1.
A.Long-distance runners should have light, thin bodies. |
B.Training in mountainous regions gives runners advantages. |
C.Many factors contribute to the success of marathon runners. |
D.Runners from mountainous areas are good marathoners. |
A.Efficient use of oxygen. | B.Motivation to run. |
C.Slow breathing rate. | D.Light and slim bodies. |
A.They give trainers positive feedback. | B.They seldom get financial rewards. |
C.They mostly live in poor conditions. | D.They gain nationwide popularity. |
2 . “Is data the new oil?” asked advocates of big data back in 2012 in Forbes magazine. By 2016, with the rise of big data’s fast-growing cousin deep learning, we had become more certain: “Data is the new oil,” stated Fortune magazine.
Amazon’s Neil Lawrence has a slightly different comparison: Data is coal. Not coal today, though, but coal in the early days of the 18th century, when Thomas Newcomen invented the steam engine. Newcomen built his device to pump water out of the southwest’s rich tin (锡) mines.
The problem, as Lawrence said, was that the pump was rather more useful to those who had a lot of coal than those who didn’t: it was good, but not good enough to be able to buy enough coal in to run it. That was so true that the first of Newcomen’s steam engines wasn’t built in a tin mine, but in coal works near Dudley.
So why is data coal? The problem is similar: there are a lot of Newcomen in the world of deep learning. New companies are coming up with revolutionary new ways to train machines to do impressive tasks, from reconstructing facial data from images to learning the writing style of an individual user to better predict which word they are going to type in a sentence. And yet, like Newcomen, their innovations are so much more useful to the people who actually have large amounts of raw material to work from.
But there is an ending to the story: 69 years later, James Watt made a nice change to the Newcomen steam engine, adding a condenser (冷凝器) to the design. That change, Lawrence said, “made the steam engine much more efficient, and that’s what triggered the industrial revolution.”
Whether data is oil or coal, then, there’s another way the comparison holds up: a lot of work is going into trying to make sure we can do more, with less.
“If you look at all the areas where deep learning is successful, they’re all areas where there’s lots of data,” points out Lawrence. That’s great if you want to classify images of cats, but less helpful if you want to use deep learning to diagnose rare illnesses. “It’s generally considered unacceptable to force people to become sick in order to acquire data.”
It’s not as impressive as teaching a computer to play a game better than any human alive, but “data efficiency” is a vital step if deep learning is to move away from simply taking in large amounts of data and giving out the best correlations (关联) possible.
1. The first of Newcomen’s steam engines wasn’t built in a tin mine because________.A.its operation required a lot of coal | B.it would lose its function in a tin mine |
C.it was in greater demand in coal works | D.the rich mines required more advanced aids |
A.Reconstructing facial data. | B.Predicting a word in a sentence. |
C.Classifying images of cats. | D.Diagnosing rare diseases. |
A.Watt’s condenser helped the steam engine consume less coal. |
B.Data involving patients is often collected through immoral ways. |
C.Teaching machines to learn is a vital step towards data efficiency. |
D.Thomas Newcomen’s steam engine had revolutionary applications. |
A.acquiring data is as complex as mining for coal |
B.a change is required to make more out of less data |
C.data is the new fuel to start an information revolution |
D.a larger amount of data is needed to accomplish something |
3 . By now you've probably heard about the "you're not special"speech,when English teacher David McCullough told graduating seniors at Wellesley High School:" Do not get the idea that you're anything special, because you're not." Mothers and fathers present at the ceremony took issue with these words. But lost in the uproar was something we really should be taking to heart: our young people actually have no idea whether they're particularly talented or accomplished or not. In our eagerness to lift their confidence,we forgot to teach them how to realistically assess their own abilities, a crucial requirement for getting better at anything from math to music to sports. In fact, it's not just privileged high-school students: we all tend to view ourselves as above average.
Such inflated self-judgments have been found in study after study, and it's often exactly when we're least competent at a given task that we rate our performance most generously. In a 2006 study published in the journal Medical Education, for example, medical students who scored the lowest on an essay test were the most charitable in their self-evaluations, while high-scoring students judged themselves much more severely.
