1 . For decades, scientists thought of the brain as the most valuable and consequently most closely guarded part of the body. Locked safely behind the blood-brain barrier, it was broadly free of the harm of viruses and the battles started by the immune system (免疫系统). Then, about 20 years ago, some researchers began to wonder: is the brain really so separated from the body? The answer, according to a growing body of evidence, is no.
The list of brain conditions that have been associated with changes elsewhere in the body is long and growing. Changes in the makeup of the microorganisms in the digestive system have been linked to disorders such as Parkinson’s disease. There is also a theory that infection during pregnancy could lead to brain diseases in babies.
The effect is two-way. There is a lengthening list of symptoms not typically viewed as disorders of the nervous system, but the brain plays a large part in them. For example, the development of a fever is influenced by a population of nerve cells that control body temperature and appetite. Evidence is mounting that cancers use nerves to grow and spread.
The interconnection between the brain and body has promising implications for our ability to both understand and treat illnesses. If some brain disorders start outside the brain, then perhaps treatments for them could also reach in from outside. Treatments that take effect through the digestive system, the heart or other organs, would be much easier and less risky than those that must cross the blood-brain barrier.
It also works in the opposite direction. Study shows mice have healthier hearts after receiving stimulation to a brain area involved in positive emotion and motivation. Activation of the brain reward centre — called the ventral tegmental area (VTA) — seems to cause immune changes that contribute to it. Working out how this happens could help to destroy cancers, enhance responses to vaccines and even re-evaluate physical diseases that, for centuries, have not been considered as being psychologically driven.
1. What do the researchers focus on about the brain?A.Its protecting system. | B.Its exposure to diseases. |
C.Its controlling function. | D.Its connection to the body. |
A.By explaining a theory. | B.By providing examples. |
C.By making comparisons. | D.By presenting cause and effect. |
A.Cheaper. | B.More specific. |
C.Safer. | D.More direct. |
A.Brain health depends on immune changes. |
B.Brain stimulation leads to negative emotions. |
C.The brain can help enhance psychological health. |
D.The brain may be key to treating physical diseases. |
2 . Ariel Procaccia has thought a lot about how to cut a cake over the last 15 years. As the father of three children, he knows how hard it is to divide a birthday cake to everyone’s satisfaction. But it’s also because Procaccia’s work focuses on exploring the mathematical rules for dividing stuff up fairly. One way to do that is to think abstractly about dessert.
For decades, researchers have been asking the seemingly simple question of how to cut a cake fairly. The answer reaches far beyond birthday parties. A mathematical problem at its heart, cake cutting connects strict reasoning to real-world issues of fairness, and so attracts not only mathematicians, but also social scientists, economists and more. “It’s a very elegant model in which you can distill what fairness really is, and reason about it,” Procaccia says.
The simplest approach is called the “divider-chooser” method, where one person cuts the cake into two equal pieces in his view, and the other person picks first. Each receives a piece that they feel is as valuable as the other’s. But when personal preferences are taken into account, even the easiest rule becomes complicated. Suppose Alice and Bob are to divide a cake, and Alice knows Bob prefers chocolate, she may knowingly divide the cake unequally so the smaller piece contains more chocolate. Then Bob will choose according to his preference, and Alice will get the larger piece. Both of them are satisfied with what they get, but the meaning of fairness changes in this situation.
The cake is a symbol for any divisible good. When cake-cutting principles are employed to settle disagreements, they are potentially helping the world find solutions. Procaccia has used fair division algorithms (算法) to model food distribution. Social scientist Haris Aziz is exploring situations ranging from how to divide up daily tasks to how to best schedule doctors’ shifts in hospitals.
Even after decades of investigation, cake cutting isn’t like a simple jigsaw puzzle (拼图) with a well-defined solution. Instead, over time, it has evolved into a kind of mathematical sandbox, a constructive playground that brings together abstract proofs and easy applications. The more researchers explore it, the more there is to explore.
