1 . “In every known human society the male’s needs for achievement can be recognized ... In a great number of human societies men’s sureness of their sex role is tied up with their right, or ability, to practice some activities that women are not allowed to. The maleness in fact has to be underwritten by preventing women from entering some fields or performing some feat (壮举).”

This is the conclusion of the anthropologist (人类学家) Margaret Mead about the way in which the roles of men and women is society should be distinguished.

If talk and print are considered, it would seem that the formal liberation of women is far from complete. There is a flow of publications about the continuing domestic bondage of women and about the complicated system of defence which men have thrown up around their, by far and away, accepted advantages, taking sometimes the obvious form of exclusion from types of occupation and sociable groupings, and sometimes the more subtle form of automatic doubt of the seriousness of women’s claims to the level of intellect and resolution that men, it is supposed, bring to the business of running the world.

There are a good many objective pieces of evidence for the erosion of men’s status. In the first place, there is the widespread postwar phenomenon of the woman Prime Minister, in India, Sri Lanka and Israel.

Secondly, there is the very large increase in the number of women who work, especially married women and mothers of children. We witness the sharing of domestic tasks, and the admission of women to all sorts of previously exclusively male pastimes.

In the ancient natural society, cave men went out and fish and to fight off the tribe next door while women kept the fire going. Everyone carries round with him a fairly definite idea of the primitive and natural conditions of human life. It is acquired more by the study of humorous cartoons than of archaeology (考古学), but that does not matter since it’s not significant as theory but only as an expression of inwardly felt expectations of people’s sense of what is fundamentally proper in the differentiation between the roles and the two sexes.

1. The phrase “men’s sureness of their sex role” in the first paragraph suggests that they ________.

A．are confident in their ability to charm women

B．take the initiative in work and life

C．have a clear idea of what is considered “manly”

D．tend to be more immoral than women are

2. The third paragraph does NOT mention that men ________.

A．prevent women from taking up certain professions

B．secretly admire women’s intellect and resolution

C．doubt whether women really mean to succeed in business

D．forbid women to join certain clubs and societies.

3. The usual idea of the cave man in the last paragraph ________.

A．is based on the study of ancient societies

B．illustrates how people expect men to behave

C．is dismissed by author as an irrelevant joke

D．proves that men, not women, should be the breadwinner

4. The opening quotation (Paragraph 1) from Margaret Mead sums up a relationship between men and women which the author __________.

A．approves of	B．takes for granted
C．completely rejects	D．expects to go on changing

2 . Flooded by more information than we can possibly hold in our heads, we’re increasingly shifting from the job of remembering to search engines and smartphones. Google is even reportedly working on eyeglasses that could one day recognize faces and supply details about whoever you’re looking at. But new research shows that outsourcing our memory -- and expecting that information will be continually and immediately available--- is changing our cognitive habits.

Research conducted by Betsy Sparrow, an assistant professor of psychology at Columbia University, has identified three new realities about how we process information in the Internet age. First, her experiments have shown that when we don’t know the answer to a question, we now think about where we can find the nearest Web connection instead of the subject of the question itself. A second revelation is that when we expect to be able to find certain information again later on, we don’t remember it as well as when we think it might become unavailable. And then there is the researchers’ final observation: the expectation that we’ll be able to locate information down the line leads us to form a memory not of the fact itself but of where we’ll be able to find it.

But this shift comes with a downside. Skills like critical thinking and analysis must develop in the context of facts: we need something to think and reason about, after all. And these facts can’t be Googled as we go; they need to be stored in our internal long-term memory. Especially in the case of children, “factual knowledge must precede skill” says Daniel Willingham, a professor of psychology, at the University of Virginia -- meaning that the days of drilling the multiplication table and memorizing the names of the Presidents aren’t over quite yet. Adults, too, need to recruit a supply of stored knowledge in order to situate and evaluate the new information they encounter. You can’t Google context.

1. According to the passage, the term “cognitive habits” (Paragraph 1) refers to __________.

A．how we deal with information

B．where we locate information

C．what we think of information

D．how we get rid of information

2. Which of the following statements about Sparrow’s research is true?

A．We remember people and things as much as before.

B．We remember more internet connections than before.

C．We pay equal attention to the location and content of information.

D．We tend to remember where we can locate information rather than the core facts themselves.

3. Google’s eyeglasses, as a search engine, are considered to __________.

A．function as a form of our external memory

B．improve our ability to remember things.

C．help us see human faces betters

D．work like smartphones

4. What can be inferred from the passage?

A．Web connections aid our memory.

B．People differ in what they remember.

C．People store memories on smartphones.