Poor students, the authors note,"lack insight" into their own inadequacy.Why should this be?Another study, led by Comell University psychologist David Dunning, offers an enlightening explanation. People who are less capable, he writes with co-author Justin Kruger, suffer from a"double burden": they're not good at what they do, and their very ineptness prevents them from recognizing how bad they are.There's a conflict here, the authors note:"The skills that help to develop competence in a particular field are often the very same skills necessary to evaluate competence in that field." In other words, to get better at judging how well we're doing at an activity,we have to get better at the activity itself.
There are a couple of ways out of this double bind. First,we can learn to make honest comparisons with others. Train yourself to recognize excellence, even when you yourself don't possess it, and compare what you can do against what truly excellent individuals are able to accomplish. Second, seek out feedback that is frequent, accurate and specific. Find a critic who will tell you not only how poorly you're doing.but just what it is that you're doing wrong. As Dunning and Kruger note, success indicates to us that everything went right, but failure is more ambiguous: any number of things could have gone wrong. Use this external feedback to figure out exactly where and when you screwed up.
If we adopt these strategies---and most importantly, teach them to our children---they won't need parents,or a commencement(毕业典礼)speaker, to tell them that they're special. They'll already know that they are,or have a plan to get that way.
1. The author thinks the real problem is that ________.A.young people are expected to lift their confidence |
B.young people don't know how to evaluate their performance correctly |
C.young people can't make outstanding academic achievements |
D.we always tend to consider ourselves to be privileged |
A.Because the burdens they carry prevent their development. |
B.Because what they do requires mope skills than they possess. |
C.Because they lack the critical ability to judge their performance. |
D.Because they have always been told by others that they are special. |
A.We need to acknowledge our excellence so that we can do better. |
B.The best way to get better is to carefully study past failures on our own. |
C.We should make comparisons with others so that we can know where and when we failed. |
D.It is essential that we know where our limitations are and seek honest comments from others. |
A.Special or Not? Teach Kids to Figure It Out |
B.Let's Admit That We Are Not That Special |
C.Tips on Making Ourselves More Special |
D.Tell the Truth:Kids Overestimate Their Talents |
Can Birdsong Make You Happier?
If you are able to step outside and hear many types of birds, you might also have a greater feeling of well-being. Two studies show that hearing diverse birdsongs may help increase our happiness.
One study was done by the researchers at California Polytechnic State University. The team studied the effects of birdsong on people walking through a park in the U.S. state of Colorado. Danielle Ferraro, who led the Cal Poly study, says that there could be an evolutionary reason why we like birdsong. The idea is that when we hear birdsong it could signal safety to us. There could be many other reasons too Ferraro states that in some areas around the world birdsong can also signal the arrival of spring and nice weather. Bird diversity, she adds, can also mean a healthy environment.
Similarly, scientists in Germany examined for the first time whether a diverse nature also increases human well-being across Europe. The researchers looked at the European Quality of Life Survey to study the connection between the different kinds of birds in their surroundings and life satisfaction. They looked at more than 26,000 adults from 26 European countries. “Europeans are particularly satisfied with their lives if their surroundings have a high species diversity,” explains the study’s lead author, Joel Methorst, a researcher at the Goethe University in Frankfurt. He and his team found that the happiest Europeans are those who can experience many different kinds of birds in their daily life, or who live in near-natural surroundings that are home to many species.
So, if birdsong is good for our mental health, how can we increase the different types of birdsongs we hear? Scientists also mentioned, “We would recommend planting native trees and flowers because we have a lot of pretty decorative plants in our cities. And they might look nice to us, but birds can’t necessarily use them. So, we think it important to have species that are native to the area to increase bird diversity.”
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5 . Motivating Employees under Unfavourable Conditions
It is a great deal easier to motivate employees in a growing organization than a declining one. When organizations are expanding, promotional opportunities, pay rises, and the excitement of being associated with a dynamic organization create feelings of optimism. When an organization is shrinking, the best and mobile workers are likely to leave voluntarily.