1. What does the underlined word “distill” in paragraph 2 mean?A.Get the essence of. | B.Find the opposite of. |
C.Keep the focus on. | D.Reduce the impact on. |
A.Its standard is stable. | B.It prevents unequal division. |
C.Its concept is complex. | D.It dominates personal preferences. |
A.The application of its rules. | B.The details of its process. |
C.The problems it produces. | D.The harmony it symbolizes. |
A.Who benefits most from fairness? |
B.How has fairness changed over time? |
C.What method works best in cake-cutting? |
D.Why are researchers so interested in cake-cutting? |
3 . “The mountains are calling and I must go” — the famous quote is from John Muir(1838-1914), who is described as “the wilderness poet” and “the citizen of the universe.” He once jokingly referred to himself as a “poet-geologist-botanist and ornithologist (鸟类学家)-naturalist etc. etc.!” He is known as the Father of American National Parks.
Famed documentary filmmaker Ken Burns recently said, “As we got to know him… he was among the highest individuals in America; I’m talking about the level of Abraham Lincoln, Martin Luther King Jr., and Thomas Jefferson— people who have had a transformational effect on who we are.”
So where is the quote from? Well, John Muir was a productive writer. Whether he was writing poetry or simply letters to his family, John Muir was always putting pen to paper. The quote is from within one of his many letters written to his sister:
September 3rd, 1873 Yosemite Valley Dear sister Sarah,I have just returned from the longest and hardest trip I have ever made in the mountains, having been gone over five weeks. I am weary, but resting fast; sleepy, but sleeping deep and fast; hungry, but eating much. For two weeks I explored the glaciers of the summits east of here, sleeping among the snowy mountains without blankets and with little to eat on account of its being so inaccessible. After my icy experiences, it seems strange to be down here in so warm and flowery a climate. I will soon be off again, determined to use all the season in carrying through my work—will go next to Kings River a hundred miles south, then to Lake Tahoe and surrounding mountains, and in winter work in Oakland with my pen. Though slow, someday I will have the results of my mountain studies in a form in which you all will be able to read and judge them. The mountains are calling and I must go, and I will work on while I can, studying incessantly (永不停息地). I will write again when I return from Kings River Canyon. Farewell, with love everlasting. Yours, John |
1. What can we learn from John Muir’s self-description in paragraph 1?
A.He longed to expand his own career. |
B.He enjoyed his involvement in nature. |
C.He wanted to find his real advantage. |
D.He valued his identity as a poet most. |
A.Muir’s political influence. | B.A documentary film on Muir. |
C.Muir’s historic significance. | D.The social circle around Muir. |
A.Relieved but regretful. | B.Exhausted but content. |
C.Excited but lonely. | D.Defeated but hopeful. |
A.To go on with his mountain studies. |
B.To seek freedom from social connection. |
C.To attend an appointment in Oakland. |
D.To experience the hardship of wilderness. |
4 . British cinema boasts a rich diversity of films that weave appealing narratives with stunning landscapes and fascinating characters. These films celebrate the diverse beauty and cultural heritage of Britain.
Local HeroLocal Hero digs into the conflict between a giant US oil company and a remote Scottish village when the former plans to build a refinery (精炼厂). However, the exceptionally beautiful landscapes and the firm attitude of the villagers sway the company’s decision. The story has been a lasting appeal to audiences, even after over four decades.
KesBritish director Ken Loach’s first triumph, Kes, describes the touching narrative of a young Yorkshire boy taking the journey of capturing and training an eagle. The film offers a rare description of Yorkshire, filled with a tender lens that celebrates its essence.
The DigThe delightful counties surrounding London are vividly depicted in The Dig, set against the peaceful countryside of Suffolk before World War II. Ralph Fiennes, a famous actor, plays the role of a self-taught archaeologist unearthing the mysteries of an Anglo-Saxon graveyard, adding to its fun.
CalvaryIrish director Michael McDonagh’s films set in Ireland are undoubtedly attractive, often integrating Ireland’s picturesque scenery into the story. Among these, Calvary, stands out. It records the difficult and tiring journey of a moral priest, dealing with the evil forces within his area.