D．People should exercise their memory more.

3 . Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. address；B. emerged；C. harmoniously；D. withdrew E. complex； F. fashion；G. troublesome；H. understandably I. initial；J. harvest；K. novel

With the rapid growth of the aging population in China, the installation of elevators in old communities has gradually become an inevitable issue. A lot of neighborhoods are living no longer     1     due to the living ills of their six-story, elevator-less buildings.

Recently, a residential     2     in Hangzhou has come up with an initiative designed to     3     the problem as to how to raise funds for facilities much-needed by elderly residents, which are called “public transit elevators.” Pay one yuan, and you can take the ride once, just like taking a bus. The price remains unchanged whether you take the lift by yourself or with your whole family. From my perspective, this     4     solution is quite necessary, but still needs improvement.

The greatest concern is the price. Residents in old communities have been at odds with one another regarding how to most effectively distribute the necessary money with which to pay for the installation of elevators. Most residents living on lower floors are     5     reluctant to pay for an elevator to be installed given that it will likely end up occupying their common area of public space. For those living on higher floors, however, the lack of elevator can often be quite     6    , especially for the elderly. Therefore, although the installation charge has been cut down to a very low level by adding pay-to-use elevators, how to properly allocate(分配) the     7     costs involved remains to be negotiated. Another problem has     8     concerning who’ll ultimately pay for the ride, suppose two families share one elevator at the same time.

Much easier as it is to work things on paper, it requires a considerable investment of financial and material resources in its initial stage, and it will only be able to     9     subtle returns, at least in the short run, making it challenging for whatever authority to carry out the proposal.

Still we have to place ourselves in the position in which we can best serve the greater society and by this, treat the issue in a more reasonable     10     so as to minimize any potential losses.

4 . Neuro-technology has long been a favourite of science-fiction writers. In “Neuromancer”, a wildly inventive book by William Gibson written in 1984, people can use neural(神经的) implants to get into the sensory experiences of others. Iain M. Banks came up with the idea of a neural lace, a mesh (网格) that grows into the brain, in his “Culture” series of novels. “The Terminal Man” by Michael Crichton, published in 1972, imagines the effects of a brain implant on someone who is convinced that machines are taking over from humans.

Where the sci-fi led, philosophers are now starting to follow. In Howard Chizeck’s lab at the University of Washington, researchers are working on an implanted device to administer deep-brain stimulation (DBS) in order to treat a common movement disorder called essential tremor. Traditionally, DBS stimulation is always on, wasting energy and robbing the patient of a sense of control. The lab’s ethicist (伦理学家), Tim Brown, a doctoral student of philosophy, says that some DBS patients suffer a sense of isolation and complain of feeling like a robot.

To change that, the team at the University of Washington is using neuronal activity associated with intentional movements to turn the device on. But the researchers also want to enable patients to use a conscious thought process to override these settings. That is more useful than it might sound: stimulation currents for essential tremor can cause side-effects like distorted (失真的) speech, so someone about to give a presentation, say, might wish to shake rather than make his words unclear. Giving humans more options of this sort will be essential if some of the more advanced visions for brain-computer interfaces are to be realized. Hannah Maslen from the University of Oxford is another ethicist who works on a BCI project. One of her jobs is to think through the distinctions between inner speech and public speech: people need a dependable mechanism for separating what they want to say from what they think.

That is only one of many ethical questions that the sci-fi versions of brain-computer interfaces bring up. What protection will BCIs offer against neural hacking? Who owns neural data, including information that is gathered for research purposes now but may be understandable in detail at some point in the future? Where does accountability lie if a user does something wrong? And if brain implants are performed not for treatment but to improve people’s abilities, will that make the world an even more unequal place?

1. What do the three books mentioned in paragraph 1 have in common?

A．They are all among what philosophers like best.

B．They all tell the stories well beyond imagination.

C．They are all works of the greatest sci-fi writers of the time.

D．They all deal with people’s losing control of their brains.

2. The research of the team at the University of Washington is intended to _____.

A．improve the accuracy of DBS	B．let patients decide when to turn on DBS
C．get rid of the side effects of DBS currents	D．separate what we think from what we say

3. What can be inferred from the passage?

A．Neuronal activity fails to work without intentional movements.

B．Brain-computer interfaces do more harm than good.

C．People suffering from essential tremor will shake.

D．DBS settings cannot be changed once fixed.

4. What will the passage most probably talk about next?

A．How these questions will be handled.

B．Why these questions used to be ignored.

C．Which questions come from science fiction.

D．Who has first raised these questions.

