1 . Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box.Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

E-Scooters

A.regardless   B.charged   C.option   D.mostly   E. transformative. F.powered G.connectivity   H.prospects   I.popularity     J.champions       K.invasion

Over the past two years, electric scooters have become ever-present in many of Europe and America's biggest cities. Britain is the last major western European country to hold out against the    1    . E-scooters are not allowed on public roads, though people do ride them on cycle Lanes and pavements     2    . But where they are permitted， e-scooter sharing companies

set up in large numbers. To their       3    , e-scooters are revolutionary: the "iPhone Of urban transport". To their critics, they are dangerous, anti-social and very annoying.

As with a dock less(无桩) bike，scooters are fitted with GPS trackers and wireless       4    Customers download an app and scan a QR code on the scooter to unlock it. They are then     5    a small amount. Bird, which launched its e-scooter in Santa Monica, California in September 2017 charges $l plus 15 cents per minute, on average, in the US-to travel where they want to go, at a maximum speed of around 15mph. At night, the scooters are rounded up, charged and returned to     6    .

E-Scooters have the potential to solve some of the worlds biggest transport problems. Most cities are already dangerously polluted and heavily congested, and it is simply not a(n)     7    to put more cars and taxis on the streets. Scooters are efficient; one kilowatt hour of energy carries on average a car     8    by petrol less than a mile, and an e-scooter 80 miles.

Scooters are clean, cheap, and they require little new infrastructure. For a country like car dependent America, they could be genuinely     9     roughly 60% of US journeys are under six miles, and most of the time drivers ride alone. Even in European cities, which     10     have good public transport systems, they are very useful for travelling the"final mile". According to Bird, 40% of taxi-riding journeys in London are under two miles, so e-scooters could help take a lot of cars off the streets.

2 . Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. moral                    B. infrequently                    C. rock                    D. dwelling E. chillingly             AB. emergency                    AC. address             AD. milestone AE. modeling            BC. highlight                      BD. ranking

Physicians Aren’t Immune to Suicide and Depression

Medicine is a tough profession. It’s both tremendously rewarding and terribly demanding. Physicians are at the front lines of humanity, along with nurses, therapists and more. But being at the front lines can be risky: In a study, nearly 50 percent of doctors reporting that they were burned out.     1     physicians, who are on call 24/7, have it the worst, followed closely by physicians working in other demanding subspecialties.

Studies about physician burnout are important but they typically don’t reflect this group’s high risk for even more dire mental health outcomes. Past research has also shown that physicians have a higher risk for suicide compared with other professions,     2     in the top ten of risky professions. And a recent Lancet study notes that     3    , one physician dies from suicide every day in the U.S.

Suicidal tendencies     4     the whole community. Health care systems respond with wellness meetings and other interventions but trainees still report feeling uncared for. In fact, several trainees privately tell me that they have to report fewer hours than they actually work.

Research studies     5     similar concerns to those I’ve heard. They report that workplace factors contribute to physician suicide “including a large workload, competitiveness of training programs, pressure of patient and service demands and the risk of     6     injury if physicians are forced to work in ways that conflict with their ethics and values.”

This new analysis is a major     7     for understanding and appropriately responding to the mental health crisis today. Instead of     8     on the past, the alarm has now been sounded: Greater attention must be paid to physician well-being. We want physicians to be safe and well, but we also need to help patients by     9     good health practices. Fortunately, preventive measures are already underway. Soon, we will hopefully be able to better     10     part of what is missing in the current conversation about physician mental health.

3 . Marmoset monkeys exist on a branch of the evolutionary tree that is distinct from the one that led to humans. But they constantly _______ researchers with social behavior that seems pretty highly evolved. Their social organization and _______ practices could have been the model for the phrase “It takes a village.” A dominant male and female breed, and their babies are carefully looked after by _______ family members who then aren’t free to breed themselves.

A new study further _______ the marmoset’s reputation for admirable community values. Researchers report that these caregivers share their food more generously with little ones _______ than when they’re surrounded by the watchful eyes of other community members. In complex societies where individuals band together for mutual protection, researchers have come up with a few widely accepted explanations for _______ behavior. But specific acts, like sharing a delicious cricket (蟋蟀) with a begging baby marmoset, seem to need more specific explanation.