1. What is the setting of the film Local Hero?A.A Yorkshire village. |
B.A remote Scottish village. |
C.The countryside of Suffolk. |
D.The Anglo-Saxon graveyard. |
A.Local Hero. | B.Kes. |
C.Calvary. | D.The Dig. |
A.The moral dilemma of an Irish priest. |
B.The national and cultural heritage of Britain. |
C.The beauty and diversity of British landscapes and characters. |
D.The adventures of Yorkshire boys capturing and training eagles. |
5 . The Florida Aquarium (Meets animal welfare guidelines)
Open hours: 9:30 AM — 5:00 PM
The Florida Aquarium is an educational and fun-filled wonderland, home to thousands of animals and plants. Kids will especially enjoy wearing a wetsuit to walk among the underwater inhabitants and explore coral caves. It’s an immersive learning journey for the whole family. Ticket prices vary based on several factors including weather, day of week, holidays, local events and attendance patterns. Click here for more information.
Monterey Bay Aquarium (Meets animal welfare guidelines)
Open hours: 10:00 AM — 5:00 PM (Tuesday — Friday); 10:00 AM — 6:00 PM (Saturday — Sunday)
Located by the oceanfront, the Monterey Bay Aquarium offers a window into the rich marine life of the area with over 200 exhibits and 80,000 plants and animals on display. Here, you can see leopard sharks weave through kelp forests at one of the tallest aquarium exhibits in the world, sardines swimming past a 90-foot aquarium window, and cute sea otters frolicking.
Tickets are only available online so be sure to book before you go.
Admission: Adult (ages 18 — 69) $59.95; Youth $49.95 (ages 13 — 17); Child $44.95 (ages 5 — 12) Four and under free; Senior $49.95 (ages 70+).
Tennessee Aquarium (Meets animal welfare guidelines)
Open hours: 10:00 AM — 5:00 PM (Sunday — Friday); 9:00 AM — 5:00 PM (Saturday)
This aquarium has two buildings: River Journey, which showcases freshwater habitats from around the globe, and Ocean Journey, where travelers can view magnificent sea creatures. We recommend spending at least three hours at the aquarium as there are over 10,000 animals here. Weekends are the busiest, so consider visiting on a weekday for a quieter and more intimate experience. There’s timed entry to the aquarium, so plan ahead when booking your tickets.
Admission: Adult $39.95; Youth (Ages 5 — 17) $29.95
1. What do the three aquariums have in common?A.They never abuse animals. | B.They offer underwater activities. |
C.Tickets are only available online. | D.Ticket prices vary based on visitors’ ages. |
A.8:00 AM — 10:00AM, Tuesday. | B.4:00 PM — 6:00 PM, Thursday. |
C.2:00 PM — 5:00 PM, Friday. | D.9:00 AM — 12:00 AM, Saturday. |
A.A geography textbook. | B.A travel website. |
C.A trade journal. | D.An animal encyclopedia. |
6 . Conflict in communities is usually about the task or the person. Of course, sometimes it’s hard to separate one from the other.
Task conflict happens when people have different ideas of what needs to be done. It points to potential differences in opinion about everything you can imagine that is essential for a group: mission, priorities of tasks, compensation mechanism (机制), decision-making mechanisms, etc. Task conflict is not a problem when people realize the source of the conflict is the task and not the people. Community members must resolve tension inclusively with everyone’s voice being heard and acknowledged. However, this does not mean that the solution must include everyone’s opinion. After the conversation, everyone should feel that they had a fair chance to express their opinion and that it was taken seriously by others and not brushed aside.
Conflict between people is tricky because it’s attacking a person’s essence and self-worth. Often this form of conflict, relationship conflict, happens when two conditions are met: First, people have different values or are holding different assumptions, and secondly, neither party can see beyond their own biases. With relationship conflict, the person is perceived to be the problem and is being attacked by others. Each party assumes that most people are on their side and that the other person is acting out of self-interest. This eventually leads to people disagreeing with each other, not for the task’s sake but to prove the other person is wrong.