5 . Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. appreciate；B. effectively；C. expected；D. previous；E. supervise；F. attitude G. readily；H. prepared；I. exposure；J. suggested；K. cultural

Before you begin exploring nature with children, it is important to talk with families to learn about their values and children’s     1     experiences with nature. While some children have had many positive contacts with the natural world, others may have had little direct     2     to nature. In addition, in some families or     3     communities, children are taught at a young age to fear certain animals. It is important to be sensitive to potential fears. Talking in advance with parents will help you be     4    .

It is helpful to look carefully at your outdoor area before you begin exploring the space with your children. This will give you some idea of what your children may meet with and where, so you can guide the explorations more     5    .

Of course, nature does bring some danger to people. To prevent accidents, it is critical to     6     children at all times. It is also important to establish rules for children to follow when exploring nature both indoors and outdoors. Some     7     rules include: Ask before touching, treat living things with care, and be curious.

It is important to reflect on your own     8     towards nature before you begin exploring nature with children. Not everyone is equally fond of frogs, spiders, or snakes. Children     9     pick up the attitudes of adults around them. Try not to let your likes and dislikes influence theirs. If you are very uncomfortable around specific animals, help children learn to     10     them from a safe distance. Just remember that the most important thing you can do is to instill (灌输) curiosity and appreciation of the nature that surrounds us.

6 . Walking while texting could lead to fines of up to $50 or 15 days’ imprisonment as state lawmaker warns of the dangers of “distracted walking”. Jared Schumacher is one of hundreds of thousands of New Jerseyans who _________ use electronic devices to text, listen to music or do other tasks as they walk outdoors.

If a “distracted walking” measure recently proposed by a state assemblywoman (女议员) becomes law, Jared and others like him could face _________ or even jail time.

“I admit that I’m usually listening to music, talking on my phone or texting while I’m walking around,” Schumacher, 20, said while _________ to a text as he walked along a street in the state capital last weekend.

Experts say distracted walking is a growing _________, as people of all ages become more _________ on electronic devices for personal and professional matters. They also note pedestrian deaths have been _________ in recent years. In 2005, 11% of all US fatalities involved pedestrians, but that number rose to 15% in 2014.

The rise in deaths coincides (相符合) with states _________ bills that target pedestrians and bicyclists. For instance, a bill in Hawaii would fine someone $250 if he or she were to cross the street while _________ an electronic device. Similar bills have failed in states including Arkansas, Illinois, Nevada and New York.

“Thus far, no states have enacted a law _________targeting distracted bicyclists or pedestrians,” said Douglas Shinkle, transportation program director for the National Conference of State Legislatures. But he added that “a few states __________ to introduce legislation every year.”

The measure recently put forward by New Jersey assemblywoman Pamela Lampitt would __________ walking while texting and ban pedestrians on public roads from using electronic communication devices unless they are __________.

Lawbreakers would face fines of up to $50, 15 days imprisonment or both, which is the same punishment as jaywalking. Half of the fine would be distributed to safety education about the __________of walking and texting, said Lampitt, a Democrat.

Some see the proposal as a(n) __________ government overreach, while others say they understand Lampitt’s reasoning. But most agree that people need to be made __________of the issue.

1.

A．naughtily

B．fashionably

C．routinely

D．rarely

2.

A．oppositions

B．obstacles

C．fines

D．struggles

3.

A．turning

B．committing

C．shifting

D．responding

4.

A．problem

B．tragedy

C．passion

D．key

5.

A．optimistic

B．dependent

C．troublesome

D．active

6.

A．enhancing

B．arousing

C．rising

D．declining

7.

A．paying

B．denying

C．voting

D．introducing

8.

A．operating

B．texting

C．adopting

D．installing

9.

A．understandably

B．specifically

C．traditionally

D．fiercely

10.

A．continue

B．hate

C．refuse

D．return

11.

A．promote

B．ban

C．dismiss

D．reject

12.

A．hands-full

B．hands-flexible

C．hands-wide

D．hands-free

13.

A．shortcomings

B．desires

C．dangers

D．opportunities

14.

A．unnecessary

B．proper

C．advanced

D．shameful

15.

A．aware

B．wise

C．noticeable

D．knowledgeable

7 . Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.

If you like to buy imported products, here is a piece of good news. China has cut import tariffs (进口税) on 187 consumer goods.

Goods     1     (benefit) from the cut range from food and health supplements to clothes and recreational products. According to China’s Finance Ministry, their tariffs have dropped from an average of 17.3% to 7.7%. Tariffs on some special infant formulas have been cut from 20% to zero.