Morale (士气) also suffers during decline. People fear they may be the next to be made unnecessary. Productivity often Suffers, as employees spend their time sharing rumours and providing one another with moral support rather than focusing on their jobs.
The literature on goal-setting theory suggests that managers should ensure that all employees have specific goals and receive comments on how well they are doing in those goals. Regardless of whether goals are achievable or well within management’s perceptions of the employee’s ability, if employees see them as unachievable they will reduce their effort.
Since employees have different needs, managers should use their knowledge of each employee to personalize the rewards over which they have control. Some of the more obvious rewards that managers allocate include pay, promotions and the opportunity to participate in goal-setting and decision-making.
A.There is enough evidence to support the motivational benefits that result from carefully matching people to jobs. |
B.For those whose jobs are secure, pay increases are rarely possible. |
C.High achievers are motivated by jobs that are high in independence and responsibility. |
D.Unfortunately, they are the ones the organization can least afford to lose—those with the highest skills and experience. |
E.The answer to that depends on perceptions of goal acceptance and the organization’s culture. |
F.Managers must be sure, therefore, that employees feel confident that their efforts can lead to performance goals. |
6 . I recently had the unique honor of returning to my university, as a guest lecturer, to talk about opinion and fact in news media and how to tell the two apart. During my class, I quizzed the students using 10 statements which they had to decide were either opinion or fact. Some students did a good job while others failed.
A Pew Research poll conducted among Americans in 2018 showed that only 26 percent of adults could identify the five factual statements, and only 35 percent could identify the five opinion statements.
This is possibly because, according to a recent report by the RAND Corporation — a non-profit, non-partisan think-tank based on Los Angeles — “US-based journalism has gradually shifted away from objective news and offers more opinion-based content that appeals to emotion and relies heavily on argumentation and advocacy.”
Their study looked at US news reporting over a 28-year period and found that “journalism in the US has become more subjective and consists less of the detailed event or context-based reporting that used to characterize news coverage,” according to Jennifer Kavanagh, a senior political scientist and lead author of the report.
This will probably come as a surprise to no one, or at least no one outside the United States where subjective and emotive reporting has clearly hampered the population’s ability to separate fact and opinion and deal with each with a healthy amount of skepticism.
So, what is opinion?
Opinion is someone’s subjective belief or view that cannot be proven as fact. Opinion will often feature adjectives like amazing, perfect, unbeatable, dreadful, grotesque, embarrassing.
As an opinion writer myself, you’ll often see those kinds of words here in my column, but since my weekly rants are clearly not news reports, you know to take whatever I say just as an opinion and form your own opinion if you so desire.
Here’s an example of an opinion-based statement: “Wes Anderson is an amazing filmmaker.” There’s no way of proving that statement as fact, because it’s subjective.
What is fact?
Fact is an objective statement or account of something real which can be proven. Factual accounts should not include adjectives like amazing, perfect, unbeatable, dreadful, grotesque or embarrassing. Here’s an example: “Wes Anderson won the Silver Bear for Best Director in 2018.”
Sound easy? Well, it really is, apart from the fact that news media in-the United States often purposefully or subconsciously mix opinion and fact, effectively blurring the line between the two so much that now many Americans can’t tell the difference.
Spotting deception
You can improve your news reading skills by keeping an eye out for the common markers of opinion in news reporting. The easiest is to look for adjectives, which are usually always markers of opinion and will sometimes be hidden inside news reporting to nefariously affect the reader’s understanding.
Here’s a quick example using a headline: “Impressive crowd of 10,000 turn out for march.” Can you see the adjective in that headline? The word “impressive” is the writer’s own opinion mixed in with a factual statement about the number of people who turned out for a march. By using that adjective, the writer is pushing you to see the march as a success and to feel that the cause behind the march has a lot of public support. That isn’t necessarily the case, and similarly a writer with another opinion could pen this headline: “Only 10,000 turn out for march.” See the difference?
Improve your news eye
I hope this short foray into a tiny aspect of news media has helped a little and that now you’re just a little bit more apt at separating fact from, well, fiction. In today’s world, that skill is more important than ever.