One possibility is that an individual practices _______ as a means of enhancing his status among peers. By presenting that he is so well gifted with material goods that he can give some away, this do-gooder enhances his power within the group. That, in turn, may _______ prospective mates.

The other explanation for charitable behavior _______ that kindnesses extended to others are simply the fees of group membership, which offers some future promise of a chance to mate.__________ to share would result in exclusion from the group and a loss of potential partners.   

Scientists call this the “pay to stay” model. Importantly, for both of these models to work, acts of kindness must have a(n) __________. That suggests you would see more sharing in group settings; away from judging eyes, a caregiver might be more likely to keep food for himself or herself. And yet, in 2,581 tests conducted with 31 adult and 14 baby marmosets, the __________ appeared to be true.

Anthropologists (人类学家) from the University of Zurich carefully documented how often, in groups and in conditions that found caregiver and baby separated from the crowd, an adult would share his or her cricket. When alone with a baby __________ for a taste, adult marmosets shared their cricket 85% of the time. When in a group, caregivers offered up their cricket 67% of the time.” Our results show that helping in common marmosets is not driven by__________management or punishment avoidance, “the study authors reported. Rather, it is driven by a deep-down ____________ to help that is more strongly expressed when individuals are alone with young.”

1.

A．comfort

B．astonish

C．alarm

D．convince

2.

A．evolving

B．communicating

C．organizing

D．parenting

3.

A．extended

B．extensive

C．exclusive

D．enlarged

4.

A．shines

B．damages

C．affects

D．protests

5.

A．at play

B．in private

C．on schedule

D．by accident

6.

A．selfish

B．reluctant

C．selfless

D．negative

7.

A．generosity

B．wisdom

C．independence

D．governance

8.

A．count on

B．go after

C．appeal to

D．benefit from

9.

A．confirms

B．ensures

C．complains

D．assumes

10.

A．Effort

B．Temptation

C．Failure

D．Promise

11.

A．atmosphere

B．audience

C．feedback

D．judge

12.

A．statistics

B．expectation

C．result

D．opposite

13.

A．stretching

B．fighting

C．begging

D．striving

14.

A．prize

B．fortune

C．award

D．reputation

15.

A．motivation

B．consideration

C．invitation

D．creation

4 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Are You Sitting Comfortably?

The way that people sit in chairs is not just by chance. If you are sitting with your arms and legs swinging, it is probably a sign     1     you are relaxed and feeling comfortable. If you     2     (position) on the edge of the chair with your legs stretched before you and your feet crossed, it can signal lack of interest.

Here is an example: in a country where the rules of behavior in court were very strict, a witness in a trial sat as     3     (describe) above, with one of his huge boots put on top of     4     , wearing a big coat and his arms crossed in front of his body. The judge said: “ Sit up straight and take your coat off,       5     I’ll hold you in contempt of court.” The man sat up straight in no time when he realized that he risked       6    (fine).

When people go to the dentist or wait for a job interview, they might be seated on the edge of their chair with their feet together. If it’s a woman, she’ll probably be hugging her handbag. Body tension spreads and makes you feel short of breath. When you are in such a position, it is easy to lose your head and simply run away if things take a turn for the     7     (bad).

You don’t believe that people     8     learn to control their body language completely; they will lose control at some point or other.

5 . Sometimes modern problems require ancient solutions.

A 1,400-year-old Peruvian method of diverting water could supply up to 40,000 Olympic-size swimming pool’s worth of water to Lima each year. It is one _______ of how ancient methods could support existing modern ones in countries without enough water. Man-made reservoirs store rainwater and water overflow for use during dries times. But reservoirs are costly, require years to plan and can still _________ to meet water needs.

Peru’s capital, Lima, depends on water from rivers high in the Andes Mountains. It takes only a few days for water to flow down to the city. So when the dry season begins in the mountains, the water supply quickly disappears. The city _______ this with modern structures such as man-made reservoirs. These reservoirs are not the only solution, _________. Over a thousand years ago, indigenous people developed another way to solve water problems.

Water diverted, _________.