The move is thought to be part of an effort     2     (encourage) people to spend more at home. This can help China transform its economy to a consumption-driven one. Also, the cuts     3     (mean) to signal to the world that China is opening up its economy.

Doug Lippoldt, an economist at HSBC, says the cuts in the import tariffs are positive. In China, there is a huge demand     4     foreign brands. People think imported products are safer and are of higher quality. Now, with the reduction on import tariffs, the domestic market,     5     a few retailer giants used to dominate, has to become more competitive.     6    , in the long run, will bring great benefit to consumers and the Chinese economy. Furthermore, consumers     7     (tempt) to buy foreign goods from Chinese retailers will help create jobs.

    8     the move may benefit consumers and the Chinese economy, it’s not good news for daigou, people who resell items they buy abroad to consumers in China. Analysts say the days of     9     many consider to be a booming business may indeed be numbered. “Lower tariffs mean Chinese consumers can buy imported products at a     10     (costly) price at home; daigou traders will lose their price advantage,” says Yu Simin from CECRC, an e-commerce consulting firm.

8 . Companies like Arjuna are beginning to take action to deal with pay inequality, but it doesn't tell the full story of women's experience.

Microsoft's chief executive, Satya Nadella, earned bad fame for his ________ that women should not bother to ask for raises. ________ , he suggested in October 2014, they should have faith that the system will reward them appropriately. Stopping from asking for a raise, he added, is actually good.

When his remarks were greeted with anger, Nadella back-pedalled (出尔反尔) at the speed of light. Less than a year later, Microsoft was ________ by a former employee, Katie Moussouris , now chief policy officer at Hacker One, claiming gender prejudice.

Moussouris ________ that she was only one of a number of women at Microsoft who ________ less that their male colleagues. Moussouris also mentioned that can received preferential treatment in ________ and systematically received more favorable job reviews.

There is no way to know whether Moussouris's claims are ________ , because Microsoft does not disclose any data about the ________ to which men and women are paid differently for doing similar jobs. That may soon change, if Arjuna Capital succeeds in placing a(n) ________ before Microsoft's shareholders and convincing enough of them to vote in favor of it, thus requiring the company to ________ disclose that information for the first time and helping women make up their minds to require the ________ of the gender pay inequality.

Arjuna, the activist arm of Baldwin Brothers, an investment advisory firm, is ________ top technology firms, in search of precisely this information. Shareholders of eBays, Expedia,

Facebook and Google will vote on proposals that would ________ the creation of reports detailing the percentage of pay ________ between male and female employees, spelling out both firms' policies, in an attempt to address how the companies would set about closing or ________ that gap, and specific targets.

1.

A．dishonesty

B．advice

C．declaration

D．edition

2.

A．Initially

B．Therefore

C．Nevertheless

D．Instead

3.

A．accused

B．praised

C．cheated

D．threatened

4.

A．claimed

B．lied

C．required

D．guaranteed

5.

A．spent

B．earned

C．saved

D．wasted

6.

A．movements

B．expenses

C．promotions

D．resources

7.

A．secure

B．valuable

C．extensive

D．accurate

8.

A．content

B．extent

C．discussion

D．feedback

9.

A．resolution

B．emphasis

C．challenge

D．transform

10.

A．socially

B．quietly

C．personally

D．publicly

11.

A．improvement

B．enjoyment

C．reduction

D．emission

12.

A．referring

B．pointing

C．targeting

D．proving

13.

A．put out

B．result in

C．set up

D．rely on

14.

A．equality

B．dissatisfaction

C．protest

D．gap

15.

A．widening

B．narrowing

C．communicating

D．showing

9 . In Japan, where career opportunities for women are few, where divorce can mean a life of hardship, and where most female names are still formed using a word for child, a woman’s independence has always come at a steep price.

Notions of women’s liberation have never taken root among Japanese women. But with inadequate open conflict, the push for separate burials is quietly becoming one of the country’s fastest growing social trends. In a recent survey by the TBS television network, 20 percent of the women who responded said they hoped to be buried separately from their husbands.

The funerary revolt comes as women here annoy at Japan’s slow pace in providing greater equality between the sexes. The law, for example, still makes it almost impossible for a woman to use her maiden name after marriage. Meanwhile, divorce rates are low by Western standards, because achieving financial independence or even obtaining a credit card in one’s own name is an insurmountable obstacle for many divorced women. Until recently, society enforced restrictions on women even in death. Under Japan’s complex burial customs, divorced or unmarried women were traditionally unwelcome in most graveyards, where plots (小块土地) are still passed down through the husband’s family and descendants must provide maintenance for burial sites or lose them.