1. Which of the following statements about US-based journalism is true?A.It is characterized by the detailed event or context-based reporting. |
B.It fails to appeal to people’s emotion when reporting news events. |
C.It results in people’s inability to distinguish facts from opinions. |
D.It helps to cultivate a healthy amount of skepticism in people. |
A.Turning to opinion writers for help. |
B.Looking for specific adjectives. |
C.Reading as much news as possible. |
D.Figuring out the hidden meaning. |
①Increasing the federal minimum wage to US$15 an hour is essential for the health of the US economy.
②Health care costs per person in the US are the highest in the developed world.
③Immigrants who are in the US illegally have some rights under the Constitution.
④Democracy is the greatest form of government.
⑤Immigrants who are in the US illegally are a very big problem for the country today.
⑥President Barack Obama was born in the United States.
A.①②③ | B.④⑤⑥ | C.②③⑥ | D.①⑤⑥ |
A.To attract more readers for his column. |
B.To call for joint efforts by news agencies to cooperate. |
C.To warn the danger of lack of news reading skills. |
D.To provide advice on how to distinguish facts from opinions. |
A. stranded B. unsettling C. vast D. alternating E. titled F. breaking G. unparalleled H. unfolding I. sprung J. distress K. solidity |
Finding Comfort in War and Peace
Over the past 15 years, Yiyun Li, a Chinese-American author, has read War and Peace at least a dozen times. Her hardback copy of Leo Tolstoy's 1,200 - page saga bristles with colored notes, like some exotic lizard's spine. The novel is not just a masterclass in fiction, Ms. Li believes, but a cure for
War and Peace - originally
So large is Tolstoy's world, Ms. Li reckoned, that there could be no better companion for people
Other book clubs have
1.
A.They will have mental health problems. | B.They will have high blood pressure. |
C.They will definitely be depressed. | D.They will have low self-esteem. |
A.They are physically healthier. | B.They are mentally satisfied. |
C.They have happier experiences. | D.They enjoy a higher social status. |
A.More and more home appliances. |
B.Dangerous neighborhoods. |
C.Bullies on the Internet. |
D.Ex-criminals in the community. |
1.
A.His view on Canadian universities. |
B.His understanding of higher education. |
C.His suggestions for improvements in higher education. |
D.His complaint about inequality in American universities. |
A.It is well designed. | B.It is rather inflexible. |
C.It varies among universities. | D.It has undergone great changes. |
A.The United States and Canada can learn from each other. |
B.Public universities are often superior to private universities. |
C.Everyone should be given equal access to higher education. |
D.Private schools work more efficiently than public institutions. |
A.University systems vary from country to country. |
B.Efficiency is essential to university management. |
C.It is hard to say which is better, a public university or a private one. |
D.Many private universities in the US are actually large organizations. |
10 . Organizations and societies rely on fines and rewards to control people's self-interest in the service of the common good. The
A generation ago, Richard Titmuss claimed that paying people to donate blood
Experimental economists have found that offering to pay women for donating blood decreases the number willing to donate by almost half, and that letting them contribute the payment to charity
Perhaps most important, incentives affect what our actions signal, whether we're being self-interested or civic-minded, manipulated or trusted and they can imply--sometimes wrongly--what
This does not mean it's
A.temptation | B.threat | C.value | D.equivalent |
A.overflow | B.backfire | C.survive | D.work |
A.reduced | B.affected | C.afforded | D.balanced |
A.cut back | B.stand by | C.take note | D.hold on |
A.cause | B.reverse | C.take | D.detect |
A.In other words | B.On the contrary | C.By contrast | D.In addition |
A.satisfied | B.determined | C.dignified | D.discouraged |
A.unselfish | B.ambitious | C.thoughtful | D.aggressive |
A.boasts | B.values | C.encourages | D.mistrusts |
A.requirement | B.criticism | C.implication | D.reward |
A.supports | B.threatens | C.motivates | D.changes |
A.refine | B.offend | C.control | D.arouse |
A.impossible | B.strange | C.necessary | D.abnormal |
A.Rarely | B.Occasionally | C.Surprisingly | D.Ideally |
A.publicly | B.severely | C.monetarily | D.mildly |