The 1,400-year-old system is designed to increase the water supply during the dry season by diverting and slowing water as it travels down the mountains. This _________-based method is made of special canals that guide water from its source to a series of water bodies and hillsides. The water goes _________ into the ground, then flows downhill through the soil and _______ in water bodies near the community.

Its aim was to increase the water’s travel time from days to months in order to provide water throughout the day season. The researchers _________ how much the system slowed the flow of water by injecting special dye in the highlands and noting when it reappeared in water bodies. The dyed water started to ____________ two weeks later and continued flowing for eight months — a huge ____________ over the hours or days it would normally take.

____________ increase in supply.

The researchers next considered how using a larger version of the system could help Lima. They combined what they learned in Huamantanga with the knowledge of physical ____________ of Lima’s surroundings. The resulting estimates say the system could increase Lima’s dry-season water supply by 7.5 percent overall and up to 33 percent at the start of the dry season.

The system is also ____________ sound. Ochoa-Tocachi, a researcher, estimated that building canals similar to those in Huamantanga would cost 10 times less than building a reservoir of the same size. He also said former highland societies in other parts of the world had methods for diverting and slowing water flow. And, they could use these methods today to support their ____________ modern methods.

1.

A．sign

B．example

C．explanation

D．theory

2.

A．manage

B．fail

C．operate

D．work

3.

A．equips

B．finances

C．resolves

D．constructs

4.

A．furthermore

B．however

C．therefore

D．moreover

5.

A．promoted

B．distributed

C．dried

D．delayed

6.

A．nature

B．economy

C．welfare

D．technology

7.

A．swiftly

B．deeply

C．slowly

D．rightly

8.

A．reappears

B．reserves

C．reverses

D．resumes

9.

A．foretold

B．measured

C．estimated

D．assumed

10.

A．freeze

B．fade

C．surface

D．flow

11.

A．priority

B．decline

C．concern

D．improvement

12.

A．Considerate

B．Slight

C．Predictable

D．Sizable

13.

A．personalities

B．qualities

C．altitudes

D．populations

14.

A．geologically

B．socially

C．geographically

D．economically

15.

A．simpler

B．costlier

C．better

D．safer

6 .

A．Finish checking his reference.	B．Complete the research.
C．Put the material in order.	D．Finish typing the paper.

7 . Do you remember how you felt the first time you rode bike? What about your first heartbreak? _________ moments and the emotions they arouse can resonate in our minds for decades, powerfully shaping who we are as individuals. But for those who experience severe trauma(创伤), such painful memories can leave people with life-changing mental conditions. So, what if traumatic memories did not have to cause so much _______ ? For now, the work is happening in mice.

Neuroscientists usually define a singular memory as an engram---a physical change in brain tissue ________ a particular recollection. While at MIT in 2013, Steve Ramirez of Boston University and his research partner Xu Liu had a breakthrough: They were able to target the cells that _______ one engram in a mouse's brain and then implant a false memory. In their work, mice _____ in fear to a particular stimulus even when they had not been conditioned in advance.

In their current work, Ramirez and his colleagues are investigating whether ______ memories can be “overwritten” by positive ones. In their experiments, positive memories are created by putting male mice in cages with female ones for an hour, and negative memories are created by putting the mice in cages that deliver brief foot shocks. After a surgical operation on the mice, the researchers find that _______ positive memories while mouse is in a cage makes it less fearful. They think that this memory “retraining"may be helping to ______ some of the mouse's trauma. _______ , it is unclear whether those original fear memories are completely lost or just suppressed(抑制).

_____ Ramirez’s team stresses that their work in mice is preliminary(初步的), they see treatment potential for humans down the road. Those suffering from PTSD or depression could have their memories _______ , for instance, so that they don't have a strong ______ response to painful recollections.

If it’s one day possible to alter human memory, who should be allowed to receive that treatment? And would the _______ system be at a disadvantage if key witnesses and victims cannot remember a crime? These are questions New York University bioethicist Arthur Caplan says are worth thinking about before the technology is ready for human clinical settings.

As neuroscientists progress with their research, they say these _______ issues are being taken into account. Ramirez sees the idea of   ______ memories as neither good nor bad. Like water, it just depends on how you use it.

