假设你是光华中学的学生李明,最近在某英文报上看到一则调查:在你的手机、智能手表、电脑、电视机中,你更喜欢哪种电子设备?请你给该报调查专栏的编辑写一封信,内容须包括:(1)你更喜欢以上哪一种电子设备?(2)你的理由。