Sometimes conflict originates in a task. People might prefer different tools or different approaches. If this initial controversy is ignored or not dealt with appropriately, the relatively easy task conflict turns into a more complex relationship conflict. When relationship conflict occurs, a lot of things are reactive rather than reflective. People stop thinking and act impulsively (冲动地).
All in all, remember that every culture has its own way of handling conflict. Some people consider it dishonest if an argument is not addressed openly, while in other cultures, such a discussion will not be acceptable. It comes down to “Don’t assume everyone thinks like you”.
1. What does the underlined phrase “brushed aside” in Paragraph 2 mean?A.Approved. | B.Ignored. | C.Swept. | D.Denied. |
A.Eric has a quarrel with his girlfriend in shopping mall. |
B.Group members are debating which approaches to be used. |
C.Tom is criticized by his best friend for being irresponsible. |
D.Two neighbors have a big argument over community health issues. |
A.Relationship conflict originates from task conflict. |
B.Task conflict is easier to resolve than relationship conflict. |
C.Conflict in communities causes people to make impulsive decisions. |
D.Task conflict can be sometimes transformed into relationship conflict. |
A.Give a warning. | B.Offer a suggestion. |
C.Make an assumption. | D.List a misconception. |
7 . Concrete is one of the most widely used building materials today. It’s a composite material made from a mixture of broken stone or gravel, sand, Portland cement, and water, which can be spread or poured into molds and forms a mass resembling stone on hardening.
Around 3000 BC, the Egyptians used early concrete forms in their building.
One of concrete’s key ingredients is cement (水泥), which is thought to have been devised in Europe in 1300 BC. Later, cement would be combined with other materials to make a substance more similar to what we know as concrete today. The Romans, for example, are famed for their concrete; many structures built using it still stand today. But it could be older than that.
Middle eastern builders coated the outside of their clay fortresses with a thin, moist layer of burned limestone (石灰石), which chemically reacted with gasses in the air to form a hard, protective surface.
Around or before the third millennium BC, Nabataean traders or Bedouins built the first concrete-like structures in the southern Syria and northern Jordan regions. By 700 BC, the significance of lime was known, which led to the development of mortar supply kilns (窑厂) for the construction of rubble-wall houses, and concrete floors.
In 1824, Portland cement was invented by Joseph Aspdin of England. George Bartholomew laid down the first concrete-paved street in the US in 1893, which still exists.
By the end of the 19th century, steel-reinforced concrete was developed. In 1902, August Perret designed and built an apartment building in Paris using steel-reinforced concrete. This building had wide admiration and popularity for concrete and influenced the development of reinforced concrete.
In 1921, Eugene Freyssinet pioneered reinforced-concrete construction by building two airship hangars at Orly Airport in Paris.
1. What is the third paragraph mainly about?A.The composition of concrete. | B.Early Roman buildings. |
C.Early use of concrete in Europe. | D.The invention of cement. |
A.To introduce it as a building material. |
B.To stress the importance of protecting buildings. |
C.To talk about early use of concrete in Middle East. |
D.To describe middle eastern builders’ rich knowledge in chemistry. |
A.In 700 BC. | B.In 1300 BC. | C.In the 18th century. | D.In the 19th century. |
A.By contrast. | B.By giving examples. | C.By analyzing causes. | D.By following time order. |
8 . History of Photography: Postmodernism
October 17—November 28
1: 00 pm-4: 00 pm
Explore the history of postmodern photography from the 1960s to the present. Start with pop art and the social landscape. Create photographs like the great masters of this period. We will look at constructed photographs to understand the ideas of composition, identity, and the creation of changing reality.
Plan Your Vegetable Garden
October 19
4: 00 pm—6: 00 pm
This class is offered both online as a virtual class and on-site as an in-person class.
Fall is a great time to start planning next year’s vegetable gardens. Learn about soil preparation and tests, vegetable garden layouts, and when and how to plant for a continued, flavorful harvest.
Arranging Store-Bought Flowers
October 5
6: 00 pm-8: 00 pm
This flower design class is offered both online as a virtual class and on-site as an in-person class.