1.

A．Forgettable

B．Memorable

C．Sustainable

D．Believable

2.

A．fruit

B．difference

C．pain

D．movement

3.

A．associated with

B．exchanged for

C．sentenced to

D．deprived of

4.

A．put off

B．pick up

C．turn on

D．make up

5.

A．reacted

B．hurried

C．stunned

D．resolved

6.

A．short-term

B．negative

C．enjoyable

D．reliable

7.

A．deleting

B．decreasing

C．activating

D．pausing

8.

A．recreate

B．eliminate

C．liberate

D．memorize

9.

A．Therefore

B．Besides

C．Indeed

D．However

10.

A．Since

B．Unless

C．Until

D．While

11.

A．removed

B．strengthened

C．altered

D．stimulated

12.

A．emotional

B．physical

C．controversial

D．mechanical

13.

A．immune

B．justice

C．medical

D．commerce

14.

A．mental

B．ethical

C．criminal

D．equality

15.

A．killing

B．multiplying

C．controlling

D．justifying

8 . Dansh Boyd, who holds positions at Microsoft Research, New York University, and Harvard's Berkman Center for Internet and Society, has a pointed message for parents: Most everything we think we know about the way our kids are using the Internet is wrong. Boyd's new book, it's Complicated: The Social Lives of Networked Teens, makes the case that the Internet isn't nearly as scary or damaging to young people as many moms and dads believe. As the mother of a 16-yaer-old, I found most of it fascinating. Here are two of my biggest takeaways:

Technology is not turning our teens into social misfits.

Although the image persists that young people would rather test than talk, and prefer connecting of Facebook than hanging out in person, Boyd says this isn't true. "Most of the teens that I met ... were desperate for the opportunity to leave their homes to gather with friends," she writes.

The trouble is that in many communities, young people have less freedom than they once did because they are so over scheduled and because parents are worried about their safety. "The era of being able to run around after school as long as you are home before dark is long over." Boyd notes.

To make up for this lost freedom, teens have turned to their computers. "The success of social media must be understood partly in relation to this shrinking social landscape." Boyd explains. Facebook, Twitter. Instagram, Snapchat, and other sites "are not only new public spaces: they are in many cases the only 'public' spaces in which teens can easily communicate with large groups of their peers."

Adolescents aren't as Internet savvy as we like to think.

Although teens have been called "digital natives" for having grown up practically glued to their computers and smart-phones, they still remain simple in many ways about what they find online. After all, they're just kids.

"Many of today's teens are indeed deeply engaged with social media ... but this does not mean that they have the knowledge or skills to make the most of their online experiences," Boyd writes. "The so-called 'digital natives,' far from being useful, is often a distraction to understanding the challenges that youth face in the networked world."

One area in which young people need help is in learning to distinguish between valid and misleading sources of information. "Teens may make their own media or share content online," Boyd observes, "but this does not mean that they inherently have the knowledge or perspective to critically examine what they consume."

Yet many teachers, librarians, and, yes, parents do. "Even those who are afraid of technology," Boyd says, "can offer valuable critical perspective."

As a mom or dad, the most important thing for your kid to plug into is your hard-earned wisdom.

1. Danah Boyd's new book mainly talks about ________.

A．the correct and wise use of the Internet for young people

B．teens' real social lives online and advice for parents

C．measures parents can take to deal with the damaging Internet

D．fascinating takeaways for a mother of a 16-year-old

2. According to Boyd, why are teens nowadays easily considered social misfits?

A．Because they seem to prefer to communicate through social networks.

B．Because they are too over scheduled to hang out with friends in person.

C．Because parents require them to stay at home more for safety reasons.

D．Because social networks offer them convenience of communication

3. An "Internet savvy" person is one who ________.

A．tends to be cheated over the Internet all the time

B．is completely absorbed in social networks all the time

C．knows how to fully and wisely use the Internet

D．has the ability to distinguish right from wrong

4. Boyd may suggest that parents should ________.

A．provide kids with more chances to leave homes and gather with friends

B．build more public places for kids to communicate with their peers

C．provide kids with knowledge and skills to help them to digital natives

D．filter out the misleading sources of information online for their kids

9 . Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences in the box. Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need.