“The woman who wanted to be buried alone couldn’t find a graveyard until about 10 years ago,” said Haruyo Inoue, a sociologist of death and burial at Japan University. She said that graveyards which did not require descendants to maintain, in order to accommodate women, began appearing in around 1990. Today, she said that there are close to 400 of these cemeteries in Japan. That is just one sign of stirring among Japanese women, who are also pressing for the first time to change the law to be able to use their maiden names after marriage.

Although credit goes beyond any individual, many women cite Junko Mastubara, a popular writer on women’s issues, with igniting the trend to separate sex burials. Starting three years ago, Ms. Matsubara has built an association of nearly 600 women — some divorced, some unhappily married, and some determinedly single — who plan to share a common plot curbed out of an ordinary cemetery in the western suburb of Chofu.

1. What is the passage mainly concerned with?

A．How to change Japan’s complex burial customs.

B．Japanese women’s efforts to win sex equality.

C．Social and governmental obligation in eliminating sex inequality.

D．How Japanese laws prevent Japanese women from being buried alone.

2. From the fact that divorce can mean a life of hardship for Japanese women, we can infer that ________.

A．many Japanese women have a low social status

B．it’s an out-dated custom for Japanese women to be housewives

C．many Japanese women have a bad relationship with their husbands

D．many Japanese women live together with their husbands in perfect harmony

3. Which of the following statements about the funeral revolt in Japan is NOT true?

A．More and more Japanese women prefer to be buried separately from their husbands.

B．Japan’s complex burial customs make it more difficult for Japanese women to be buried separately.

C．More and more Japanese women resort to divorce to win the victory of funeral revolt.

D．It comes as the result of Japanese women’s dissatisfaction with Japan’s slow pace in providing greater sex equality.

4. The meaning of the word “ignite” in the last paragraph is ________.

A．to initiate	B．to reverse
C．to suggest	D．to strengthen

10 . One dictionary broadly defines the word “crisis” as “a crucial turning point in the progress of an affair or of a series of events, as in politics, business, a story, or play…” This paper will attempt to define a much narrower but extremely significant aspect of crisis: personal crisis.

Sometimes our more or less steady progress through life comes to a jolting halt(止步). Something unexpected, shocking, frightening, threatening, and disastrous happens --- a crisis. Such a development can disturb relationships, interfere with work efficiency, and cause confusion, disorganization, and serious emotional upheaval(剧变). Solutions that have worked for us in solving past problems no longer prove adequate. As anxiety increases, our powers to cope with it correspondingly decrease. The crisis quickly leads to frustration; we feel helpless either to escape from the problem or to resolve it successfully.

Many people think of crisis as being connected only with unhappy or unpleasant events. This is not the case. Crisis can occur as a result of any change, even one that is generally welcomed: marriage, birth of a child, graduation from school or college, or election to public office.

Crises are generally of two types. First, there are the expected, maturational crises we experience at times of life development and change. Examples of this include a child’s first enrollment in school or his transfer at a later age to new school. These events may precipitate(促成) a crisis --- both for the youngster and his parents. Another time when crisis can be expected is during adolescence.

The second type of crisis is the unexpected, accidental kind. This can stem from many sources: becoming involved in a legal suit, having an automobiles crash, being fired from a job, losing a large sum of money, or falling suddenly ill. Severe illness will create a crisis not only for the individual concerned but also for his family. And an illness may itself be caused by an emotional crisis, such as the death of a spouse, offspring, or sibling.

In a recent attitude survey, researchers gathered information to determine which crisis situations in life were most likely to precede(领先于)illness. The study showed that the three most stressful life events were death of a spouse, divorce, and marital separation. Other events that fell toward the top of the crisis scale were a jail term, death of a close family member, personal injury or illness, marriage, losing one’s job, marital resolution, retirement, change in the health of a family member, pregnancy, gain of a new family member, business readjustment, and change in financial state.

1. According to the passage, which of the following is the most proper definition of “crisis”?

A．A point or moment of great danger, difficulty, or uncertainty.

B．A crucial turning point in the process of an affair or of a series of events, either expected or   unexpected.

C．The time in a serious illness at which there is a sudden change for better or worse.

D．A result of change.

2. All the following may be causes of a crisis EXCEPT________.

A．pregnancy	B．graduation from high school
C．steady progress through life	D．adolescence

3. The word “maturational” in line 1 Paragraph 4 most probably means ________.

A．related to growth	B．related to youngsters
C．pleasant	D．welcomed

4. Illness, in the author’s opinion, is________ crisis.

A．a cause of	B．a result of
C．neither a cause nor a result of	D．either a cause or a result of