Recombining store-bought flowers allows you to make excellent flower arrangements. You will learn how to include fruit and dried materials as well as how to prepare flowers before arranging. Purchase a few mixed flowers, several individual flowers from the grocery store before class and follow along step by step. A supply list will be sent.
Wintering Bees in Cold Climates
October 7
10: 00 am-1: 00 pm
New! Beehives can be a challenge to overwinter, especially in northern climates. Learn care tips that will help you maintain a healthy bee group year-round. Please choose either the on-site or online class attendance option.
All registrations must be submitted online two days before your class starts. Registered students will receive login instructions one day in advance.
1. What can people taking History of Photography: Postmodernism do?A.Make expert photographs. |
B.Study the origin of photography. |
C.Plan next year’s vegetable gardens. |
D.Plant for a continued, flavorful harvest. |
A.They both send supply lists. |
B.They have the same class time. |
C.They both teach flower arrangements. |
D.They both hold virtual and on-site class. |
A.Plan Your Vegetable Garden. |
B.Arranging Store-Bought Flowers. |
C.Wintering Bees in Cold Climates. |
D.History of Photography: Postmodernism. |
9 . My son works at a local sheltered workshop for the disabled a couple of days a week. On those days I drive him there. We almost always arrive at the same time as Miss Stacey. She is a beautiful woman who has been my son s friend his whole life. Cerebral palsy (脑瘫) has limited her to a wheel chair. It has twisted (扭曲) her arms and legs and made it difficult for her to speak. Yet, each time I see her, her soul shines through. There is a light in her eyes that makes you smile. There is a happiness in her smile that warms your heart. There is a love that is shown out from her and touches everyone she meets. In spite of what cerebral palsy has done to her body, her spirit burns bright.
Stacey has been a light of love and joy in my life and in so many others. She has been my son’s friend through grade school, high school, their twenties, and now into their thirties. I can still remember the smiles on their faces when I would go to pick my boy up after school. In spite of the hard work caring for children with special needs all day, they still had such a sense of happiness just by being with them. I can see it too on the faces of those devoted people who work with Stacey today. It is as if they became better just by being with such a sweet soul.
It really breaks my heart when I think that there was a time when physically and mentally disabled children were limited to institutions because they were seen as worthless at some point. In truth, they are the greatest teachers of love we will ever have. What matters is how purely and unconditionally we love. What matters is the light we shine from within. I only hope to live as lovingly, kindly, and joyfully as she does one day.
1. What can be learned about Miss Stacey from paragraph 1?A.She lives in a sheltered workshop. |
B.She is disabled but remains optimistic. |
C.She is a regular visitor to the author’s son. |
D.She often goes to work by the author’s car. |
A.Her inspiration. | B.Her achievement. |
C.Her rich knowledge. | D.Her experience. |
A.Weary. | B.Dull. |
C.Joyful. | D.Concerned. |
A.Determined. | B.Confident. |
C.Humorous. | D.Sympathetic. |
10 . The first day of school, our professor challenged us to get to know someone we didn’t know. I was looking for someone when a
“Hi, handsome. My name’s Rose. I’m 87 years old. Can I
Over the course of the year, Rose became very
She was
She
A.gentle | B.tough | C.strong | D.firm |
A.touch | B.contact | C.hug | D.picture |
A.enthusiastically | B.calmly | C.unwillingly | D.officially |
A.injured | B.married | C.divorced | D.educated |
A.forced | B.permitted | C.assisted | D.motivated |
A.gave up | B.dreamed of | C.found out | D.searched for |
A.rich | B.young | C.popular | D.reasonable |
A.concert | B.gift | C.book | D.speech |
A.introduced | B.liked | C.supported | D.opposed |
A.bond | B.similarity | C.difference | D.contradiction |
A.respective | B.productive | C.annoying | D.depressing |
A.time | B.space | C.chances | D.efforts |
A.hope | B.regrets | C.difficulty | D.results |
A.concluded | B.continued | C.interrupted | D.delivered |
A.allowed | B.forbade | C.requested | D.encouraged |