Think of Spider-Man, Iron Man and Ant-Man. Think of Black Panther, the Mighty Thor and the X-Men. Think of the Incredible Hulk, the Fantastic Four and all the other superheroes that have stimulated the popular imagination.     1    . From a small office in Manhattan in the 1960s, he helped create a lineup of fictional heroes that have crossed from page to screen in a series of TV and movie adaptations and changed the face of popular culture.

For many, he was the face of Marvel, if not comic books in general, witnessing the company's rise to become an international media giant. As a writer, editor, publisher and Hollywood executive, he played a critical role in what comic fans call one of the medium's golden ages.

    2    . Lee gave the heroes flaws and insecurities, as well as an awareness of trends, social causes and a sense of humor, trying to ''make them real flesh-and-blood characters with personality, '' he told The Washington Post in 1992. ''That's what any story should have, but comics didn't have it until that point. They were all cardboard figures. ''

    3    . Iron Man, for example, could join forces with the Fantastic Four, and Captain America could find himself a wedding guest alongside Doctor Strange. Lee created a fictional universe for readers to explore — one that made readers buy multiple series to get the whole story.

''I used to think what I did was not very important, '' Lee told the Chicago Tribune in 2014. ''People are building bridges and participating in medical research, and here I was working on stories about fictional people who do crazy things and wear costumes. But I suppose I have come to realize that entertainment is not easily dismissed. ''

Stan Lee was as extraordinary as the characters he created, said Disney chairman and CEO Bob Iger. Indeed, Lee worked tirelessly his whole life creating great characters for the world to enjoy.     4    . His legacy will outlive us all.

A．He inspired our imagination and hoped we could use it to make the world a better place.

B．If all these entertainment products can be traced to one person, it would be Stan Lee, who died last November at the age of 95.

C．Lee also appeared in a number of Marvel movies, watering his lawn, delivering the mail, and so on.

D．In order to keep multiple stories going at the same time, Lee wove them together into a seamless(无缝的) fictional world.

E．Under Lee, Marvel transformed the comic book world by humanizing its characters.

F．Through the honesty of guys like Spider-Man, we learn about different aspects of human nature.

10 . Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.

Sneakers (运动鞋) Made from Old Chewing Gum

Dutch fashion and shoe label Explicit Wear is hoping to solve one of life’s sticky situations—the annoyance of stepping in waste chewing gum on the pavement—while helping to keep Amsterdam’s city streets clean. The brand has partnered with local marketing organization Iamsterdam and sustainability firm Gumdrop     1    (create) a   limited edition sneaker for adults made from recycled gum collected from   the city’s pavements.

Chewing gum causes an incredibly serious ecological problem,    2    it is made from plastics that do not biodegrade ( 生物降解). It’s also the second     3    (common) form of roadside litter, after cigarette ends. An incredible 3.3 million pounds of gum are incorrectly thrown away on the sidewalks each year,    4    (cost) the city millions of dollars to clean up. Gumdrop plans to collect waste gum from the streets of Amsterdam, clean them, and turn them into Gum-Tec, the material that forms the base of the shoe.

The waste gum will be put to good use to make stylish kicks,    5    will also raise awareness for the anti-littering cause.    6    (price) at around $332, the shoes will come into the market sometime next month.

Available for preorder now, the new Gumshoe sneakers—offered in both a bubblegum pink and a black/red colorway—     7     (feature) long-lasting rubber outsoles (鞋子外底)   shaped   from   recyclable   compounds produced by Gumdrop, 20 percent of which are made from gum.

Nearly 2.2 pounds of gum     8    (use) in every four pairs of shoes. A map of Amsterdam is made into the bottom of the soles to remind people of the littering problem. Even better, the sneakers actually still smell like bubblegum,    9    the annoying stickiness. Just as good as any sneaker with a rubber sole, the Gumshoes help   get chewing gum off our streets and keep the dangerously non-biodegradable substance out of our eco-system.

To help spread their sustainability message,    10    Gumshoe’s creators are hoping to do is to expand their project to other major cities around the world.