1 . We can achieve knowledge either actively or passively. We achieve it actively by direct experience, by testing and proving an idea, or by reasoning.

We achieve knowledge passively by being told by someone else. Most of the learning that takes place in the classroom is passive, and so is the kind that happens when we watch TV or read newspapers or magazines. Conditioned (习惯) as we are to passive learning, it’s not surprising that we depend on it in our everyday communication with friends and co-workers.

Unfortunately, passive learning has a serious problem. It makes us tend to accept what we are told even when it is little more than hearsay (传闻) and rumor (谣言).

Did you ever play the game Rumor? It begins when one person writes down a message but doesn’t show it to anyone. Then the person whispers it, word for word, to another person. That person, in turn, whispers it to still another, and so on, through all the people playing the game. The last person writes down the message word for word as he or she hears it. Then the two written statements are compared. Typically, the original message has changed.

That’s what happens in daily life. The simple fact that people repeat a story in their own words changes the story. Then, too, most people listen imperfectly. And many enjoy adding their own creative touch to a story, trying to improve on it, stamping (打上标记) it with their own personal style. Yet those who hear it think they know.

This process is also found among scholars and authors: A statement of opinion by one writer may be restated as a fact by another, who may in turn be quoted by yet another; and this process may continue, unless it occurs to someone to question the facts on which the original writer based his opinion or to challenge the interpretation he placed upon those facts.

1. According to the passage, ________ belongs to passive learning.

A．doing a medical experiment	B．solving a math problem
C．visiting an exhibition	D．doing scientific reasoning

2. The author mentions the game rumor to show that ________.

A．a message may be changed when being passed on

B．a message should be delivered in different ways

C．people may have problems with their sense of hearing

D．people tend not to believe in what they know as rumor

3. What can we infer from the passage?

A．Active learning is less important	B．Passive learning may not be reliable
C．Active learning occurs more frequently	D．Passive learning is not found among scholars

4. Through the passage, the author intends mainly to ________.

A．introduce the advantages of passive learning	B．persuade us to adopt active learning
C．explain why passive learning can be bad	D．compare active learning and passive learning

2 . How can teenagers keep themselves from suffering from loneliness? Here are some suggestions for speeding a recovery from loneliness.

    1     A smile and a friendly greeting for the student behind you in line at the cafeteria (餐厅) won't make you best friends.But it will make you both feel good.It can also make it easier to interact the next time，and the time after that.

Find a safe place to make connections.If going to the dancing party makes you feel like you just don't belong，try joining a special-interest group.Maybe it’s the drama club or the marching band.Just because you feel left out in one group doesn't mean you'll feel like an outsider in every other one.    2    

Find other ways of making connections.Lonely people hunger for friendship.Sometimes feeling accepted and liked comes more easily when you do something for others rather than waiting for them to make you feel better.    3     Help a child in reading.Take notes for a disabled classmate.You might be surprised at the connections you make.

Choose the right people.Loneliness is an absence of quality friendship，not of a particular quantity of friends.    4     The best friendships are those based on similar values and attitudes.

You get what you expect，so expect the best.If you expect others to be friendly，you will behave in proper ways that encourage people to be friendlier to you.It can be hard work to be positive toward others.    5    

A．Loneliness won't last long.

B．So consider becoming a volunteer.

C．Reach out to others but start small.

D．This harmful attitude can continue into adulthood.

E．That's why it's important to know how to select a friend.

F．Look for a group that allows you to feel comfortable gradually.

G．But starting the first step of positive expectations can make all the difference.